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Agrobacterium tumefaciens is the causal agent of crown gall disease in over 140 species of eudicots. It is a rod-shaped, Gram-negative soil bacterium. Symptoms are caused by the insertion of a small segment of DNA, from a plasmid into the plant cell, which is incorporated at a semi-random location into the plant genome. Plant genomes can be engineered by use of Agrobacterium for the delivery of sequences hosted in T-DNA binary vectors.
Agrobacterium is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria established by H. J. Conn that uses horizontal gene transfer to cause tumors in plants. Agrobacterium tumefaciens is the most commonly studied species in this genus. Agrobacterium is well known for its ability to transfer DNA between itself and plants, and for this reason it has become an important tool for genetic engineering.
The transfer DNA is the transferred DNA of the tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid of some species of bacteria such as Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Agrobacterium rhizogenes . The T-DNA is transferred from bacterium into the host plant's nuclear DNA genome. The capability of this specialized tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid is attributed to two essential regions required for DNA transfer to the host cell. The T-DNA is bordered by 25-base-pair repeats on each end. Transfer is initiated at the right border and terminated at the left border and requires the vir genes of the Ti plasmid.
In genetic engineering, a gene gun or biolistic particle delivery system is a device used to deliver exogenous DNA (transgenes), RNA, or protein to cells. By coating particles of a heavy metal with a gene of interest and firing these micro-projectiles into cells using mechanical force, an integration of desired genetic information can be introduced into desired cells. The technique involved with such micro-projectile delivery of DNA is often referred to as biolistics, short for "biological ballistics".
Mary-Dell Chilton is one of the founders of modern plant biotechnology.
A tumour inducing (Ti) plasmid is a plasmid found in pathogenic species of Agrobacterium, including A. tumefaciens, A. rhizogenes, A. rubi and A. vitis.
Genetically modified crops are plants used in agriculture, the DNA of which has been modified using genetic engineering methods. Plant genomes can be engineered by physical methods or by use of Agrobacterium for the delivery of sequences hosted in T-DNA binary vectors. In most cases, the aim is to introduce a new trait to the plant which does not occur naturally in the species. Examples in food crops include resistance to certain pests, diseases, environmental conditions, reduction of spoilage, resistance to chemical treatments, or improving the nutrient profile of the crop. Examples in non-food crops include production of pharmaceutical agents, biofuels, and other industrially useful goods, as well as for bioremediation.
Jozef Stefaan "Jeff", Baron Schell was a Belgian molecular biologist.
Marc, Baron Van Montagu is a Belgian molecular biologist. He was full professor and director of the Laboratory of Genetics at the faculty of Sciences at Ghent University (Belgium) and scientific director of the genetics department of the Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB). Together with Jozef Schell he founded the biotech company Plant Genetic Systems Inc. (Belgium) in 1982, of which he was scientific director and member of the board of directors. Van Montagu was also involved in founding the biotech company CropDesign, of which he was a board member from 1998 to 2004. He is president of the Public Research and Regulation Initiative (PRRI).
A transfer DNA (T-DNA) binary system is a pair of plasmids consisting of a T-DNA binary vector and a virhelper plasmid. The two plasmids are used together to produce genetically modified plants. They are artificial vectors that have been derived from the naturally occurring Ti plasmid found in bacterial species of the genus Agrobacterium, such as A. tumefaciens. The binary vector is a shuttle vector, so-called because it is able to replicate in multiple hosts.
Plant genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity specifically in plants. It is generally considered a field of biology and botany, but intersects frequently with many other life sciences and is strongly linked with the study of information systems. Plant genetics is similar in many ways to animal genetics but differs in a few key areas.
Hairy root culture, also called transformed root culture, is a type of plant tissue culture that is used to study plant metabolic processes or to produce valuable secondary metabolites or recombinant proteins, often with plant genetic engineering.
Acetosyringone is a phenolic natural product and a chemical compound related to acetophenone and 2,6-dimethoxyphenol. It was first described in relation to lignan/phenylpropanoid-type phytochemicals, with isolation from a variety of plant sources, in particular, in relation to wounding and other physiologic changes.
Genetic engineering is the science of manipulating genetic material of an organism. The first artificial genetic modification accomplished using biotechnology was transgenesis, the process of transferring genes from one organism to another, first accomplished by Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen in 1973. It was the result of a series of advancements in techniques that allowed the direct modification of the genome. Important advances included the discovery of restriction enzymes and DNA ligases, the ability to design plasmids and technologies like polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. Transformation of the DNA into a host organism was accomplished with the invention of biolistics, Agrobacterium-mediated recombination and microinjection. The first genetically modified animal was a mouse created in 1974 by Rudolf Jaenisch. In 1976 the technology was commercialised, with the advent of genetically modified bacteria that produced somatostatin, followed by insulin in 1978. In 1983 an antibiotic resistant gene was inserted into tobacco, leading to the first genetically engineered plant. Advances followed that allowed scientists to manipulate and add genes to a variety of different organisms and induce a range of different effects. Plants were first commercialized with virus resistant tobacco released in China in 1992. The first genetically modified food was the Flavr Savr tomato marketed in 1994. By 2010, 29 countries had planted commercialized biotech crops. In 2000 a paper published in Science introduced golden rice, the first food developed with increased nutrient value.
EHA101 was one of the first and most widely used Agrobacterium helper plasmid for plant gene transfer. Created in 1985 in the laboratory of Mary-Dell Chilton at Washington University in St. Louis, it was named after the graduate student who constructed it. The EH stands for "Elizabeth Hood" and A for "Agrobacterium". The EHA101 helper strain is a derivative of A281, the hypervirulent A. tumefaciens strain that causes large, fast-growing tumors on solanaceous plants. This strain is used for moving genes of interest into many hundreds of species of plants all over the world.
Allorhizobium vitis is a plant pathogen that infects grapevines. The species is best known for causing a tumor known as crown gall disease. One of the virulent strains, A. vitis S4, is responsible both for crown gall on grapevines and for inducing a hypersensitive response in other plant species. Grapevines that have been affected by crown gall disease produce fewer grapes than unaffected plants. Though not all strains of A. vitis are tumorigenic, most strains can damage plant hosts.
Robert Thomas Fraley was executive vice president and chief technology officer at Monsanto, where he helped to develop the first genetically modified seeds. He retired from Monsanto in June 2018. He advocates for the use of GMO products to address global food insecurity and reduce the environmental footprint of agriculture.
Carolyn Joy Lawrence-Dill is an American plant biologist and academic administrator. She develops computational systems and tools to help plant science researchers use plant genetics and genomics data for basic biology applications that advance plant breeding.
Patricia C. Zambryski is a plant and microbial scientist known for her work on Type IV secretion and cell-to-cell transport in plants. She is also professor emeritus at the University of California, Berkeley.
References
- 1 2 University, Arkansas State. "Dr. Elizabeth E. Hood". www.astate.edu. Archived from the original on 2020-06-17. Retrieved 2020-06-16.
- ↑ "AAAS Honors Accomplished Scientists as 2018 Elected Fellows". American Association for the Advancement of Science.
- 1 2 okla-am.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com (in Italian) https://okla-am.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/f/i1vgi9/OKSTAT_ALMA21175359830002681 . Retrieved 2020-06-17.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help)[ permanent dead link ] - ↑ "biobased". www.biobasedsolutions.org. Archived from the original on 2020-01-29. Retrieved 2020-06-16.
- ↑ "Honorary Members - Graduate Women In Science". www.gwis.org.
- ↑ Hood, E.E.; Helmer, G.L.; Fraley, R.T. & Chilton, M.D. (1986). "The hypervirulence of Agrobacterium tumefaciens A281 is encoded in a region of pTiBo542 outside of T=DNA". Journal of Bacteriology. 168 (3): 1291–1301. doi:10.1128/jb.168.3.1291-1301.1986. PMC 213636 . PMID 3782037.
- ↑ Sciaky, D.; Montoya, A.L. & Chilton, M.-D. (1991). "A DNA transformation-competent Arabidopsis genomic library in Agrobacterium". Nature Biotechnology. 9 (10): 963–967. doi:10.1038/nbt1091-963. PMID 1368724. S2CID 205272224.
- ↑ Hood, Elizabeth E.; Devaiah, Shivakumar P.; Fake, Gina; Egelkrout, Erin; Teoh, Keat Thomas; Requesens, Deborah Vicuna; Hayden, Celine; Hood, Kendall R.; Pappu, Kameshwari M.; Carroll, Jennifer; Howard, John A. (2012). "Manipulating corn germplasm to increase recombinant protein accumulation". Plant Biotechnology Journal. 10 (1): 20–30. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2011.00627.x . PMID 21627759.
- ↑ Hood, Elizabeth E.; Love, Robert; Lane, Jeff; Bray, Jeff; Clough, Richard; Pappu, Kamesh; Drees, Carol; Hood, Kendall R.; Yoon, Sangwoong; Ahmad, Atta; Howard, John A. (2007). "Subcellular targeting is a key condition for high-level accumulation of cellulase protein in transgenic maize seed". Plant Biotechnology Journal. 5 (6): 709–719. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2007.00275.x . PMID 17614952.
- ↑ McFarland, Bridget A.; AlKhalifah, Naser; Bohn, Martin; Bubert, Jessica; Buckler, Edward S.; Ciampitti, Ignacio; Edwards, Jode; Ertl, David; Gage, Joseph L.; Falcon, Celeste M.; Flint-Garcia, Sherry; Gore, Michael A.; Graham, Christopher; Hirsch, Candice N.; Holland, James B.; Hood, Elizabeth; Hooker, David; Jarquin, Diego; Kaeppler, Shawn M.; Knoll, Joseph; Kruger, Greg; Lauter, Nick; Lee, Elizabeth C.; Lima, Dayane C.; Lorenz, Aaron; Lynch, Jonathan P.; McKay, John; Miller, Nathan D.; Moose, Stephen P.; Murray, Seth C.; Nelson, Rebecca; Poudyal, Christina; Rocheford, Torbert; Rodriguez, Oscar; Romay, Maria Cinta; Schnable, James C.; Schnable, Patrick S.; Scully, Brian; Sekhon, Rajandeep; Silverstein, Kevin; Singh, Maninder; Smith, Margaret; Spalding, Edgar P.; Springer, Nathan; Thelen, Kurt; Thomison, Peter; Tuinstra, Mitchell; Wallace, Jason; Walls, Ramona; Wills, David; Wisser, Randall J.; Xu, Wenwei; Yeh, Cheng-Ting; de Leon, Natalia (2020). "Maize genomes to fields (G2F): 2014â€"2017 field seasons: genotype, phenotype, climatic, soil, and inbred ear image datasets". BMC Research Notes. 13 (1): 71. doi: 10.1186/s13104-020-4922-8 . PMC 7017475 . PMID 32051026.