The following faux pas are derived from homonyms in Mandarin and Cantonese. While originating in Greater China, they may also apply to Chinese-speaking people around the world. However, most homonymic pairs listed work only in some varieties of Chinese (for example, Mandarin only or Cantonese only), and may appear bewildering even to speakers of other varieties of Chinese.
Certain customs regarding good and bad luck are important to many Chinese people. Although these might be regarded as superstitions by people from other cultures, these customs are often tied to religious traditions and are an important part of many people's belief systems, even among well-educated people and affluent sectors of society.
Giving a clock (Chinese :送鐘/送钟; pinyin :sòng zhōng) is often taboo, especially to the elderly as the term for this act is a homophone with the term for the act of attending another's funeral, "to send off for one's end" (Chinese :送終/送终; pinyin :sòngzhōng). [1] [2] [3] In 2015, a UK government official, Susan Kramer, gave a watch to Taipei Mayor Ko Wen-je and was unaware of the taboo, which resulted in some professional embarrassment and a pursuant apology. [4] Cantonese people consider such a gift as a curse. [5]
This homonymic pair works in nearly all varieties of Chinese, as the words for 'clock' and 'end' came to be pronounced identically very early in mainstream Chinese varieties, by around the 11th century. That being said, this taboo does not apply to smaller items such as watches, as they are not called zhōng in most parts of China, unlike clocks and large bells[ contradictory ]. Watches are commonly given as gifts in China.
However, should such a gift be given, the "unluckiness" of the gift can be countered by exacting a small monetary payment so that the recipient is buying the clock and thereby counteracting the '送' ("to gift") expression of the phrase.
It is undesirable to give someone a fan or an umbrella as a gift. The words for 'fan' (Chinese :扇; pinyin :shàn) and 'umbrella' (simplified Chinese :伞; traditional Chinese :傘; pinyin :sǎn) sound like the word sǎn/sàn (散), meaning to scatter, or to part company, to separate, to break up with someone, to split. [6]
These homonymic pairs work in Mandarin and Cantonese. Cantonese has a more idiomatic term for umbrellas (ze1 in Cantonese, 遮) to avoid precisely this association.
As a book (simplified Chinese :书; traditional Chinese :書; pinyin :shū) is a homophone of "loss, to lose" (simplified Chinese :输; traditional Chinese :輸; pinyin :shū) in many areas, carrying or looking at a book (simplified Chinese :带书, 看书; traditional Chinese :帶書, 看書; pinyin :dài shū, kàn shū) where people are taking a risk, such as gambling or investing in stocks, may be considered to invite bad luck and loss (simplified Chinese :带输, 看输; traditional Chinese :帶輸, 看輸; pinyin :dài shū, kàn shū). This bad luck does not apply to carrying or reading newspapers (simplified Chinese :带报, 看报; traditional Chinese :帶報, 看報; pinyin :dàibào, kànbào) as newspapers (simplified Chinese :报纸; traditional Chinese :報紙; pinyin :bàozhǐ) are not books. [6]
This homonymic pair works in Cantonese and Mandarin, with the avoidance particularly common in Cantonese-speaking areas.
Fan Chuo was a secretary working under the Jiedu with headquarters located at Hanoi.
Qian Zhongshu, also transliterated as Ch'ien Chung-shu or Dzien Tsoong-su, was a renowned 20th century Chinese literary scholar and writer, known for his wit and erudition.
"Lion-Eating Poet in the Stone Den" is a short narrative poem written in Classical Chinese that is composed of about 94 characters in which every word is pronounced shi when read in present-day Standard Mandarin, with only the tones differing.
Kyōiku kanji, also known as Gakunenbetsu kanji haitōhyō is a list of 1,026 kanji and associated readings developed and maintained by the Japanese Ministry of Education that prescribes which kanji, and which readings of kanji, Japanese students should learn from first grade to the sixth grade. Although the list is designed for Japanese students, it can also be used as a sequence of learning characters by non-native speakers as a means of focusing on the most commonly used kanji.
Cursive script, often referred to as grass script, is a script style used in Chinese and East Asian calligraphy. It is an umbrella term for the cursive variants of the clerical script and the regular script.
Some numbers are believed by some to be auspicious or lucky or inauspicious or unlucky based on the Chinese word that the number sounds similar to. The numbers 2, 3, 6, and 8 are generally considered to be lucky, while 4 is considered unlucky. These traditions are not unique to Chinese culture, with other countries with a history of Han characters also having similar beliefs stemming from these concepts.
The Four Great Books of Song was compiled by a team of scholars during the Song dynasty (960–1279). The term was coined after the last book was finished during the 11th century. The four encyclopedias were published and intended to collect the whole knowledge of the new state.
Tung Shing, also called the Yellow Calendar or the Imperial Calendar is a Chinese divination guide and almanac. It consists primarily of a calendar based on the Chinese solar terms rather than the Chinese lunar-solar calendar.
Chinese pre-wedding customs are traditional Chinese rituals prescribed by the 禮記 (láih gei, the 儀禮 (yìh láih and the 白虎通 condensed into a series of rituals now known as the 三書六禮. Traditionally speaking, a wedding that incorporates all six rites is considered a daaih chéui.
The xiqin was a bowed string musical instrument. It is perhaps the original member of the huqin family of Chinese and Mongolian bowed string instruments; thus, the erhu and morin khuur and all similar fiddle instruments may be said to be derived from the xiqin. The xiqin had two silk strings and was held vertically.
Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House is a publishing house in mainland China, specialized in publishing reference works. Its precedent was the Ci Hai Editing Institute affiliated to Zhong Hua Book Co. (中华书局辞海编辑所), founded in August, 1958. From January, 1978, it adopted the current name. The Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House published revised editions of Cihai, a large-scale dictionary and encyclopedia of Standard Mandarin Chinese, in 1979, 1989, 1999, and 2009. As of 2016, it is owned by Shanghai Century Publishing(Group) Co., Ltd. Its ISBN code is 7–5326.
Li Jianshu, also known as Jian-Shu Li, is a Chinese mathematician working in representation theory and automorphic forms. He is the founding director of the Institute for Advanced Study in Mathematics at Zhejiang University and Professor Emeritus at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology.
Chinese New Year or the Spring Festival is a festival that celebrates the beginning of a new year on the traditional lunisolar Chinese calendar. Marking the end of winter and the beginning of spring, observances traditionally take place from Chinese New Year's Eve, the evening preceding the first day of the year, to the Lantern Festival, held on the 15th day of the year. The first day of Chinese New Year begins on the new moon that appears between 21 January and 20 February.
Standard Chinese, like many Sinitic varieties, has a significant number of homophonous syllables and words due to its limited phonetic inventory. The Cihai dictionary lists 149 characters representing the syllable "yì". Many Chinese take great delight in using the large amount of homophones in the language to form puns, and they have become an important component of Chinese culture. In Chinese, homophones are used for a variety of purposes from rhetoric and poetry to advertisement and humor, and are also common in Chinese loans, for example phono-semantic matching of brand names, computer jargon, technological terms and toponyms.
Yilin Zhong is a British-Chinese journalist, screenwriter and author. She is the author of seventeen novels, two film screenplays, ten books and many other work including poems and literary reviews. She now lives in London.
Zidishu, translated as Bannerman Song or Scion Book, was a popular Chinese folk ballad song during the Qing dynasty (1644–1912), mostly composed and performed by Manchu people. It flourished between 1736 and 1850 and began to decline at the end of the 19th century. In the 18th century, it was considered one of the most elegant popular northern, Beijing-based Chinese songs.
The Flat Brush script is a writing style in Chinese calligraphy that was created by Jin Nong during the Qing dynasty. The writing style is a mix of the clerical script of the Han dynasty and the regular script of the Wei dynasty; these two writing styles make the Flat Brush script a unique writing style in Chinese calligraphy. The technique used to write in the flat brush script is very different from the other writing styles. It has to be written using a flat brush and not the regular East Asian writing brush.
Differences between Shinjitai and Simplified characters in the Japanese and Chinese languages exist.
Han Hong was a Chinese poet of the mid-Tang period. His courtesy name was Junping.