Ferris Barracks

Ferris Barracks
Ferris Barracks; Erlangen, Germany
	Ferris Barracks Ferris Barracks (Germany)
	Ferris Barracks Memorial to the Soldiers of the Erlangen Brigade from 1945-1991.
Coordinates	49°35′29.8″N011°01′40.8″E / 49.591611°N 11.028000°E
Type	Military Garrison
Site information
Condition	Closed
Site history
In use	1890-1994
Garrison information
Occupants	German Empire (1890-1918); Weimar Republic (1918-1933); Nazi Germany (1933-1945); United States (1945-1994)

Last updated July 29, 2019

Ferris Barracks is a former US military garrison located in Erlangen, a Middle Franconian (German: Mittelfranken) city in Bavaria (German: Bayern), Germany. It was active as a US military base between 1945 and 1994. The facility was occupied after World War II and designated Ferris Barracks in honor of Second Lieutenant (2LT) Geoffrey Cheney Ferris. Ferris Barracks was closed on 28 June, 1994, and officially turned over to the German government. Though largely dismantled, certain historic buildings and monuments have been preserved and converted for alternative use. The area has undergone extensive construction and is now referred to as Röthelheimpark.

Garrison is the collective term for any body of troops stationed in a particular location, originally to guard it, but now often simply using it as a home base. The garrison is usually in a city, town, fort, castle, ship or similar. "Garrison town" is a common expression for any town that has a military base nearby.

Erlangen is a Middle Franconian city in Bavaria, Germany. It is the seat of the administrative district Erlangen-Höchstadt and with 113,752 inhabitants it is the smallest of the eight major cities in Bavaria. The number of inhabitants exceeded the threshold of 100,000 in 1974, making Erlangen a major city.

Not to be confused with, Middle Francia.

History

Early Use

Until the 18th century, soldiers stationed in Erlangen were quartered by private citizens. After its transition to the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1810, Erlangen tried several times to become a garrison town. Beginning in 1868, several small kaserne (English: barracks) were established. In 1890, the 19th Royal Bavarian Infantry Regiment (German: Königlich Bayerisches 19. Infantrie Regiment ), part of the III Royal Bavarian Corps (German: III. Königlich Bayerisches Armee-Korps), was permanently stationed in Erlangen. To accommodate regimental units, a drill area of 150 hectares (370 acres) was purchased and set aside as an Exerzierplatz (English: drill area), and construction began on a new infantry kaserne along Luitpoldstraße (present day Drausnickstraße), to the north of the drill area. In 1893, a hospital was established for the garrison in the northwest corner of the drill area. In 1901, the 10th Royal Bavarian Artillery Regiment (German: Königlich Bayerisches 10. Feldartillerie-Regiment ) was relocated to a new kaserne built on the northern edge of the drill area. This new kaserne was called simply Artillerie-Kaserne (English: Artillery Barracks). Through 1904, additional buildings were erected on the artillery kaserne including staff buildings, guard houses, a stockade, hay-, straw- and oats-magazines, wagon houses, a scale, stables and other workshops. In 1912 the Offizierspeiseanstalt (English: Officer's Mess), also called the Kasino, was built. During World War I, both regiments fought on the front lines. The drill area was used as a Prisoner of War (POW) camp during the war. In 1915, the number of Russian, French and Italian prisoners interned there was approximately 3,600.

The Kingdom of Bavaria was a German state that succeeded the former Electorate of Bavaria in 1805 and continued to exist until 1918. The Bavarian Elector Maximilian IV Joseph of the House of Wittelsbach became the first King of Bavaria in 1805 as Maximilian I Joseph. The crown would go on being held by the Wittelsbachs until the kingdom came to an end in 1918. Most of Bavaria's present-day borders were established after 1814 with the Treaty of Paris, in which Bavaria ceded Tyrol and Vorarlberg to the Austrian Empire while receiving Aschaffenburg and Würzburg. With the unification of Germany into the German Empire in 1871, the kingdom became a federal state of the new Empire and was second in size, power, and wealth only to the leading state, the Kingdom of Prussia. In 1918, Bavaria became a republic, and the kingdom was thus succeeded by the current Free State of Bavaria.

Kaserne is a loanword taken from the German word Kaserne, which means "barracks". It is the typical term used when naming the garrison location for American and Canadian forces stationed in Germany. American forces were also sometimes housed in installations simply referred to as "barracks", such as Ray Barracks in Friedberg.

English is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and eventually became a global lingua franca. It is named after the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes that migrated to the area of Great Britain that later took their name, as England. Both names derive from Anglia, a peninsula in the Baltic Sea. The language is closely related to Frisian and Low Saxon, and its vocabulary has been significantly influenced by other Germanic languages, particularly Norse, and to a greater extent by Latin and French.

Weimar Republic

With the armistice on November 11, 1918, most soldiers were discharged and were released into private life. After the war, Erlangen retained its status as a garrison town, however due to restrictions imposed by the Treaty of Versailles, only select smaller training units remained at the garrison. The original infantry barracks fell into disuse by the military and control of that facility reverted to the city. It was later used to house refugees. Beginning in 1923, the garrison hospital was converted to a skin clinic used by the Friedrich-Alexander University.

The Armistice of 11 November 1918 was the armistice signed at Le Francport near Compiègne that ended fighting on land, sea and air in World War I between the Allies and their opponent, Germany. Previous armistices had been agreed with Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Also known as the Armistice of Compiègne from the place where it was signed at 5:45 a.m. by the French Marshal Foch, it came into force at 11:00 a.m. Paris time on 11 November 1918 and marked a victory for the Allies and a defeat for Germany, although not formally a surrender.

The Treaty of Versailles was the most important of the peace treaties that brought World War I to an end. The Treaty ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919 in Versailles, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, which had directly led to the war. The other Central Powers on the German side signed separate treaties. Although the armistice, signed on 11 November 1918, ended the actual fighting, it took six months of Allied negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference to conclude the peace treaty. The treaty was registered by the Secretariat of the League of Nations on 21 October 1919.

On 1 October, 1922, a monument was erected in front of the Kasino, named Gefallenendenkmal für das 10. Feldartillerie-Regiment (English: Memorial to the Fallen of the 10th Field Artillery Regiment).

World War II

The reintroduction of conscription in 1935 and subsequent rearmament led to a massive expansion of military facilities in Erlangen. On 16 March, 1935, construction began on a second artillery kaserne located on the northeast corner of the drill area to the east and adjacent to the original Artilleriekaserne. On 1 October, 1935, two batteries from the 17th Artillery Regiment occupied the new artillery kaserne. In 1936, the Wehrmacht (English: defense forces) took control of these facilities.

<i>Wehrmacht</i> unified armed forces of Germany from 1935 to 1945

The Wehrmacht was the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. It consisted of the Heer (army), the Kriegsmarine (navy) and the Luftwaffe. The designation "Wehrmacht" replaced the previously used term Reichswehr, and was the manifestation of the Nazi regime's efforts to rearm Germany to a greater extent than the Treaty of Versailles permitted.

In 1938, a new panzer (English: tank) kaserne complex was constructed on the drill area south of the original garrison hospital along Hartmannstraße. Originally called Panzerkaserne, it was occupied by the 25th Panzer Regiment, along with regimental and department staff, and included a new hospital. It was later renamed Villers-Brettoneux-Kaserne^[1], after the Second Battle of Villers-Bretoneux in the first world war, which saw the first use of German tanks in battle. The two artillery kaserne were also renamed. The original artillery kaserne, which had been home to the 10th Field Artillery Regiment was renamed St. Mihiel-Kaserne, after the town of St. Mihiel, France, where the 10th Field Artillery fought for nearly two years during the first world war. The new artillery kaserne was named Rheinland Kaserne^[2], in honor of the remilitarization of the Rheinland in March of 1936 by the German Army. In total, approximately 48 buildings and structures were erected on the drill square between 1935 and 1938. The outbreak of the second world war brought construction on these sites to a standstill.

The Second Battle of Villers-Bretonneux took place from 24 to 27 April 1918, during the German Spring Offensive to the east of Amiens. It is notable for being the first occasion on which tanks fought against each other; it was the biggest and most successful tank action of the German army in the First World War.

The Battle of Saint-Mihiel was a major World War I battle fought from 12–15 September 1918, involving the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) and 110,000 French troops under the command of General John J. Pershing of the United States against German positions. The U.S. Army Air Service played a significant role in this action.

The Rhineland is the name used for a loosely defined area of Western Germany along the Rhine, chiefly its middle section.

The Villers-Bretonneux-Kaserne was home to the Panther tank training center from 1943, due to its proximity to the tank's manufacturer, Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nürnberg AG (MAN), in Nuernberg, and to the Grafenwoehr training area.^[3] Most Panther officers, drivers, driving instructors and repair technicians of the Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS were trained in Erlangen at the Panzer-Ersatz und Ausbildungs-Abteilung 25 (English: Tank Replacement and Training Unit 25).^[4] Buildings on the St. Mihiel-Kaserne were used to quarter soldiers and units undergoing Panther tank training.^[5]

The Panther is a German medium tank deployed during World War II on the Eastern and Western Fronts in Europe from mid-1943 to the war's end in 1945. It had the ordnance inventory designation of Sd.Kfz. 171. It was designated as the Panzerkampfwagen V Panther until 27 February 1944, when Hitler ordered that the Roman numeral "V" be deleted. Contemporary English language reports sometimes refer to it as the "Mark V".

MAN SE, formerly MAN AG, is a German mechanical engineering company and parent company of the MAN Group. It is a subsidiary of automaker Volkswagen AG. MAN SE is based in Munich. Its primary output is for the automotive industry, particularly heavy trucks. Further activities include the production of diesel engines for various applications, like marine propulsion, and also turbomachinery.

The Waffen-SS was the military branch of the Nazi Party's SS organisation. Its formations included men from Nazi Germany, along with volunteers and conscripts from both occupied and un-occupied lands.

At the close of World War II, the defense of Erlangen fell under the military authority of Oberstleutnant (English: Lieutenant-Colonel) Werner Lorleberg,^[6] a pastor's son^[7] and professional soldier. After many exchanges, the Oberbürgermeister (English: Lord Mayor) of Erlangen, Dr. Herbert Ohly, convinced Lorleberg that Adolf Hitler's order to fight on at all costs was pointless.^[8]On 16 April, 1945, Ohly and Lorleberg offered to hand over the city of Erlangen to the 1st Battalion, 7th Infantry Regiment, 3rd Infantry Division, 7th US Army without a fight. Lorleberg explained that there were approximately 120 soldiers in the Thalermühle mill complex who refused to surrender. The US colonel rejected the offer to surrender and gave Lorleberg until 2:00 PM to convince these soldiers to surrender peacefully, or he would fire on the city. Lorleberg, along with police lieutenant Andreas Fischer and their driver, Thomas Pfannenmüller, went by car under a white flag to the Thalermühle mill complex in the Regnitzwiesen. The driver remained with the vehicle while Lorleberg and Fischer went inside the Firma Mobius to order the soldiers to surrender. Lorleberg did not managed to convince the soldiers to surrender, and he was killed, whether by suicide or by a disgruntled soldier, as he walked out of the building. The police officer, who waited in front of the building, heard a single shot as Lorleberg was approaching the exit. A memorial was erected in 1955 near the place where he fell. In his honor, Kaiser Wilhelm Platz in Erlangen was renamed to Lorlebergplatz on November 1, 1945.^[9]^[10] The city of Erlangen was spared further destruction, and US forces soon occupied what then became known as Ferris Barracks; bounded on the west by Hartmannstraße, on the north by Artilleriestraße, on the east by present day Kurt-Schumacherstraße and on the south by present day Staudtstraße.

2LT Geoffrey C. Ferris

Geoffrey Cheney Ferris was born on 8 April, 1918, in New Haven, Connecticut. He was the youngest of four children born to Walter Lewis Ferris and Alice Josephine Cheney. Next to his photograph in his high school yearbook is printed "None but himself can be his parallel"^[11]. Prior to joining the Army, Ferris joined the Connecticut National Guard as a private on 19 September, 1940. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant on 24 February, 1941, holding that grade until his separation on 4 December, 1941. Ferris enlisted in the Army as a private on 23 January, 1942, at Hartford, Connecticut^[12]. After Officer Candidate School Class 23-42 at Fort Sill, Oklahoma, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant and served as an artillery observer assigned to the 6th Battalion, 33rd Field Artillery Regiment, 1st Infantry Division. On the morning of 6 May, 1943, Lieutenant Ferris reported to Company E, 26th Infantry Regiment. Seeing that it was impossible to secure a suitable observation post in the area occupied by Company E, Lieutenant Ferris, carrying a field phone and wire reel, advanced several hundred yards beyond the front lines before being mortally wounded by enemy fire. He died the next day. Initially interred in Tunisia, he was re-interred at the Long Island National Cemetery in New York. Lieutenant Ferris was posthumously awarded the Silver Star ^[13]and the Distinguished Service Cross ^[14] for his actions. The citation for his award reads:

The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 9, 1918, takes pride in presenting the Distinguished Service Cross (Posthumously) to Second Lieutenant (Field Artillery) Geoffrey C. Ferris (ASN: 0-420345), United States Army, for extraordinary heroism in connection with military operations against an armed enemy while serving with the 6th Battalion, 33d Field Artillery Regiment, 1st Infantry Division, in action against enemy forces on 6 May 1943, near Beja, Tunisia.
On the morning of 6 May 1943, the 33d Artillery Regiment was given the mission of taking Hill 139 in the vicinity of Beja, Tunisia. Because of the heavy machine gun and mortar fire covering all approaches, it was necessary to attack before daylight. Second Lieutenant Ferris, as artillery forward observer with the assault elements, crawled forward across open terrain swept by withering enemy machine gun fire to a point well beyond our lines.
Realizing the danger of his mission, he had ordered his men to remain behind while he advanced with a wire reel and telephone until he was killed. The unselfish heroism and the courage and zeal with which Second Lieutenant Ferris performed this deed exemplify the highest traditions of the military forces of the United States and reflect great credit upon himself, the 1st Infantry Division, and the United States Army.
General Orders: Headquarters, U.S. Army-North African Theater of Operations, General Orders No. 47 (July 6, 1943).

DSC Award
Silver Star Award

Ferris Barracks was named in his honor and he was further honored in the Congressional Record on 17 June, 2003^[15], during a ceremony dedicating the Headquarters Building, 1st Battalion, 33rd Field Artillery Regiment in Bamberg, Germany in his name. Soldiers who undergo Basic Training at Fort Sill, Oklahoma, are eligible for the Geoffrey C. Ferris Award upon graduation. It is given for “unwavering dedication to the mission and perseverance in the face of adversity, emulating the highest ideals of bravery and heroism.”

Naming

The facility was officially designated Ferris Barracks in honor of Second Lieutenant (2LT) Geoffery C. Ferris on 11 May, 1949, by General Lucius D. Clay, then head of the European Command. The facility may have been known informally as Ferris Barracks before that date; purportedly named by General George S. Patton upon his arrival in Erlangen on 22 April, 1945.^[16]

Excerpt of General Order 41. Excerpt of General Order 41.jpg — Excerpt of General Order 41.

Closure

Ferris Barracks was selected for closure as part of the general drawdown of forces in Germany at the end of the Cold War. A ceremony was held on 16 September, 1993, marking the departure of the 2nd Brigade, 3rd Infantry Division from Ferris Barracks. At the beginning of the drawdown there were approximately 3,500 soldiers stationed there. On 28 June, 1994, Ferris Barracks was closed and officially handed over to the German Government. The city of Erlangen acquired the former installation. Older structures from the original Artillerie-Kaserne as well as monuments were protected under the Denkmalschutz (English: monument protection), with most modern buildings being demolished. Historic buildings have been refurbished and converted for alternative use such as businesses, restaurants, shopping and university buildings.

Related Research Articles

The 2nd Armored Division was an armored division of the United States Army. The division played an important role during World War II in the invasions of North Africa and Sicily and the liberation of France, Belgium, and the Netherlands and the invasion of Germany. During the Cold War, the division was primarily based at Fort Hood, Texas, and had a reinforced brigade forward stationed in Garstedt, West Germany. After participation in the Persian Gulf War, the division was inactivated in 1995. Its units were later transferred to the 4th Infantry Division.

Operation Battleaxe British Army operation during the Second World War in June 1941

Operation Battleaxe was a British Army operation during the Second World War in June 1941, to clear eastern Cyrenaica of German and Italian forces and raise the Siege of Tobruk. It was the first time during the war that a significant German force fought on the defensive. The British lost over half of their tanks on the first day and only one of three attacks succeeded.

The Siege of Warsaw in 1939 was fought between the Polish Warsaw Army garrisoned and entrenched in Warsaw and the invading German Army.

The 10th Panzer Division was a formation of the German Army during World War II. It was formed in Prague in March 1939, and served in the Army Group North reserve during the invasion of Poland of the same year. The division participated in the Battle of France in 1940, including the Siege of Calais, and in Operation Barbarossa attached to Army Group Center in 1941.

A panzer division is one of the armored (tank) divisions in the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany during World War II. This is a more restricted meaning than the German-language equivalent Panzerdivision, still used in the modern German Army of the Bundeswehr. In German-speaking countries, Panzerdivision is not immediately associated with the Wehrmacht as it is in English, as the German term simply means "armored division" and has no additional connotation.

Coleman Kaserne was a United States Army base located in the German city of Gelnhausen, located in the state of Hessen. Coleman Kaserne should not be confused with the U.S. Army "Coleman Barracks" which is located in Mannheim. Kaserne is a German word for barracks.

The 7th Panzer Division was an armored formation of the German Army in World War II. It participated in the Battle of France, the invasion of the Soviet Union, the occupation of Vichy France, and on the Eastern Front until the end of the war. The 7th Panzer Division is sometimes known by its nickname, Ghost Division.

Patch Barracks is a U.S. military installation in Stuttgart-Vaihingen in Germany. It is named after U.S. Army General Alexander M. Patch.

Kelley Barracks is a U.S. military installation and headquarters of United States Africa Command, and is a part of US Army Garrison Stuttgart in Stuttgart-Möhringen in Germany. The post is administered by IMCOM- Europe.

Ray Barracks was a United States Army installation in Friedberg, Germany until it was closed by the U.S. government in 2007 and returned to the German government. Located in the southern part of the city near the industrial area, the barracks had numerous facilities. The barracks included a firing range for personal weapons qualification, an Urban warfare training site, vehicle maintenance facilities and various recreation facilities. After World War II the barracks were named after First Lieutenant Bernard J. Ray, who was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions during the Battle of Hurtgen Forest. Ray sacrificed himself to destroy a wire obstacle that was blocking his unit's path. The base was deactivated in August 2007.

The 268th Infantry Division was a German Army division active and operating during the Second World War.

Eduard Crasemann was a German general (Generalleutnant) in the Wehrmacht during World War II, who commanded several Panzer divisions. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves of Nazi Germany.

Warner Barracks was a United States Army military base in the city of Bamberg, Bavaria, southern Germany. The base had been occupied by U.S. forces since the end of World War II. Elements of the U.S. Army’s 3rd Infantry Division and 45th Infantry Division entered the town on 13 and 14 April 1945. But before the war, this military site had a colorful history that goes hand-in-hand with Bamberg’s history, which began in the 10th century. Bamberg was originally a fort on a hill. The view enabled soldiers of the time to watch the city and guard it against possible attacks. In 973, the Duke of Bavaria gained control of the fort. The city and fort fell under Swedish Protestants’ control during the Thirty Years War when the Swedes engulfed the city and took it forcibly in 1634.

Johann Mickl German general and Knights Cross recipient

Johann Mickl was an Austrian-born Generalleutnant and division commander in the German Army during World War II, and was one of only 882 recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves. He was commissioned shortly before the outbreak of World War I, and served with Austro-Hungarian forces on the Eastern and Italian Fronts as company commander in the Imperial-Royal Mountain Troops. During World War I he was decorated several times for bravery and leadership, and was wounded on four occasions, finishing the war as an Oberleutnant.

Panzer Kaserne is a U.S. military installation in Böblingen, Germany, part of US Army Garrison Stuttgart. The post is administered by United States Army Installation Management Command-Europe (IMCOM-Europe), a legacy from its use as an Army installation since just after World War II. Panzer also hosts the headquarters of United States Marine Corps Forces, Europe & Africa (MARFOREURAF) and various Special Operations units of the Army and Navy supporting EUCOM and AFRICOM.

Bergen-Hohne Garrison was a major British garrison in the post-Cold War period, with facilities located close to Bergen at Lager Hohne, at Lager Oerbke near Fallingbostel and at Celle in Lower Saxony, Germany. It was home to 7th Armoured Brigade and most of its subordinate units. It formed a major part of British Forces Germany.

Westfalen Garrison is a major British garrison with facilities located in Paderborn, Sennelager and Gütersloh in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany which now forms the major part of British Forces Germany. It is the home of 20th Armoured Brigade and most of its subordinate units. Headquarters Westfalen Garrison is based at Antwerp Barracks in Sennelager.

Osnabrück Garrison was a major British garrison with facilities located at Osnabrück in Lower Saxony and Münster in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It was home to 4th Armoured Brigade and most of its subordinate units. It formed a major part of British Forces Germany.

Hindenburg Kaserne, also known as Hindenburg Barracks, was a former military garrison, located near in the Zellerau district in the city of Würzburg, in Franconia, Germany. The kaserne, was situated between Weißenburgstraße, Mainaustraße and Moscheeweg. It was active as a military base between 1935 and 1993.

Geoffrey Cheney Ferris was a United States Army soldier during World War II who received the Distinguished Service Cross for his actions as a Forward Observer during Operation Torch near Beja, Tunisia. Ferris Barracks in Erlangen, Germany, was named in his honor in 1949.

References

↑ Weihsmann, Helmut (1998). Bauen unterm Hakenkreuz: Architektur des Untergangs. Austria: Promedia. p. 391. ISBN 3853711138.
↑ Weihsmann, Helmut (1998). Bauen unterm Hakenkreuz: Architektur des Untergangs. Austria: Promedia. p. 391. ISBN 3853711138.
↑ Forczyk, Robert (2016). Tank Warfare on the Eastern Front 1943-1945: Red Steamroller. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Aviation. p. 16. ISBN 978 1 78346 278 0.
↑ Kurowski, Franz (2010). Panzer Aces III: German Tank Commanders in Combat in World War II. Mechanicsburg: Stackpole Books. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-8117-0654-4.
↑ Gregory, Don; Gehlen, William (2009). Two Soldiers, Two Lost Fronts: German War Diaries of the Stalingrad and North Africa Campaigns. Drexel Hill: Casemate. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-935149-05-7.
↑ Fouse, Gary C. (2005). Erlangen: An American's History of a German Town. Lanham: University Press of America. p. 222. ISBN 0-7618-3024-3.
↑ Schubert, Albin (1985). Das Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges im Coburger Land: Mit einem Rückblick auf die Vorgeschichte des Krieges (German ed.). Riemann. p. 280. ISBN 978-3980000192.
↑ Hansen, Randall (2014). Disobeying Hitler: German Resistance After Valkyrie. Oxford: University Press. p. 430. ISBN 978-0-19-992792-0.
↑ Taegert, Jürgen-Joachim; Schmidt, Hugo Karl (2016). In Ängsten – und siehe, wirleben. Norderstedt: Books-On-Demand. p. 226. ISBN 97837 3923896 8.
↑ Wilkes, Johannes (2014). Stadtgespräche aus Erlangen. Gmeiner-Verlag. ISBN 9783839216323.
↑ The Roxbury School (Cheshire, CT) (1936). The Rolling Stone. Cheshire: Students of The Roxbury School. p. 28.
↑ "World War II Army Enlistment Records". archives.gov. 1942-01-23. Retrieved 2017-10-31.
↑ "Army Awards of the Silver Star for Conspicuous Gallantry in Action During World War II" . Retrieved 2017-10-31.
↑ Anon (2014). To Bizerte With The II Corps - 23 April - 13 May 1943. Lucknow Books. p. Annex No. 2. ASIN B06XGHBJPQ.
↑ Congressional Record, V. 149, Pt. 11, June 20, 2003 to June 19, 2003. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 2003.
↑ Sprouse, Joseph (2010). Documentary: Gen. George Patton, Jr. , 2nd Lt. Peter Bonano, and A Vanishing Cache of Nazi Gold. Indianapolis: Dog Ear Publishing. p. 66. ISBN 9781608447466.

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.

[1] Weihsmann, Helmut (1998). Bauen unterm Hakenkreuz: Architektur des Untergangs. Austria: Promedia. p. 391. ISBN 3853711138.

[2] Weihsmann, Helmut (1998). Bauen unterm Hakenkreuz: Architektur des Untergangs. Austria: Promedia. p. 391. ISBN 3853711138.

[3] Forczyk, Robert (2016). Tank Warfare on the Eastern Front 1943-1945: Red Steamroller. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Aviation. p. 16. ISBN 978 1 78346 278 0.

[4] Kurowski, Franz (2010). Panzer Aces III: German Tank Commanders in Combat in World War II. Mechanicsburg: Stackpole Books. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-8117-0654-4.

[5] Gregory, Don; Gehlen, William (2009). Two Soldiers, Two Lost Fronts: German War Diaries of the Stalingrad and North Africa Campaigns. Drexel Hill: Casemate. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-935149-05-7.

[6] Fouse, Gary C. (2005). Erlangen: An American's History of a German Town. Lanham: University Press of America. p. 222. ISBN 0-7618-3024-3.

[7] Schubert, Albin (1985). Das Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges im Coburger Land: Mit einem Rückblick auf die Vorgeschichte des Krieges (German ed.). Riemann. p. 280. ISBN 978-3980000192.

[8] Hansen, Randall (2014). Disobeying Hitler: German Resistance After Valkyrie. Oxford: University Press. p. 430. ISBN 978-0-19-992792-0.

[9] Taegert, Jürgen-Joachim; Schmidt, Hugo Karl (2016). In Ängsten – und siehe, wirleben. Norderstedt: Books-On-Demand. p. 226. ISBN 97837 3923896 8.

[10] Wilkes, Johannes (2014). Stadtgespräche aus Erlangen. Gmeiner-Verlag. ISBN 9783839216323.

[11] The Roxbury School (Cheshire, CT) (1936). The Rolling Stone. Cheshire: Students of The Roxbury School. p. 28.

[12] "World War II Army Enlistment Records". archives.gov. 1942-01-23. Retrieved 2017-10-31.

[13] "Army Awards of the Silver Star for Conspicuous Gallantry in Action During World War II" . Retrieved 2017-10-31.

[14] Anon (2014). To Bizerte With The II Corps - 23 April - 13 May 1943. Lucknow Books. p. Annex No. 2. ASIN B06XGHBJPQ.

[15] Congressional Record, V. 149, Pt. 11, June 20, 2003 to June 19, 2003. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 2003.

[16] Sprouse, Joseph (2010). Documentary: Gen. George Patton, Jr. , 2nd Lt. Peter Bonano, and A Vanishing Cache of Nazi Gold. Indianapolis: Dog Ear Publishing. p. 66. ISBN 9781608447466.