The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 or ADA is a civil rights law that prohibits discrimination based on disability. It affords similar protections against discrimination to Americans with disabilities as the Civil Rights Act of 1964,which made discrimination based on race,religion,sex,national origin,and other characteristics illegal,and later sexual orientation and gender identity. In addition,unlike the Civil Rights Act,the ADA also requires covered employers to provide reasonable accommodations to employees with disabilities,and imposes accessibility requirements on public accommodations.
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a landmark civil rights and labor law in the United States that outlaws discrimination based on race,color,religion,sex,and national origin. It prohibits unequal application of voter registration requirements,racial segregation in schools and public accommodations,and employment discrimination. The act "remains one of the most significant legislative achievements in American history".
The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) is a federal agency that was established via the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to administer and enforce civil rights laws against workplace discrimination. The EEOC investigates discrimination complaints based on an individual's race,color,national origin,religion,sex,age,disability,genetic information,and retaliation for participating in a discrimination complaint proceeding and/or opposing a discriminatory practice.
Equal employment opportunity is equal opportunity to attain or maintain employment in a company,organization,or other institution. Examples of legislation to foster it or to protect it from eroding include the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission,which was established by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to assist in the protection of United States employees from discrimination. The law was the first federal law designed to protect most US employees from employment discrimination based on that employee's race,color,religion,sex,or national origin.
Naomi Churchill Earp is an American lawyer and government official from Maryland and Virginia. From 2007 to 2009 she served as chair of the United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission,where she established the Youth At Work Program. She was designated by President George W. Bush in 2006,succeeding Cari M. Dominguez. Prior to her appointment as Chair,she had served as vice chair of the commission since 2003.
Employment discrimination law in the United States derives from the common law,and is codified in numerous state,federal,and local laws. These laws prohibit discrimination based on certain characteristics or "protected categories." The United States Constitution also prohibits discrimination by federal and state governments against their public employees. Discrimination in the private sector is not directly constrained by the Constitution,but has become subject to a growing body of federal and state law,including the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Federal law prohibits discrimination in a number of areas,including recruiting,hiring,job evaluations,promotion policies,training,compensation and disciplinary action. State laws often extend protection to additional categories or employers.
Sexual orientation discrimination is discrimination based on a person's sex,sexual orientation,gender identity,or pregnancy.
The lawsuit González v. Abercrombie &Fitch Stores,Inc.,No. 3:03-cv-02817,filed in June 2003,alleged that the nationwide retailer Abercrombie &Fitch "violated Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 by maintaining recruiting and hiring practice that excluded minorities and women and adopting a restrictive marketing image,and other policies,which limited minority and female employment." The female and Latino,African-American,and Asian American plaintiffs charged that they were either not hired despite strong qualifications or if hired "they were steered not to sales positions out front,but to low-visibility,back-of-the-store jobs,stocking and cleaning up." The case generated national press coverage,including a profile on the television program 60 Minutes.
Gilbert F. Casellas is an American lawyer and businessman. He is a private investor and business consultant in the Washington,D.C. area,a director of Prudential Financial,trustee of the University of Pennsylvania,and advisor to Toyota Motor North America,The Procter &Gamble Company,and Comcast Corporation. He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations,the American Law Institute,trustee of the Pan American Development Foundation and Co-Editor-in-Chief of Workplace Harassment Second Edition 2018 published by Bloomberg Law.
LGBT employment discrimination in the United States is illegal under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964;employment discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity is encompassed by the law's prohibition of employment discrimination on the basis of sex. Prior to the landmark cases Bostock v. Clayton County and R.G. &G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (2020),employment protections for LGBT people were patchwork;several states and localities explicitly prohibit harassment and bias in employment decisions on the basis of sexual orientation and/or gender identity,although some only cover public employees. Prior to the Bostock decision,the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) interpreted Title VII to cover LGBT employees;the EEOC determined that transgender employees were protected under Title VII in 2012,and extended the protection to encompass sexual orientation in 2015.
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Abercrombie &Fitch Stores,575 U.S. 768 (2015),was a United States Supreme Court case regarding a Muslim American woman,Samantha Elauf,who was refused a job at Abercrombie &Fitch in 2008 because she wore a head scarf,which conflicted with the company's dress code. The Supreme Court of the United States ruled 8–1 in Elauf's favor on June 1,2015.
Title IX of the United States Education Amendments of 1972 prohibits discrimination "on the basis of sex" in educational programs and activities that receive financial assistance from the federal government. The Obama administration interpreted Title IX to cover discrimination on the basis of assigned sex,gender identity,and transgender status. The Trump administration determined that the question of access to sex-segregated facilities should be left to the states and local school districts to decide. The validity of the executive's position is being tested in the federal courts.
Victoria Ann Lipnic is an American lawyer and public figure. She served in multiple senior United States government positions. She was Commissioner of the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC),nominated to two terms by President Barack Obama,2010 –2020.) She served as Chair (Acting) of the EEOC under President Donald J. Trump from 2017 –2019. Prior to her appointments to the EEOC,she was Assistant Secretary of Labor under President George W. Bush. The United States Senate confirmed her unanimously to each of these positions.
Altitude Express,Inc. v. Zarda,590 U.S. ___ (2020),is a landmark United States Supreme Court civil rights case which ruled that under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 employees could not be discriminated against on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity.
R.G. &G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission,590 U.S. ___ (2020),is a landmark United States Supreme Court case which ruled that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 protects transgender people from employment discrimination.
Bostock v. Clayton County,590 U.S. ___ (2020),is a landmark United States Supreme Court civil rights case in which the Court held that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 protects employees against discrimination because they are gay or transgender.
Jenny Rae Yang is an American attorney and public official. In 2021,Yang was appointed by President Joe Biden to serve as the Director of Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs,an agency within the Department of Labor.
Charlotte A. Burrows is an American attorney and government official. Since 2021,Burrows has served as Chair of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). Burrows first joined the agency as a commissioner in 2015,and previously served as an associate deputy attorney general. A member of the Democratic Party,Burrows also served as an aide and counsel to Senator Ted Kennedy.
Muldrow v. City of St. Louis,Missouri is a pending United States Supreme Court case regarding Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and whether its protections apply to job transfers,even where the transfer did not result in a "significant disadvantage."
