History of Filipino Americans

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The history of Filipino Americans begins in the 16th century when Filipinos first arrived in what is now the United States. The first Filipinos came to what is now the United States due to the Philippines being part of New Spain. Until the 19th century, the Philippines continued to be geographically isolated from the rest of New Spain in the Americas but maintained regular communication across the Pacific Ocean via the Manila galleon. Filipino seamen in the Americas settled in Louisiana, and Alta California, beginning in the 18th century. By the 19th century, Filipinos were living in the United States, fighting in the Battle of New Orleans and the American Civil War, with the first Filipino becoming a naturalized citizen of the United States before its end. In the final years of the 19th century, the United States went to war with Spain, ultimately annexing the Philippine Islands from Spain. Due to this, the history of the Philippines merged with that of the United States, beginning with the three-year-long Philippine–American War (1899–1902), which resulted in the defeat of the First Philippine Republic, and the attempted Americanization of the Philippines.

Contents

Mass migration of Filipinos to the United States began in the early 20th century due to Filipinos being U.S. nationals. These included Filipinos who enlisted as sailors of the United States Navy, pensionados, and laborers. During the Great Depression, Filipino Americans became targets of race-based violence, including race riots such as the one in Watsonville. The Philippine Independence Act was passed in 1934, redefining Filipinos as aliens for immigration; this encouraged Filipinos to return to the Philippines and established the Commonwealth of the Philippines. During World War II, the Philippines were occupied leading to resistance, the formation of segregated Filipino regiments, and the liberation of the islands.

After World War II, the Philippines gained independence in 1946. Benefits for most Filipino veterans were rescinded with the Rescission Act of 1946. Filipinos, primarily war brides, immigrated to the United States; further immigration was set to 100 persons a year due to the Luce–Celler Act of 1946, this though did not limit the number of Filipinos able to enlist into the United States Navy. In 1965, Filipino agricultural laborers, including Larry Itliong and Philip Vera Cruz, began the Delano grape strike. That same year the 100-person per year quota of Filipino immigrants was lifted, which began the current immigration wave; many of these immigrants were nurses. Filipino Americans began to become better integrated into American society, achieving many firsts. In 1992, the enlistment of Filipinos in the Philippines into the United States ended. By the early 21st century, Filipino American History Month was recognized.

Immigration history

Migration patterns of Filipinos to the U.S. have been recognized as occurring in four significant waves. [1] [2] The first was connected to the period when the Philippines was part of New Spain and later the Spanish East Indies; Filipinos, via the Manila galleons, would migrate to North America. [3] The first permanent settlement of Filipinos in the U.S. is in Louisiana specifically the independent community of Saint Malo. [4] [5] In the late 19th century, the author Ramon Reyes Lala became the first Filipino to naturalize and become an American citizen, settling in La Jolla [6] The 1910 United States census recorded only 406 people of Filipino descent in the mainland U.S., including 109 in Louisiana and 17 in Washington state. [7]

The second wave was when the Philippines was a territory of the United States; as U.S. nationals, Filipinos were unrestricted from immigrating to the U.S. by the Immigration Act of 1917 which restricted other Asians. [1] [8] This wave of immigration has been referred to as the manong generation . [9] Filipinos of this wave came for different reasons, but the majority were laborers, predominantly Ilocano and Visayans. [1] This wave of immigration was distinct from other Asian Americans, due to American influences, and education, in the Philippines; therefore they did not see themselves as aliens when they immigrated to the United States. [10] By 1920, the Filipino population in the mainland U.S. rose from nearly 400 to over 5,600. Then in 1930, the Filipino American population exceeded 45,000, including over 30,000 in California and 3,400 in Washington. [7] During the early 20th century, anti-miscegenation laws began to impact Filipino Americans attempting to marry non-Filipinos, with some able to legalize their unions, and others not; in 1933 California amended its laws to specify that Filipinos could not marry Whites. [11] [12]

During the Great Depression, Filipino Americans were also affected, losing jobs, and being the target of race-based violence. [13] This wave of immigration ended due to the Philippine Independence Act in 1934, which restricted immigration to 50 persons a year. [1] Beginning in 1901, Filipinos were allowed to enlist in the U.S. Navy. [14] While serving, Filipino sailors would bring over their spouse from the Philippines, or marry a spouse in the U.S., parenting and raising children who would be part of a distinct Navy-related Filipino American immigrant community. [15] [16] Before the end of World War I, Filipino sailors were allowed to serve in several ratings; however, due to a rule change during the interwar period, Filipino sailors were restricted to officers' stewards and mess attendants. [17] Filipinos who immigrated to the United States, due to their military service, were exempt from quota restrictions placed on Filipino immigration at the time. [18] This ended in 1946, following the independence of the Philippines from the U.S., but resumed in 1947 due to language inserted into the Military Base Agreement between the U.S. and the Republic of the Philippines. [14] In 1973, Admiral Elmo Zumwalt removed the restrictions on Filipino sailors, allowing them to enter any rate they qualified for; [19] in 1976 about 17,000 Filipinos serving in the U.S. Navy. [14] Navy-based immigration of Philippine citizens stopped with the expiration of the Military Bases Agreement in 1992. [20]

The third wave of immigration followed the events of World War II. [21] Filipinos who had served in World War II were given the option of becoming U.S. citizens, and many took the opportunity, [22] over 10,000 according to Barkan. [23] [24] Filipina war brides were allowed to immigrate to the U.S. due to the War Brides Act and Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act, with approximately 16,000 Filipinas entering the U.S. in the years following the war. [21] [25] This immigration was not limited to Filipinas and children; between 1946 and 1950, one Filipino groom was granted immigration under the War Brides Act. [26] A source of immigration was opened up with the Luce–Celler Act, that gave the Philippines a quota of 100 persons a year; yet records show that 32,201 Filipinos immigrated between 1953 and 1965. [27] The laws prevented interracial marriage with Filipinos continued until 1948 in California; [11] this extended nationally in 1967 when anti-miscegenation laws were struck down by the U.S. Supreme Court by Loving v. Virginia . [28] This wave ended in 1965. [1]

The fourth and present wave of immigration began in 1965 with the passing of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965. It ended national quotas, and provided an unlimited number of visas for family reunification. [1] By the 1970s and 1980s, the immigration of Filipina wives of service members reached annual rates of five to eight thousand. [29] The Philippines became the largest source of legal immigration to the U.S. from Asia. [18] Many Filipinas of this new wave of migration have migrated here as professionals due to a shortage in qualified nurses; [30] from 1966 until 1991, at least 35,000 Filipino nurses immigrated to the U.S. [15] As of 2005, 55% of foreign-trained registered nurses taking the qualifying exam administered by the Commission on Graduates of Foreign Nursing Schools (CGFNS) were educated in the Philippines. [31] Although Filipinos made up 24 percent of foreign physicians entering the U.S. in 1970, Filipino physicians experienced widespread underemployment in the 1970s due to the requirement of passing the Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates (ECFMG) exam to practice in the U.S. [32] Some Filipino immigrants to the United States experience a culture shock once arriving, however many Filipinos who are already educated in English in the Philippines can efficiently communicate once in the United States. [33]

This is a graph of the history of Filipino Immigration to the U.S. The source for this data is based on the U.S. Department of Homeland Security 2016 Yearbook Statistics. Graph of Filipino Immigrants who were granted LPR Status from 1930-2010.jpg
This is a graph of the history of Filipino Immigration to the U.S. The source for this data is based on the U.S. Department of Homeland Security 2016 Yearbook Statistics.

In 2016, 50,609 Filipinos obtained their lawful permanent residency, according to the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. [34] Of those Filipinos receiving their lawful permanent residency status in 2016, 66% were new arrivals, while 34% were immigrants who adjusted their status within the U.S. [35] In 2016, data collected from the U.S. Department of Homeland Security found that the categories of admission for Filipino immigrants were composed mainly of immediate relatives, that is 57% of admissions. [35] This makes the admission of immediate relatives for Filipinos higher than the overall average lawful permanent resident immigrants, which is composed of only 47.9%. [36] Following immediate relative admission, family sponsored and employment-based admission make up the next highest means of entry for Philippine immigration, with 28% and 14% respectively. [35] Like immediate relative admission, both of these categories are higher than that of the overall U.S. lawful permanent resident immigrants. Diversity, refugees and asylum, and other categories of admission make up less than one percent of Filipino immigrants granted lawful permanent resident status in 2016. [35]


Early Filipino Immigration and Labor History Filipino Americans began arriving in significant numbers to Hawaii and the mainland United States in the early 1900s. As U.S. nationals following the 1898 annexation of the Philippines, Filipinos held a unique immigration status that differentiated them from other Asian immigrants affected by exclusion acts. Labor Organization and Activism (1920s-1960s) Filipino laborers played crucial roles in agricultural movements, particularly in Hawaii and California. Their contributions to labor organizing were significant, though often overlooked in broader historical narratives.

Agricultural Labor Movements

Filipino farm workers were instrumental in organizing several significant labor movements: Formation of early agricultural labor unions in Hawaii Leadership in the Delano Grape Strike, notably through Larry Itliong's initiatives Key participation in the United Farm Workers movement

Identity Formation and Social Positioning Filipino Americans experienced unique social and economic positioning in American society, distinct from other Asian American groups. This positioning can be understood through the framework of racial triangulation, where Filipino Americans occupied a specific place in the social and labor hierarchy of the time.

Community Development and Resistance

Beyond labor organizing, Filipino American communities developed strong networks of: Mutual aid societies Cultural organizations Community advocacy groups

Primary Sources and Documentation

Historical documentation of Filipino American experiences comes from various sources: Personal narratives and oral histories Labor organization records Immigration documents Community newspapers and publications

Related Research Articles

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The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. In the western Pacific Ocean, it consists of 7,641 islands, with a total area of roughly 300,000 square kilometers, which are broadly categorized in three main geographical divisions from north to south: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. The Philippines is bounded by the South China Sea to the west, the Philippine Sea to the east, and the Celebes Sea to the south. It shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north, Japan to the northeast, Palau to the east and southeast, Indonesia to the south, Malaysia to the southwest, Vietnam to the west, and China to the northwest. It is the world's twelfth-most-populous country, with diverse ethnicities and cultures. Manila is the country's capital, and its most populated city is Quezon City. Both are within Metro Manila.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tydings–McDuffie Act</span> 1934 U.S. federal law providing the Philippines with a process for independence

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Asian Americans</span> People of Asian descent in the United States

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Filipino Americans</span> Americans of Filipino descent

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">First landing of Filipinos in the United States</span> Arrival of Filipinos to the current United States in 1587

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References

Takaki, Ronald. "Strangers from a Different Shore: A History of Asian Americans". Back Bay Books, 1998. Kim, Claire Jean. "The Racial Triangulation of Asian Americans". Politics & Society, Vol. 27, No. 1, 1999. Howell, Daedalus. "The Filipino American Experience". UMD Libraries Digital Collections.

Timeline

Jose Rizal around the time of his visit to the United States Rizal-25.jpg
José Rizal around the time of his visit to the United States
Philippine Village at the Pan-American Exposition in 1901 Pan-American Exposition - In the Philippine Village.jpg
Philippine Village at the Pan-American Exposition in 1901
Company labor camp for Filipino farm laborers on Ryer Island in 1940 Ryer Island, Sacramento County, California. Company camp for crew of Filipino asparagus field worker . . . - NARA - 521703.jpg
Company labor camp for Filipino farm laborers on Ryer Island in 1940
Manila American Cemetery and Memorial Manila American Cemetery and Memorial.jpg
Manila American Cemetery and Memorial
President Truman and members of his party pose on the north steps of the "Little White House", the President's residence in Potsdam, Germany during the Potsdam Conference, with their Filipino stewards. President Truman and members of his party pose on the north steps of the "Little White House".gif
President Truman and members of his party pose on the north steps of the "Little White House", the President's residence in Potsdam, Germany during the Potsdam Conference, with their Filipino stewards.
The building where Domingo and Viernes were assassinated. Seattle - Old Cannery Building 01.jpg
The building where Domingo and Viernes were assassinated.

See also

References

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  2. ↑ Gary Laderman; Luis León (December 17, 2014). Religion and American Cultures: Tradition, Diversity, and Popular Expression, 2nd Edition [4 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 28. ISBN   978-1-61069-110-9.
    Kevin L. Nadal (March 23, 2011). Filipino American Psychology: A Handbook of Theory, Research, and Clinical Practice. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 22–26. ISBN   978-1-118-01977-1.
  3. ↑ Marina Estrella Espina (1988). Filipinos in Louisiana. A.F. Laborde.
    Floro L. Mercene (2007). Manila Men in the New World: Filipino Migration to Mexico and the Americas from the Sixteenth Century. UP Press. ISBN   978-971-542-529-2.
    Elliott Robert Barkan (2013). Immigrants in American History: Arrival, Adaptation, and Integration. ABC-CLIO. p. 347. ISBN   978-1-59884-219-7.
  4. 1 2 Welch, Michael Patrick (October 27, 2014). "NOLA Filipino History Stretches for Centuries". New Orleans & Me. The Arts Council of New Orleans. Archived from the original on September 19, 2018. Retrieved September 18, 2018.
  5. ↑ Eloisa Gomez Borah (1997). "Chronology of Filipinos in America Pre-1989" (PDF). Anderson School of Management. University of California, Los Angeles. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 8, 2012. Retrieved February 25, 2012.
  6. ↑ "Ramon Reyes Lala". Los Angeles Herald. September 11, 1898. Archived from the original on March 30, 2018. Retrieved March 29, 2018.
    Everybody's Magazine. North American Company. 1900. pp. 381–388.
    The American Magazine. Crowell-Collier Publishing Company. 1900. p. 97.
    Josephus Nelson Larned; Philip Patterson Wells (1902). The Literature of American History: A Bibliographical Guide, in which the Scope, Character, and Comparative Worth of Books in Selected Lists are Set Forth in Brief Notes by Critics of Authority. American Library Association. p.  272.
    Gomez, Buddy (March 30, 2018). "OPINION: The first naturalized Filipino-American". ABS CBN News. Philippines. Archived from the original on March 29, 2018. Retrieved March 29, 2018.
  7. 1 2 Takaki 1998, p. 315.
  8. 1 2 Boyd, Monica (1971). "Oriental Immigration: The Experience of the Chinese, Japanese, and Filipino Populations in the United States". The International Migration Review. 5 (1): 48–61. doi:10.2307/3002046. JSTOR   3002046.
  9. ↑ "Filipino American History". Northern California Pilipino American Student Organization. California State University, Chico. January 29, 1998. Archived from the original on October 12, 1999. Retrieved June 7, 2011. These Filipino pioneers were known as the "manong generation" since most of them came from Ilokos Sur, Iloilo, and Cavite in the Philippines.
    "Learn about our culture". Filipino Student Association. Saint Louis University. Archived from the original on September 12, 2007. Retrieved June 7, 2011. These Filipino pioneers were known as the "manong generation" since most of them came from Ilokos Sur, Iloilo, and Cavite in the Philippines.
    Jackson, Yo (2006). Encyclopedia of multicultural psychology. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE. p. 216. ISBN   978-1-4129-0948-8 . Retrieved June 7, 2011. Included in this group were Pensionados, Sakadas, Alaskeros, and Manongs primarily from the Illocos and Visayas regions.
  10. ↑ Starr, Kevin (2009). Golden dreams: California in an age of abundance, 1950–1963. New York: Oxford University Press US. p. 450. ISBN   978-0-19-515377-4 . Retrieved April 27, 2011. They were, however, officially under the protection of the United States, which governed the Philippines, and herein they took a distinctive characteristics. First of all, they had been inculcated in the Philippines, through the American-sponsored education system and the general point of view of a colonial society strongly under American influence, in the belief that all men were created equal, in fact, and under the law, and that included them. Second, they spoke English, excellently in many cases, thanks once again to the American-sponsored educational system in the Philippines. Filipino migrant workers did not see themselves as aliens.
  11. 1 2 Baldoz, Rick (2011). The Third Asiatic Invasion. NYU Press. p.  101. ISBN   9780814709214.
  12. ↑ Volpp, Leti (1999–2000). "American Mestizo: Filipinos andAntimiscegenation Laws in California" (PDF). U.C. Davis Law Review. 33: 795–835. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
  13. ↑ Austin, Joe; Michael Willard (1998). Generations of youth: youth cultures and history in twentieth-century America . New York: NYU Press. pp.  118–135. ISBN   978-0-8147-0646-6 . Retrieved April 27, 2011. Filipinos immigrants urban.
  14. 1 2 3 Hooker, J.S. (July 7, 2006). "Filipinos in the United States Navy". Navy Department Library. United States Navy. Archived from the original on August 20, 2006. Retrieved September 27, 2009.
  15. 1 2 David K. Yoo; Eiichiro Azuma (January 4, 2016). The Oxford Handbook of Asian American History. Oxford University Press. p. 402. ISBN   978-0-19-986047-0.
  16. ↑ Le Espiritu, Yen (2003). Home Bound: Filipino American Lives across Cultures, Communities, and Countries. University of California Press. p. 30. ISBN   9780520235274 . Retrieved October 23, 2012.
    Suarez, Theresa C. (Fall 2015). "(De)Militarized Domesticity: Reconfiguring Marriage, Gender, and Family among Filipino Navy Couples". Women, Gender, and Families of Color. 3 (2): 190–208. doi:10.5406/womgenfamcol.3.2.0190. JSTOR   10.5406/womgenfamcol.3.2.0190. S2CID   147039867.
    Rowe, Peter (July 27, 2015). "Deep ties connect Filipinos, Navy and San Diego". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved January 8, 2020.
    Jr., Rudy P. Guevarra (May 9, 2012). Becoming Mexipino: Multiethnic Identities and Communities in San Diego. Rutgers University Press. pp. 25–26. ISBN   978-0-8135-5326-9.
  17. ↑ Le Espiritu, Yen (2003). Home Bound: Filipino American Lives across Cultures, Communities, and Countries. University of California Press. p. 29. ISBN   9780520235274 . Retrieved October 23, 2012.
  18. 1 2 Espiritu, Yen Le; Wolf, Diane L. (1999). "The Paradox of Assimilation: Children of Filipino Immigrants in San Diego -- Yen Espiritu". Research & Seminars. University of California, Davis. Archived from the original on May 14, 2018. Retrieved May 13, 2018.
  19. ↑ Ramon J. Farolan (July 21, 2003). "From Stewards to Admirals: Filipinos in the U.S. Navy". Asian Journal. Archived from the original on March 24, 2009. Retrieved October 23, 2012.
  20. ↑ MC3 Rialyn Rodrigo (March 1, 2009). "Philippine Enlistment Program Sailors Reflect on Heritage". Navy News Service. Archived from the original on September 12, 2009. Retrieved April 27, 2011.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  21. 1 2 Arnold, Fred; Cariño, Benjamin V.; Fawcett, James T.; Park, Insook Han (1989). "Estimating the Immigration Multiplier: An Analysis of Recent Korean and Filipino Immigration to the United States". The International Migration Review. 23 (4): 813–838. doi:10.2307/2546463. JSTOR   2546463. PMID   12282604.
  22. 1 2 "California's Filipino Infantry". The California State Military Museum. Archived from the original on June 13, 2011. Retrieved January 24, 2008.
  23. ↑ Posadas, Barbara Mercedes (1999). The Filipino Americans . Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p.  26. ISBN   978-0-313-29742-7 . Retrieved May 19, 2011. Leyte 1st Filipino Infantry Regiment.
  24. ↑ Barkman, Elliot R. (1983). "Whom Shall We Integrate?: A Comparative Analysis of the Immigration and Naturalization Trends of Asians Before and After the 1965 Immigration Act (1951–1978)". Journal of American Ethnic History. 3 (1): 29–57. JSTOR   27500294.
  25. ↑ Baldoz, Rick (2011). The Third Asiatic Invasion: Migration and Empire in Filipino America, 1898–1946. New York: NYU Press. p. 228. ISBN   978-0-8147-9109-7. Archived from the original on December 22, 2011. Retrieved June 10, 2011.
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Further reading

Filipino American National Historical Society books published by Arcadia Publishing

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