Related Research Articles
Disinformation is false information deliberately spread to deceive people. Disinformation is an orchestrated adversarial activity in which actors employ strategic deceptions and media manipulation tactics to advance political,military,or commercial goals. Disinformation is implemented through attacks that "weaponize multiple rhetorical strategies and forms of knowing—including not only falsehoods but also truths,half-truths,and value judgements—to exploit and amplify culture wars and other identity-driven controversies."
Fact-checking is the process of verifying the factual accuracy of questioned reporting and statements. Fact-checking can be conducted before or after the text or content is published or otherwise disseminated. Internal fact-checking is such checking done in-house by the publisher to prevent inaccurate content from being published;when the text is analyzed by a third party,the process is called external fact-checking.
Misinformation is incorrect or misleading information. Misinformation can exist without specific malicious intent;disinformation is distinct in that it is deliberately deceptive and propagated. Misinformation can include inaccurate,incomplete,misleading,or false information as well as selective or half-truths.
The Center for Countering Digital Hate (CCDH),formerly Brixton Endeavors,is a British not-for-profit NGO company with offices in London and Washington,D.C. with the stated purpose of stopping the spread of online hate speech and disinformation. It campaigns to deplatform people that it believes promote hate or misinformation,and campaigns to restrict media organisations such as The Daily Wire from advertising. CCDH is a member of the Stop Hate For Profit coalition.
A Twitter bot is a type of software bot that controls a Twitter account via the Twitter API. The social bot software may autonomously perform actions such as tweeting,retweeting,liking,following,unfollowing,or direct messaging other accounts. The automation of Twitter accounts is governed by a set of automation rules that outline proper and improper uses of automation. Proper usage includes broadcasting helpful information,automatically generating interesting or creative content,and automatically replying to users via direct message. Improper usage includes circumventing API rate limits,violating user privacy,spamming,and sockpuppeting. Twitter bots may be part of a larger botnet. They can be used to influence elections and in misinformation campaigns.
Filippo Menczer is an American and Italian academic. He is a University Distinguished Professor and the Luddy Professor of Informatics and Computer Science at the Luddy School of Informatics,Computing,and Engineering,Indiana University. Menczer is the Director of the Observatory on Social Media,a research center where data scientists and journalists study the role of media and technology in society and build tools to analyze and counter disinformation and manipulation on social media. Menczer holds courtesy appointments in Cognitive Science and Physics,is a founding member and advisory council member of the IU Network Science Institute,a former director the Center for Complex Networks and Systems Research,a senior research fellow of the Kinsey Institute,a fellow of the Center for Computer-Mediated Communication,and a former fellow of the Institute for Scientific Interchange in Turin,Italy. In 2020 he was named a Fellow of the ACM.
State-sponsored Internet propaganda is Internet manipulation and propaganda that is sponsored by a state. States have used the Internet,particularly social media to influence elections,sow distrust in institutions,spread rumors,spread disinformation,typically using bots to create and spread contact. Propaganda is used internally to control populations,and externally to influence other societies.
A social bot,also described as a social AI or social algorithm,is a software agent that communicates autonomously on social media. The messages it distributes can be simple and operate in groups and various configurations with partial human control (hybrid) via algorithm. Social bots can also use artificial intelligence and machine learning to express messages in more natural human dialogue.
Fake news or information disorder is false or misleading information presented as news. Fake news often has the aim of damaging the reputation of a person or entity,or making money through advertising revenue. Although false news has always been spread throughout history,the term fake news was first used in the 1890s when sensational reports in newspapers were common. Nevertheless,the term does not have a fixed definition and has been applied broadly to any type of false information presented as news. It has also been used by high-profile people to apply to any news unfavorable to them. Further,disinformation involves spreading false information with harmful intent and is sometimes generated and propagated by hostile foreign actors,particularly during elections. In some definitions,fake news includes satirical articles misinterpreted as genuine,and articles that employ sensationalist or clickbait headlines that are not supported in the text. Because of this diversity of types of false news,researchers are beginning to favour information disorder as a more neutral and informative term.
The Gateway Pundit (TGP) is an American far-right fake news website. The website is known for publishing falsehoods,hoaxes,and conspiracy theories.
Internet manipulation is the co-optation of online digital technologies,including algorithms,social bots,and automated scripts,for commercial,social,military,or political purposes. Internet and social media manipulation are the prime vehicles for spreading disinformation due to the importance of digital platforms for media consumption and everyday communication. When employed for political purposes,internet manipulation may be used to steer public opinion,polarise citizens,circulate conspiracy theories,and silence political dissidents. Internet manipulation can also be done for profit,for instance,to harm corporate or political adversaries and improve brand reputation. Internet manipulation is sometimes also used to describe the selective enforcement of Internet censorship or selective violations of net neutrality.
The Palmer Report is an American liberal fake news website,founded in 2016 by Bill Palmer. It is known for making unsubstantiated or false claims,producing hyperpartisan content,and publishing conspiracy theories,especially on matters relating to Donald Trump and Russia. Fact-checkers have debunked numerous Palmer Report stories,and organizations including the Columbia Journalism Review and the German Marshall Fund have listed the site among false content producers or biased websites.
Disinformation attacks are strategic deception campaigns involving media manipulation and internet manipulation,to disseminate misleading information,aiming to confuse,paralyze,and polarize an audience. Disinformation can be considered an attack when it occurs as an adversarial narrative campaign that weaponizes multiple rhetorical strategies and forms of knowing—including not only falsehoods but also truths,half-truths,and value-laden judgements—to exploit and amplify identity-driven controversies. Disinformation attacks use media manipulation to target broadcast media like state-sponsored TV channels and radios. Due to the increasing use of internet manipulation on social media,they can be considered a cyber threat. Digital tools such as bots,algorithms,and AI technology,along with human agents including influencers,spread and amplify disinformation to micro-target populations on online platforms like Instagram,Twitter,Google,Facebook,and YouTube.
Logically is a British multinational technology startup company that specializes in analyzing and fighting disinformation. Logically was founded in 2017 by Lyric Jain and is based in Brighouse,England,with offices in London,Mysore,Bangalore,and Virginia.
Renée DiResta is a writer and former research manager at Stanford Internet Observatory (SIO). DiResta has written about pseudoscience,conspiracy theories,terrorism,and state-sponsored information warfare. She has also served as an advisor to the U.S. Congress on ongoing efforts to prevent online and social media disinformation.
Disclose.tv is a disinformation outlet based in Germany that presents itself as a news aggregator. It is known for promoting conspiracy theories and fake news,including COVID-19 misinformation and anti-vaccine narratives.
The Twitter Files are a series of releases of select internal Twitter,Inc. documents published from December 2022 through March 2023 on Twitter. CEO Elon Musk gave the documents to journalists Matt Taibbi,Bari Weiss,Lee Fang,and authors Michael Shellenberger,David Zweig and Alex Berenson shortly after he acquired Twitter on October 27,2022. Taibbi and Weiss coordinated the publication of the documents with Musk,releasing details of the files as a series of Twitter threads.
Bot Sentinel is a Twitter analytics service founded in 2018 by Christopher Bouzy. It tracks disinformation,inauthentic behavior and targeted harassment on Twitter.
Disinformation is "false information that is purposely spread to deceive people". Misinformation is information that is false or misleading,that contradicts consensus by experts in the field or by the "best available evidence".
References
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