In 2023, the National Museum of the Royal Navy, Portsmouth embarked upon a two year restoration and reinterpretation project of their nationally important figurehead collection. [1] The project was completed in 2025.
The National Museum of the Royal Navy holds a significant collection of figureheads from the Age of Sail, dated between the 1700s and early 1900s. With over 70 figureheads in total, this national collection can be found scattered across the United Kingdom and even as far as Europe.
Figureheads were carved as bow decorations for the front of wooden naval vessels (common also amongst mercantile ships) and have a history that can be traced back as far as Ancient Egypt. Believed to hold the soul or spirit of a ship, they were well respected and cared for by sailors who believed a ship without a figurehead was bad luck. [2]
Numerous individuals and carving families operated throughout the UK, namely the Dickerson family of Devonport, Plymouth and Hellyer & Sons of Portsmouth and Robert Hall of Rotherhithe, London. Other figureheads were carved in Bombay (modern day Mumbai) under the British-controlled dockyard. Construction and decoration was carried out dominantly by the Wadia family of Parsi shipbuilders, though their names went unrecorded. [3]
Figureheads could take the form of animals, Greek mythological characters, naval heroes, members of the royal family, political figures and other notable members of high society. A figurehead in female form was particularly common, especially with one or both breasts bared; a design trait that was believed to hold the power to calm treacherous seas. [4]
Much of the collection has been held on site in Portsmouth, with many on display in the Figureheads Gallery. Others, however, remain inaccessible to the public, either in storage or "behind the wire" within HMNB Portsmouth Dockyard, exposed to the elements and lacking preservation.
Fourteen of the National Museum of the Royal Navy's collection were loaned to The Box, Plymouth when they transformed from Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery and reopened in 2020. These received full conservation and can be seen on display in the South Hall. [5]
Others are still held at various European dockyards that once supported the Royal Navy, either through allied relationships or as former states of the British Empire.
Other notable collections of figureheads can be found at the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich, London, who hold sixty figureheads respectively, making up another national collection. [6]
Several others can be seen housed within Devonport Naval Heritage Centre in Plymouth.
The project was greenlit by the National Lottery Heritage Fund and Pilgrim Trust in 2023 who funded grants of £249,000 and £15,000 respectively. [7] Three figureheads received full conservation: HMS Seaflower (1873), HM Brig Martin and HMS Queen Charlotte (1810) A further two - HMS Asia (1824) and HMS Madagascar (1822) - were identified for re-interpretation. Vast numbers of the collection were also researched in-depth for the first time, with new knowledge being shared with visitors and other interested parties through the Bloomberg Connects website and app; ArtUK and Wikipedia.
The National Museum of the Royal Navy created a team of curators, conservators and community producers to work on the project over the course of two years, and employed Orbis Conservation and Lincoln Conservation to carry out the restorative and analytical work to the five figureheads. The museum also worked with numerous community groups to better understand the nuances of accuracy with portrayal and culturally appropriate representation, and to direct the research.
London based conservation company, Orbis, won the contract to restore HM Brig Martin, HMS Seaflower and HMS Queen Charlotte, having previously restored the figureheads loaned to The Box, Plymouth. [8] The figureheads underwent CT scans to fully understand the level of degradation within each figure, before they were restored internally and externally.
Analysis of the painting schemes the figureheads had already undergone over several hundred years revealed numerous combinations, colours and paint types, with many beginning life as white figures with gold gilding. [9] This was commonplace for figureheads to prevent their costs from becoming too high.
The newly conserved figureheads were then repainted using a collection of Players Cigarette Cards from 1912 as the inspiring paint schemes. [10]
Lincoln Conservation's services were required to perform paint analysis on both HMS Asia and HMS Madagascar figureheads. This was particularly important as the two most controversial figureheads within the collection.
A CT scan was also conducted of HMS Madagascar that revealed the extent of damage done to the figurehead from fire and damp rot. It also revealed a number of bullets lodged within the figurehead, the details of which were then sent to the Royal Armouries Museum in Leeds for further investigation.
The figureheads project culminated in a redisplaying of conserved figureheads and a celebratory event to mark the end of the project.
Research completed on the history of the ships and figureheads were shared onto the Bloomberg Connects digital guide app and website and ArtUK website. Research was also compiled into figurehead sections for the relevant ships' articles on Wikipedia, whilst other individual figurehead articles were created for those with a wider history.
| Figurehead | Conserved | Display/Storage | Location |
|---|---|---|---|
| HM Brig Martin | Yes | Displayed | National Museum of the Royal Navy |
| HMS Seaflower (1873) | Yes | Displayed | National Museum of the Royal Navy |
| HMS Queen Charlotte (1810) | Yes | Displayed | National Museum of the Royal Navy |
| HMS Madagascar (1822) | No - research/reinterpretation | Removed from display due to offensive nature. Storage. | National Museum of the Royal Navy - Storehouse 12 |
| HMS Asia (1824) | No - research/reinterpretation | Displayed | National Museum of the Royal Navy |
| HMS Victory (1765) | No - researched only | Displayed | National Museum of the Royal Navy |
| HMS Tremendous/Grampus (1774) | No - researched only | Displayed | National Museum of the Royal Navy |
| HMS Warrior (1781) | No - researched only | Displayed | National Museum of the Royal Navy |
| HMS Bellerophon (1786) | No - researched only | Displayed | National Museum of the Royal Navy |
| HMS Illustrious (1803) | No - researched only | Displayed | |
| HMS Apollo (1805) | No - researched only | Displayed | National Museum of the Royal Navy |
| HMS Calliope (1808) | No - researched only | Displayed | National Museum of the Royal Navy |
| HMS Poictiers (1809) | No - researched only | Displayed | National Museum of the Royal Navy |
| HMS Benbow (1813) | No - researched only | ||
| HMS Glasgow (1814) | No - researched only | Displayed | National Museum of the Royal Navy |
| HMS Waterloo (1818) | No - researched only | ||
| HMS Minerva (1820) | No - researched only | DIsplayed | National Museum of the Royal Navy |
| HMS Carnatic (1823) | No - researched only | Displayed | National Museum of the Royal Navy |
| HMS Bellerophon (1824) | No - researched only | Displayed | National Museum of the Royal Navy |
| HMS Orestes (1824) | No - researched only | Displayed | National Museum of the Royal Navy |
| HMS Rolla (1829) | No - researched only | Displayed | National Museum of the Royal Navy |
| HMS Black Eagle (1831) | No - researched only | Displayed | National Museum of the Royal Navy |
| HMS Actaeon (1831) | No - researched only | Displayed | National Museum of the Royal Navy |
| HMS Royal Adelaide (1834) | No - researched only | Displayed | National Museum of the Royal Navy |
| HMS Blazer (1834) | No - researched only | Displayed | National Museum of the Royal Navy |
| HMS Cleopatra (1835) | No - researched only | ||
| HMS Trafalgar (1841) | No - researched only | Displayed | National Museum of the Royal Navy - Outside |
| HMS Eurydice (1843) | No - researched only | Displayed | National Museum of the Royal Navy |
| HMS Centurion (1844) | No - researched only | Displayed | National Museum of the Royal Navy |
| HMS Princess Alice (1844) | No - researched only | Displayed | National Museum of the Royal Navy |
| HMS Trincomalee (1845) | No - researched only | Displayed | National Museum of the Royal Navy - Hartlepool |
| HMY Fairy (1845) | No - researched only | ||
| HMS Malacca (1847) | No - researched only | Displayed | National Museum of the Royal Navy |
| HMS Elfin (1849) | No - researched only | Displayed | National Museum of the Royal Navy |
| Unknown Lady (1850) | No - researched only | Displayed | National Museum of the Royal Navy |
| HMS Cruizer (1852) | No - researched only | ||
| HMS Supply (1854) | No - researched only | Storage | National Museum of the Royal Navy |
| HMY Victoria and Albert II (1855) | No - researched only | Displayed | National Museum of the Royal Navy |
| HMS Peterel (1860) | No - researched only | ||
| HMS Warrior (1860) | No - researched only | Displayed - attached to ship | National Museum of the Royal Navy |
| HMY Alberta (1863) | No - researched only | Displayed | National Museum of the Royal Navy |
| HMS Tamar (1863) | No - conserved for The Box 2020 | Displayed | The Box, Plymouth |
| HMS Albatross (1873) | No - researched only | Displayed | National Museum of the Royal Navy |
| HMS Centurion (1892) | No - researched only | ||
| HMS Espiegle (1900) | No - researched only | Displayed | National Museum of the Royal Navy |