Enclothed cognition

Last updated

Enclothed cognition has been described as the overall influence that clothing has on the wearer's psychological processes. [1] The term was coined by Hajo Adam and Adam D. Galinsky who exhibited the effects of clothing in a 2012 experiment that used white lab coats. They hypothesised that worn attire affects the wearer’s psychological processes due to the activation of abstract concepts through its symbolic meaning. [1] [2]

Contents

Lab coats Lab coats.jpg
Lab coats

Theory

Embodied or grounded cognition, is the process in which bodily actions such as cleaning or the decision to change posture, or changing one's perception of a certain aroma, temperature, influence one's subsequent judgment [3] [4] and behaviours. [5] Embodied cognition is the basis for a link between an action's fitting metaphorical interpretation [5] and the system of symbols guiding a person while reflecting the individual's selfhood, outlook on others, and/or notion about the world (for example, a feeling of power and significance). In the end, the results show that this social contagion influences not only the standpoints of the subject but as well as the standpoints and behaviour of the people around them.

The idea of embodied cognition is connected with enclothed cognition as the cognitive processes are controlled by the emotions and sensations linked to the body. The reflection of imaginations by real objects as abstract concepts, like putting on clothes which symbolize specific features or positions can affect a person’s cognition and behavior. Noted that the symbolic meaning of is only realized once the individual embodied the clothes physically. [1]

Adam and Galinsky study

Prior to the experiment, a survey was carried out to see whether people associate attributes of attentiveness with white lab coats. [1] The survey confirmed that participants linked attention-related characteristics to lab coats. [1] Adam and Galinsky then hypothesised that the physical experience of wearing a lab coat and its symbolic meaning would enhance participant’s performance on tasks that required high levels of attention. [1] To test this hypothesis, a total of three experiments were executed.

First experiment

In their first experiment, 58 undergraduates with an average age of 20 were randomly assigned to two scenarios. Either wearing or not wearing a lab coat. [1] Participants then completed a Stroop Test, where colour words are written in different colours, to measure selective attention. [6] The first experiment consisted of 50 randomised trials with 20 being incongruent and 30 non-incongruent. Participants were asked to do this as fast as possible. [1] This tested their selective attention abilities which is to concentrate on relevant stimuli while disregarding irrelevant stimuli. [6] The results of this first experiment illustrated that participants wearing a lab coat made half as many errors than participants who wore their own clothing on incongruent trials. [1] The amount of errors was the same in both groups on non-incongruent trials and there was no variation in the time completing the task in the different conditions. [1] The experiment exhibited how physically wearing a lab coat can increase selective attention on a Stroop task. [1]

Second experiment

The second experiment assessed the symbolic meaning of clothing. This experiment’s aim was to demonstrate that both the physical wearing of clothing and its symbolic meaning are needed for enclothed cognition to appear. [1] To convey this, different occupations were associated with the lab coats. One was a doctor’s coat and the other, a painter’s. The experiment tested sustained attention using a comparative visual search task. [1] [7] 74 undergraduates with an average age of 20 were randomly assigned to three different conditions in which one group wore a doctor’s coat, another a painter’s coat and one group wearing their own clothing while a doctor’s coat was displayed in front of them. [1] Before the experiment, participants in all three scenarios were asked to answer questions regarding the lab coat (i.e., how they perceived the coat in the context of different occupations). [1] During the experiment, participants were asked to do four comparative visual search tasks where they had to find four small differences in two almost identical images as fast as possible. The results saw more differences found by the group wearing a doctor’s coat, displaying greater sustained attention in comparison to the group wearing a painter’s coat and the group having a lab coat displayed in front of them. [1] The time participants needed to complete the task did not vary. This showed that results were from increased sustained attention obtained wearing lab coats and not due to levels of effort. [1]

Third experiment

Experiment two brought into question whether wearing the lab coat really caused an increase in sustained attention or if the reason was through establishing a connection between oneself and the coat. [1] [2] This divided the concurrent hypothesis posed by Adam and Galinsky. Studies on behavioural priming propose that being exposed to a doctor’s coat should have resulted in increased sustained attention for group three similar to that of group one. [8] Results of the second experiment indicated that sustained attention differed between the group wearing a doctor’s coat and the group having the coat displayed in front of them. [1] The third group saw the doctor’s lab coat only when they entered the laboratory, but not during the rest of the experiment. Adam and Galinsky hypothesised that this absence of the priming effect may be due to the lack of exposure of the coat. [1] [9] As the physical wearing of clothing is a fundamental component in Adam and Galinsky’s hypothesis, they included an altered condition in the third experiment to demonstrate its significance. 99 undergraduate students participated and were randomly assigned to one of three scenarios of either wearing a doctor’s coat, a painter’s coat or writing about how they identified with the coat without wearing it. [1] They were asked to repeat the same task from experiment 2 to examine their sustained attention. [7] Results indicated that the group wearing a doctor’s lab coat found more differences than the group who wrote about the coat whilst the group wearing a painter’s coat performed worst. The result of the third experiment was the final evidence needed to effectively exhibit the enclothed cognition hypothesis.

Results

Adam and Galinsky’s research on enclothed cognition illustrate the effects of the physical experience of wearing clothing as well as its symbolic meaning on the wearer’s psychological processes. [1] The first experiment showed that participants wearing a lab coat had higher selective attention than people wearing their own clothing. The second and third experiment displayed strong evidence that enclothed cognition significantly depends on both wearing and the symbolic meaning of a piece of clothing. Sustained attention only increased when participants were told they were wearing a doctor’s coat. Therefore, Adam and Galinsky concluded that the principle of enclothed cognition relies on the co-occurrence of two independent variables, physically wearing clothing and its symbolic meaning. [1]

Other studies

The concept of enclothed cognition has been further investigated and applied to various different domains. Following the line of lab coat, the effect of formal clothing on cognition, [10] [11] such as abstract processing was measured. Abstract processing consists of superordinate, holistic, and broad mental representations and wearing formal clothes is related to this. [10] Using Navon task, study also demonstrated that formal clothes improved global perceptual processing. [10] There is also one study that intends to investigate one step further into the positive correlation between the formality of clothes and mental abstraction. [11] More recent study demonstrate that wearing formal clothes can trigger self-controlled and organized images, leading people to choose healthy food as this is congruent with their associations. [12] Kraus and Mendes compared participants in upper-class clothes (business-suit) and lower-class clothes (sweatpants) using negotiation profits and testosterone level as hormone related to dominance. They suggested that wearing upper class clothes is associated with sartorial symbols lead to higher self-benefiting behavior and significantly higher testosterone. [13]

What uniform and occupation-related clothes a person puts on has a role in determining people's reaction and cognitive prowess. The clothes of nursing tunic were linked to higher levels of empathic concern and more salient compared to the same tunic described as a cleaner or merely identified, [14] aligned with the original study. [1] Similarly, red cross uniform was used to compared with military uniform to demonstrate prosocial behaviors in a task involving electric shocks. Results showed that wearing red cross uniform led to more prosocial behaviours and more neural empathic responses. [15] Existing studies demonstrated that police uniforms could potentially related to bias intern of social attention and reaction. [16] [17] For example, Civile and Obhi suggested that students wearing police uniform had their attention drawn significantly less toward someone in suit (represent high socio-economic status) than someone in a hoodie (represent low socio-economic status)compare to student wearing mechanic’s uniform. [16] Participants wearing a police uniform are also more likely to shoot unarmed target. [17]

By wearing additional clothes, human cognitive processes could be affected. Existing study suggested that wearing bicycle helmets compared to wearing baseball caps would cause the participants to score higher in risk taking and sensation seeking. [18] Furthermore, a watch as a fashion accessory is associated with higher levels of conscientiousness and punctuality. [19] Wearing counterfeit products has been shown to increases likelihood of behaving dishonestly and judging others as unethical as well as make individuals feel less authentic. [20]

The concepts of enclothed cognition have practical applications in many areas and provide insight into solving societal problems. One example is a Japanese study, which found that pink clothes are associated with stronger egalitarian sex-role attitudes and weaker benevolent sexism than blue clothes, suggesting wearing pink clothing for men is a possible means to combat gender stereotypes and traditional sex-role perceptions. [21] Also, in White et al., children who dressed up as positive characters such as Batman spent more time on repetitive tasks than children without customers, as these outfits are associated with strength and perseverance. [22]

Criticisms

Although enclothed cognition study is based on multitude of theoretical and empirical evidence, it is also challenged by some opponents. Others scientists argue that reproduction of findings is a limited issue which must be supplemented with more cases. Replication failures had appeared in multiple studies using similar measures but different participants, with failed replication including the links between student interest in science and wearing the lab coat, [23] individual differences in working memory capacity and wearing lab coat [24] and sustained attention and lab coat and/or glasses. [25] One study using larger but similar sample size and same preregistered methodology with the original study [1] also failed to replicate the effect of enclothed cognition on the Stroop test challenged the validity of the theory. [26]

In response to this, Adam and Galinsky published another paper in 2019 acknowledging the direct public replication as sensible but conclude that key principle of enclothed cognition (clothing can impact how wearer thinks, feels and acts) is valid overall. Because the majority of papers showed aligned or partially aligned findings. [27] They also mentioned the potential of publication bias as a threat of validity.

The most recent meta-analysis of enclothed cognition uses the Z-curve, a method to estimate distributions of significant effects and detect the possibility of publication bias or p-hacking. [28] The study concluded that although studies conducted before 2015 lacked replicability, evidential value can be affirmed after 2015. [28]

The topic needs more investigation to reveal underlying mechanisms and limitations in the application of the enclothed cognition. In the research answers are sought to the questions regarding methodological limitations and multiple gaps in the theory.

Related Research Articles

Social psychology is the scientific study of how thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others. Social psychologists typically explain human behavior as a result of the relationship between mental states and social situations, studying the social conditions under which thoughts, feelings, and behaviors occur, and how these variables influence social interactions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cognitive bias</span> Systematic pattern of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment

A cognitive bias is a systematic pattern of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment. Individuals create their own "subjective reality" from their perception of the input. An individual's construction of reality, not the objective input, may dictate their behavior in the world. Thus, cognitive biases may sometimes lead to perceptual distortion, inaccurate judgment, illogical interpretation, and irrationality.

In the field of psychology, cognitive dissonance is described as the mental disturbance people feel when they realize their cognitions and actions are inconsistent or contradictory. This may ultimately result in some change in their cognitions or actions to cause greater alignment between them so as to reduce this dissonance. Relevant items of information include peoples' actions, feelings, ideas, beliefs, values, and things in the environment. Cognitive dissonance is typically experienced as psychological stress when persons participate in an action that goes against one or more of those things. According to this theory, when an action or idea is psychologically inconsistent with the other, people do all in their power to change either so that they become consistent. The discomfort is triggered by the person's belief clashing with new information perceived, wherein the individual tries to find a way to resolve the contradiction to reduce their discomfort.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stroop effect</span> Effect of psychological interference on reaction time

In psychology, the Stroop effect is the delay in reaction time between congruent and incongruent stimuli.

Computational cognition is the study of the computational basis of learning and inference by mathematical modeling, computer simulation, and behavioral experiments. In psychology, it is an approach which develops computational models based on experimental results. It seeks to understand the basis behind the human method of processing of information. Early on computational cognitive scientists sought to bring back and create a scientific form of Brentano's psychology.

Terror management theory (TMT) is both a social and evolutionary psychology theory originally proposed by Jeff Greenberg, Sheldon Solomon, and Tom Pyszczynski and codified in their book The Worm at the Core: On the Role of Death in Life (2015). It proposes that a basic psychological conflict results from having a self-preservation instinct while realizing that death is inevitable and to some extent unpredictable. This conflict produces terror, which is managed through escapism and cultural beliefs that counter biological reality with more significant and enduring forms of meaning and value—basically countering the personal insignificance represented by death with the significance provided by symbolic culture.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">In-group and out-group</span> Sociological notions

In social psychology and sociology, an in-group is a social group to which a person psychologically identifies as being a member. By contrast, an out-group is a social group with which an individual does not identify. People may for example identify with their peer group, family, community, sports team, political party, gender, sexual orientation, religion, or nation. It has been found that the psychological membership of social groups and categories is associated with a wide variety of phenomena.

Affective neuroscience is the study of how the brain processes emotions. This field combines neuroscience with the psychological study of personality, emotion, and mood. The basis of emotions and what emotions are remains an issue of debate within the field of affective neuroscience.

In psychology, the emotional Stroop task is used as an information-processing approach to assessing emotions. Like the standard Stroop effect, the emotional Stroop test works by examining the response time of the participant to name colors of words presented to them. Unlike the traditional Stroop effect, the words presented either relate to specific emotional states or disorders, or they are neutral. For example, depressed participants will be slower to say the color of depressing words rather than non-depressing words. Non-clinical subjects have also been shown to name the color of an emotional word slower than naming the color of a neutral word. Negative words selected for the emotional Stroop task can be either preselected by researchers or taken from the lived experiences of participants completing the task. Typically, when asked to identify the color of the words presented to them, participants reaction times for negative emotional words is slower than the identification of the color of neutral words. While it has been shown that those in negative moods tend to take longer to respond when presented with negative word stimuli, this is not always the case when participants are presented with words that are positive or more neutral in tone.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Affect (psychology)</span> Experience of feeling or emotion

Affect, in psychology, is the underlying experience of feeling, emotion, attachment, or mood. It encompasses a wide range of emotional states and can be positive or negative. Affect is a fundamental aspect of human experience and plays a central role in many psychological theories and studies. It can be understood as a combination of three components: emotion, mood, and affectivity. In psychology, the term affect is often used interchangeably with several related terms and concepts, though each term may have slightly different nuances. These terms encompass: emotion, feeling, mood, emotional state, sentiment, affective state, emotional response, affective reactivity, disposition. Researchers and psychologists may employ specific terms based on their focus and the context of their work.

Attentional bias refers to how a person's perception is affected by selective factors in their attention. Attentional biases may explain an individual's failure to consider alternative possibilities when occupied with an existing train of thought. For example, cigarette smokers have been shown to possess an attentional bias for smoking-related cues around them, due to their brain's altered reward sensitivity. Attentional bias has also been associated with clinically relevant symptoms such as anxiety and depression.

Ego depletion is the idea that self-control or willpower draws upon conscious mental resources that can be taxed to exhaustion when in constant use with no reprieve. When the energy for mental activity is low, self-control is typically impaired, which would be considered a state of ego depletion. In particular, experiencing a state of ego depletion impairs the ability to control oneself later on. A depleting task requiring self-control can have a hindering effect on a subsequent self-control task, even if the tasks are seemingly unrelated. Self-control plays a valuable role in the functioning of the self on both individualistic and interpersonal levels. Ego depletion is therefore a critical topic in experimental psychology, specifically social psychology, because it is a mechanism that contributes to the understanding of the processes of human self-control. There have both been studies to support and to question the validity of ego-depletion as a theory.

John A. Bargh is a social psychologist currently working at Yale University, where he has formed the Automaticity in Cognition, Motivation, and Evaluation (ACME) Laboratory. Bargh's work focuses on automaticity and unconscious processing as a method to better understand social behavior, as well as philosophical topics such as free will. Much of Bargh's work investigates whether behaviors thought to be under volitional control may result from automatic interpretations of and reactions to external stimuli, such as words.

The concept of motor cognition grasps the notion that cognition is embodied in action, and that the motor system participates in what is usually considered as mental processing, including those involved in social interaction. The fundamental unit of the motor cognition paradigm is action, defined as the movements produced to satisfy an intention towards a specific motor goal, or in reaction to a meaningful event in the physical and social environments. Motor cognition takes into account the preparation and production of actions, as well as the processes involved in recognizing, predicting, mimicking, and understanding the behavior of other people. This paradigm has received a great deal of attention and empirical support in recent years from a variety of research domains including embodied cognition, developmental psychology, cognitive neuroscience, and social psychology.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Embodied cognition</span> Interdisciplinary theory

Embodied cognition is the concept suggesting that many features of cognition are shaped by the state and capacities of the organism. The cognitive features include a wide spectrum of cognitive functions, such as perception biases, memory recall, comprehension and high-level mental constructs and performance on various cognitive tasks. The bodily aspects involve the motor system, the perceptual system, the bodily interactions with the environment (situatedness), and the assumptions about the world built the functional structure of organism's brain and body.

Emotion perception refers to the capacities and abilities of recognizing and identifying emotions in others, in addition to biological and physiological processes involved. Emotions are typically viewed as having three components: subjective experience, physical changes, and cognitive appraisal; emotion perception is the ability to make accurate decisions about another's subjective experience by interpreting their physical changes through sensory systems responsible for converting these observed changes into mental representations. The ability to perceive emotion is believed to be both innate and subject to environmental influence and is also a critical component in social interactions. How emotion is experienced and interpreted depends on how it is perceived. Likewise, how emotion is perceived is dependent on past experiences and interpretations. Emotion can be accurately perceived in humans. Emotions can be perceived visually, audibly, through smell and also through bodily sensations and this process is believed to be different from the perception of non-emotional material.

The numerical Stroop effect, a concept rooted in cognitive psychology, refers to the interference that occurs when individuals are asked to compare numerical values or physical sizes of digits presented together. The effect arises when there is a mismatch—or incongruity—between the numerical value and the physical size of the digits. For example, comparing a physically larger "3" and a smaller "5" can result in slower reaction times, as the brain encounters conflicting information between size and value. Conversely, response times are faster when the size and value align, such as a large "5" and a small "3". 

In psychology, control is a person's ability or perception of their ability to affect themselves, others, their conditions, their environment or some other circumstance. Control over oneself or others can extend to the regulation of emotions, thoughts, actions, impulses, memory, attention or experiences. There are several types of control, including:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Avishai Henik</span> Israeli neurocognitive psychologist (born 1945)

Avishai Henik is an Israeli neurocognitive psychologist who works at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (BGU). Henik studies voluntary and automatic (non-voluntary/reflexive) processes involved in cognitive operations. He characterizes automatic processes, and clarifies their importance, the relationship between automatic and voluntary processes, and their neural underpinnings. Most of his work involves research with human participants and in recent years, he has been working with Archer fish to examine evolutionary aspects of various cognitive functions.

Authority bias is the tendency to attribute greater accuracy to the opinion of an authority figure and be more influenced by that opinion. An individual is more influenced by the opinion of this authority figure, believing their views to be more credible, and hence place greater emphasis on the authority figure's viewpoint and are more likely to obey them. This concept is considered one of the social cognitive biases or collective cognitive biases.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Adam, Hajo; Galinsky, Adam D. (2012). "Enclothed cognition". Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 48 (4): 918–925. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2012.02.008. ISSN   0022-1031.
  2. 1 2 Schendan, H. E. (2012-01-01), "Semantic Memory", in Ramachandran, V. S. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Human Behavior (Second Edition), San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 350–358, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-375000-6.00315-3, ISBN   978-0-08-096180-4 , retrieved 2022-02-16
  3. ↑ Barsalou, Lawrence W. (2008-01-01). "Grounded Cognition". Annual Review of Psychology. 59 (1): 617–645. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093639. ISSN   0066-4308. PMID   17705682.
  4. ↑ Barsalou, Lawrence W. (2010-09-07). "Grounded Cognition: Past, Present, and Future". Topics in Cognitive Science. 2 (4): 716–724. doi:10.1111/j.1756-8765.2010.01115.x. ISSN   1756-8757. PMID   25164052.
  5. 1 2 Lee, Spike W. S.; Schwarz, Norbert (2012). "Bidirectionality, mediation, and moderation of metaphorical effects: The embodiment of social suspicion and fishy smells". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 103 (5): 737–749. doi:10.1037/a0029708. ISSN   1939-1315. PMID   22905770.
  6. 1 2 Stroop, J. R. (1935). "Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions". Journal of Experimental Psychology. 18 (6): 643–662. doi:10.1037/h0054651. hdl: 11858/00-001M-0000-002C-5ADB-7 . ISSN   0022-1015.
  7. 1 2 Pomplun, Marc; Reingold, Eyal M; Shen, Jiye (2001-09-01). "Investigating the visual span in comparative search: the effects of task difficulty and divided attention". Cognition. 81 (2): B57 –B67. doi:10.1016/S0010-0277(01)00123-8. ISSN   0010-0277. PMID   11376644. S2CID   3503467.
  8. ↑ Kay, Aaron C.; Wheeler, S. Christian; Bargh, John A.; Ross, Lee (2004-09-01). "Material priming: The influence of mundane physical objects on situational construal and competitive behavioral choice". Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 95 (1): 83–96. doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2004.06.003. ISSN   0749-5978.
  9. ↑ Bargh, John A.; Pietromonaco, Paula (1982). "Automatic information processing and social perception: The influence of trait information presented outside of conscious awareness on impression formation". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 43 (3): 437–449. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.43.3.437. ISSN   0022-3514.
  10. 1 2 3 Slepian, Michael L.; Ferber, Simon N.; Gold, Joshua M.; Rutchick, Abraham M. (2015-03-31). "The Cognitive Consequences of Formal Clothing". Social Psychological and Personality Science. 6 (6): 661–668. doi:10.1177/1948550615579462. ISSN   1948-5506.
  11. 1 2 Burger, Axel M.; Bless, Herbert (2017-09-02). "Cognitive consequences of formal clothing: the effects of clothing versus thinking of clothing". Comprehensive Results in Social Psychology. 2 (2–3): 228–252. doi:10.1080/23743603.2017.1396185. ISSN   2374-3603.
  12. ↑ Wang, Xuehua; Wang, Xiaoyu; Lei, Jing; Chao, Mike Chen-ho (August 2021). "The clothes that make you eat healthy: The impact of clothes style on food choice". Journal of Business Research. 132: 787–799. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.10.063. ISSN   0148-2963.
  13. ↑ Kraus, Michael W.; Mendes, Wendy Berry (2014). "Sartorial symbols of social class elicit class-consistent behavioral and physiological responses: A dyadic approach". Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 143 (6): 2330–2340. doi:10.1037/xge0000023. ISSN   1939-2222. PMID   25222264.
  14. ↑ López-Pérez, Belén; Ambrona, Tamara; Wilson, Ellie L.; Khalil, Marina (August 2016). "The Effect of Enclothed Cognition on Empathic Responses and Helping Behavior". Social Psychology. 47 (4): 223–231. doi:10.1027/1864-9335/a000273. ISSN   1864-9335.
  15. ↑ Pech, Guillaume P.; Caspar, Emilie A. (2023-10-03). "Does the cowl make the monk? The effect of military and Red Cross uniforms on empathy for pain, sense of agency and moral behaviors". Frontiers in Psychology. 14. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1255835 . ISSN   1664-1078. PMC   10580073 . PMID   37854147.
  16. 1 2 Civile, Ciro; Obhi, Sukhvinder S. (2017-02-06). "Students Wearing Police Uniforms Exhibit Biased Attention toward Individuals Wearing Hoodies". Frontiers in Psychology. 8: 62. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00062 . ISSN   1664-1078. PMC   5292616 . PMID   28220086.
  17. 1 2 Mendoza, Saaid A.; Parks-Stamm, Elizabeth J. (2019-07-04). "Embodying the Police: The Effects of Enclothed Cognition on Shooting Decisions". Psychological Reports. 123 (6): 2353–2371. doi:10.1177/0033294119860261. ISSN   0033-2941. PMID   31272294.
  18. ↑ Gamble, Tim; Walker, Ian (2016-01-06). "Wearing a Bicycle Helmet Can Increase Risk Taking and Sensation Seeking in Adults". Psychological Science. 27 (2): 289–294. doi:10.1177/0956797615620784. ISSN   0956-7976. PMC   4767144 . PMID   26740528.
  19. ↑ Ellis, David A.; Jenkins, Rob (2015-08-27). "Watch-wearing as a marker of conscientiousness". PeerJ. 3: e1210. doi: 10.7717/peerj.1210 . ISSN   2167-8359. PMC   4556152 . PMID   26334540.
  20. ↑ Gino, Francesca; Norton, Michael I.; Ariely, Dan (2010-03-23). "The Counterfeit Self". Psychological Science. 21 (5): 712–720. doi:10.1177/0956797610366545. ISSN   0956-7976. PMID   20483851.
  21. ↑ Ishii, Kunio; Numazaki, Makoto; Tado'oka, Yoshika (2018-12-11). "The Effect of Pink/Blue Clothing on Implicit and Explicit Gender-Related Self-Cognition and Attitudes Among Men". Japanese Psychological Research. 61 (2): 123–132. doi:10.1111/jpr.12241. ISSN   0021-5368.
  22. ↑ White, Rachel E.; Prager, Emily O.; Schaefer, Catherine; Kross, Ethan; Duckworth, Angela L.; Carlson, Stephanie M. (2016-12-16). "The "Batman Effect": Improving Perseverance in Young Children". Child Development. 88 (5): 1563–1571. doi:10.1111/cdev.12695. hdl: 2027.42/138336 . ISSN   0009-3920. PMID   27982409.
  23. ↑ Jones, M. Gail; Lee, Tammy; Chesnutt, Katherine; Carrier, Sarah; Ennes, Megan; Cayton, Emily; Madden, Lauren; Huff, Pamela (2019-08-12). "Enclothed cognition: putting lab coats to the test". International Journal of Science Education. 41 (14): 1962–1976. Bibcode:2019IJSEd..41.1962J. doi:10.1080/09500693.2019.1649504. ISSN   0950-0693.
  24. ↑ Van Stockum, Charles A.; DeCaro, Marci S. (2014-11-07). "Enclothed Cognition and Controlled Attention during Insight Problem-Solving". The Journal of Problem Solving. 7 (1). doi: 10.7771/1932-6246.1164 . ISSN   1932-6246.
  25. ↑ Burns, Devin M; Fox, Elizabeth; Greenstein, Michael; Montgomery, Demaris A. (2019-03-15). "An old task in new clothes: A preregistered direct replication attempt of enclothed cognition effects on Stroop performance". doi:10.31234/osf.io/cj6kv . Retrieved 2024-03-20.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  26. ↑ Burns, Devin M.; Fox, Elizabeth L.; Greenstein, Michael; Olbright, Gayla; Montgomery, DeMaris (July 2019). "An old task in new clothes: A preregistered direct replication attempt of enclothed cognition effects on Stroop performance". Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 83: 150–156. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2018.10.001. ISSN   0022-1031.
  27. ↑ Adam, Hajo; Galinsky, Adam D. (July 2019). "Reflections on enclothed cognition: Commentary on Burns et al". Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 83: 157–159. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2018.12.002. ISSN   0022-1031.
  28. 1 2 Horton, C. Blaine; Adam, Hajo; Galinsky, Adam D. (2023-07-17). "Evaluating the Evidence for Enclothed Cognition: Z-Curve and Meta-Analyses". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. doi:10.1177/01461672231182478. ISSN   0146-1672. PMID   37458322.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.