Envelope (music)

Last updated November 15, 2024

In sound and music, an envelope describes how a sound changes over time. For example, a piano key, when struck and held, creates a near-immediate initial sound which gradually decreases in volume to zero. An envelope may relate to elements such as amplitude (volume), frequency (with the use of filters) or pitch.

Envelope generators, which allow users to control the different stages of a sound, are common features of synthesizers, samplers, and other electronic musical instruments. The most common envelope generator is controlled with four parameters: attack, decay, sustain and release (ADSR).

Envelope generators

Development

The envelope generator was created by the American engineer Robert Moog, the creator of the Moog synthesizer, in the 1960s. The composer Herbert Deutsch suggested Moog find a way to articulate his synthesizer so notes did not simply trigger on and off. Moog wired a doorbell button to the synthesizer and used a capacitor to store and slowly release voltage produced from hitting a key. He refined the design to remove the need to push a separate button with every keypress, with two switches on every key: one to produce the control voltage determining pitch and the other to trigger the envelope generator. The envelope generator became a standard feature of synthesizers.^[1]

Following discussions with the engineer and composer Vladimir Ussachevsky, the head of the Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center, in 1965, Moog developed a new envelope module whose functions were described in f T1 (attack time), T2 (initial decay time), ESUS (sustain level), and T3 (final decay time). These were later simplified to the modern ADSR form (attack time, decay time, sustain level, release time) by ARP.^[1]

ADSR

The most common kind of envelope generator has four stages: attack, decay, sustain, and release (ADSR).^[2]

Attack is the time taken for the rise of the level from nil to peak.
Decay is the time taken for the level to reduce from the attack level to the sustain level.
Sustain is the level maintained until the key is released.
Release is the time taken for the level to decay to nil.^[3]

While attack, decay, and release refer to time, sustain refers to level.^[2]

Other envelopes

Some electronic musical instruments can invert the ADSR envelope, reversing the behavior of the normal ADSR envelope. During the attack phase, the modulated sound parameter fades from the maximum amplitude to zero then, during the decay phase, rises to the value specified by the sustain parameter. After the key has been released the sound parameter rises from sustain amplitude back to maximum amplitude.

8-step envelope on Casio CZ series

Some envelopes, such as that of the Korg MS-20, have an extra parameter, hold. This holds notes at the sustain level for a fixed length of time before decaying. The General Instrument AY-3-8910 sound chip includes only a hold time parameter; the sustain level is not programmable.

Another common variation in the same vein is the AHDSR (attack, hold, decay, sustain, release) envelope, in which the hold parameter controls how long the envelope stays at full volume before entering the decay phase. Multiple attack, decay and release settings may be found on more sophisticated models.

Certain synthesizers also allow for a delay parameter before the attack. Modern synthesizers, such as the Prophet '08, have DADSR (delay, attack, decay, sustain, release) envelopes. The delay setting determines the length of silence between hitting a note and the attack. Some software synthesizers, such as Image-Line's 3xOSC (included with their DAW FL Studio) have DAHDSR (delay, attack, hold, decay, sustain, release) envelopes.

A common feature on many synthesizers is an AD envelope (attack and decay only). This can be used to control, for example, the pitch of one oscillator,^[4] which in turn may be synchronized with another oscillator by oscillator sync.

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References

1 2 Pinch, Trevor; Trocco, Frank (2004). Analog Days: The Invention and Impact of the Moog Synthesizer. Harvard University Press. pp. 43. ISBN 978-0-674-01617-0.
1 2 Vail, Mark (2014). The Synthesizer: A Comprehensive Guide to Understanding, Programming, Playing, and Recording the Ultimate Electronic Music Instrument. OUP USA. ISBN 9780195394894.
↑ "How to use basic ADSR filter envelope parameters". MusicRadar. June 21, 2013. Retrieved 2018-12-16.
↑ Synthesizer technique. H. Leonard Books. 1987. p. 64. OCLC 1036880013.

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[:2-1] 1 2 Pinch, Trevor; Trocco, Frank (2004). Analog Days: The Invention and Impact of the Moog Synthesizer. Harvard University Press. pp. 43. ISBN 978-0-674-01617-0.

[:0-2] 1 2 Vail, Mark (2014). The Synthesizer: A Comprehensive Guide to Understanding, Programming, Playing, and Recording the Ultimate Electronic Music Instrument. OUP USA. ISBN 9780195394894.

[3] "How to use basic ADSR filter envelope parameters". MusicRadar. June 21, 2013. Retrieved 2018-12-16.

[4] Synthesizer technique. H. Leonard Books. 1987. p. 64. OCLC 1036880013.

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