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Human capital flight is the emigration or immigration of individuals who have received advanced training at home. The net benefits of human capital flight for the receiving country are sometimes referred to as a "brain gain" whereas the net costs for the sending country are sometimes referred to as a "brain drain". In occupations with a surplus of graduates, immigration of foreign-trained professionals can aggravate the underemployment of domestic graduates, whereas emigration from an area with a surplus of trained people leads to better opportunities for those remaining. But emigration may cause problems for the home country if the trained people are in short supply there.
Foreign workers or guest workers are people who work in a country other than one of which they are a citizen. Some foreign workers use a guest worker program in a country with more preferred job prospects than in their home country. Guest workers are often either sent or invited to work outside their home country or have acquired a job before leaving their home country, whereas migrant workers often leave their home country without a specific job in prospect.
In Canada, temporary residency applies to those who are not Canadian citizens but are legally in Canada for a temporary purpose, including international students, foreign workers, and tourists.
A migrant worker is a person who migrates within a home country or outside it to pursue work. Migrant workers usually do not have an intention to stay permanently in the country or region in which they work.
An overseas Filipino is a person of full or partial Filipino origin who trace their ancestry back to the Philippines but are living and working outside of the country. They get jobs in countries, and they move to live in countries that they get jobs in, or if they want to migrate to somewhere else, This term generally applies to both people of Filipino ancestry and citizens abroad. As of 2019, there were over 15 million Filipinos overseas.
Illegal immigration is the migration of people into a country in violation of that country's immigration laws, or the continuous residence in a country without the legal right to do so. Illegal immigration tends to be financially upward, from poorer to richer countries. Illegal residence in another country creates the risk of detention, deportation, and other imposed sanctions.
Spanish Filipino or Hispanic Filipino are an ethnic and a multilingualistic group of Spanish descent and Spanish-speaking individuals native to the Philippines. They consist of Peninsulares, Insulares or white Criollos, Filipino mestizos and people via South America who are descendants of the original Spanish settlers during the Spanish colonial period who form part of the Spanish diaspora and who may or may not speak the Spanish language.
The blue card is an approved EU-wide work permit allowing highly skilled non-EU citizens to work and live in 25 of the 27 countries within the European Union excluding Denmark and Ireland, which are not subject to the proposal. However, according to new rules, if it is a business trip, it does allow entry to a Schengen area member country if the country issuing the Blue Card is not a member of the Schengen area. The term Blue Card was coined by the think tank Bruegel, inspired by the United States' green card and making reference to the European flag which is blue with twelve golden stars.
Spanish people of Filipino ancestry or Filipinos in Spain are an ethnic and multilingualistic group in Spain, consisting of citizens and the descendants of early migrants from the Philippines to Spain, as well as more recent migrants. Some 200,000 Filipinos are estimated to live in Spain, including 37,000 expatriates from the Philippines living in Spain who are either Spanish citizens or do not hold any citizenship.
Filipino Italians are Italians who are either migrants or descendants of migrants from the Philippines. Filipinos form the fifth-largest migrant community in Italy, after the Romanian, Albanian, North African communities and Ukrainians. Italy is one of the largest European migration destination for Filipinos, the others being the UK and Spain. The Italian capital Rome and the city of Milan is home to the largest Filipino community. Roughly 108,000 documented Filipinos reside in Italy as temporary workers or permanent residents, and estimates on the number of undocumented Filipinos vary widely from 20,000 to 80,000. In 2008, ISTAT, Italy’s statistics office, reported that there were 113,686 documented Filipinos living in Italy whereas the number had been 105,675 in 2007.
Filipinos in Ireland consist largely of migrant workers in the health care sector, though others work in tourism and information technology. From just 500 individuals in 1999, the first group of nurses arrived in April 2001 at the time six recruitments companies had been involved with the large influx of Filipino coming into Ireland they had grown to a population of 11,500 by 2007, a 2200% expansion in just eight years.
The tens of thousands of Filipinos in Germany consist of people from various walks of life, including migrant workers in the medical sector and marine-based industries, as well as a number of women married to German men they met through international marriage agencies.
Filipinos in the Netherlands comprise migrants from the Philippines to the Netherlands and their descendants living there. According to Dutch government statistics, 16,719 persons of first or second-generation Philippine background lived in the Netherlands in 2011. Though Filipinos live throughout the country, Amsterdam and Rotterdam are homes to the largest Filipino communities.
Filipinos in Switzerland consist of migrants from the Philippines to Switzerland and their descendants.
The history of the Philippines from 1565 to 1898 is known as the Spanish colonial period, during which the Philippine Islands were ruled as the Captaincy General of the Philippines within the Spanish East Indies, initially under the Viceroyalty of New Spain, based in Mexico City, until the independence of the Mexican Empire from Spain in 1821. This resulted in direct Spanish control during a period of governmental instability there.
The labor migration policy of the Philippine government allows and encourages emigration. The Department of Foreign Affairs, which is one of the government's arms of emigration, grants Filipinos passports that allow entry to foreign countries. In 1952, the Philippine government formed the Philippine Overseas Employment Administration (POEA) as the agency responsible for opening the benefits of the overseas employment program. In 1995, it enacted the Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipino Act in order to "institute the policies of overseas employment and establish a higher standard of protection and promotion of the welfare of migrant workers and their families and overseas Filipinos in distress." In 2022, the Department of Migrant Workers was formed, incorporating the POEA with its functions and mandate becoming the backbone of the new executive department.
Filipinos in Oman are either migrants or descendants of the Philippines living in Oman. As of 2011, there are between 40,000 and 46,000 of these Filipinos in Oman. A large destination for Overseas Filipino workers (OFWs), Oman was the only Middle Eastern nation included on the Philippine Overseas Employment Administration's list of nations safe for OFWs. The country still holds the title up to this day.
France–Philippines relations are the foreign relations between France and the Philippines. In 1947, France and the Philippines signed a Treaty of Amity which established diplomatic relations with the two countries. France has an embassy in Makati. The Philippines has an embassy in Paris.
Italy–Philippines relations are the interstate and bilateral relations between Italy and the Philippines. The bilateral relations between Italy and the Philippines was established on 9 July 1947.
Germany–Philippines relations are the bilateral relations of Germany and the Philippines. An agreement that was signed on April 25, 1955, led to a dynamic cooperation between the two countries. Germany has an embassy in Manila and an honorary consulate in Cebu, while the Philippines has an embassy in Berlin, a Consulate General in Frankfurt, and Honorary Consulates in Essen, Munich and Stuttgart. Germany is the top trading partner of the Philippines in the European Union after the Netherlands, France, and the United Kingdom.
References
- ↑ "Filipinos in France". September 22, 2020. Archived from the original on October 16, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
- ↑ "Les nouveaux Misérables: the lives of Filipina workers in the playground of the rich". theguardian.com. October 12, 2020. Retrieved September 14, 2021.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Filipino Migration to Europe: Country Profiles". Europe-Philippines in the 1990s: Filipino Migration - The European Experience. CFMW. 1995. Archived from the original on August 14, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2009.
- ↑ Fresnoza-Flot, Asuncion; Antoine Pécoud (2007). "Emergence of Entrepreneurship Among Filipino Migrants in Paris". Asian and Pacific Migration Journal. 16 (1). Scalabrini Migration Center: 1–28. doi:10.1177/011719680701600101. S2CID 143825440.
- ↑ Juan Miguel F. Zubiri (September 11, 1998). "S. No. 1549" (PDF). Retrieved November 13, 2008.
- 1 2 3 "More job opportunities await Filipinos in France". GMA News. April 10, 2008. Retrieved April 7, 2009.
- ↑ "RP freezes deployment of nurses to UAE over court case". PhilFortune. 2008. Retrieved April 9, 2009.
- 1 2 Caber, Michael (April 1, 2008). "Oui! France to accept more Filipino workers". Manila Standard Today. Retrieved April 9, 2009.
- ↑ "Immigrés selon le pays de naissance en 1999" [Immigrants by country of birth in 1999](XLS) (in French). INED. 2000. Retrieved April 9, 2009.[ permanent dead link ]
- ↑ "Filipino language schools France". language-programs.net. 2008. Archived from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved April 9, 2009.
- ↑ "Pista sa Paris 2008". Republish of the Philippines Department of Foreign Affairs (Press release). August 7, 2008. Archived from the original on December 10, 2008. Retrieved April 9, 2009.
