Velarde map

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1734 Library of Congress copy Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas Dedicada al Rey Nuestro Senor por el Mariscal d. Campo D. Fernando Valdes Tamon Cavallo del Orden de Santiago de Govor. Y Capn.jpg
1734 Library of Congress copy
1734 National Library of Spain copy Carta hydrographica y chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas - Biblioteca Nacional de Espana.jpg
1734 National Library of Spain copy
1744 Reduced version, Boston Public Library copy Mapa de las yslas Philipinas (2675427656).jpg
1744 Reduced version, Boston Public Library copy
Replica of Mel Velarde-acquired 1734 copy that he gave to the Philippine Army. Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas.jpg
Replica of Mel Velarde-acquired 1734 copy that he gave to the Philippine Army.

Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Islas Filipinas (Spanish, lit. " Hydrographical and Chorographical Chart of the Philippine Islands"), more commonly known as the Velarde map, is a map of the Philippines made and first published in Manila in 1734 by the Jesuit cartographer Pedro Murillo Velarde  [ es ], the engraver Nicolás de la Cruz Bagay, and the artist Francisco Suárez. [2] [3] The World Digital Library describes it as the "first and most important scientific map of the Philippines". [4] It is frequently referred to as the "Mother of all Philippine Maps". [5] [1] [6]

Contents

The 1774 version of the map in Latin 1774 map of the Philippine Islands.jpg
The 1774 version of the map in Latin

During the British occupation of Manila between 1762 and 1764, the copper plates used to print the map were seized and transported to England, where they were used to produce multiple copies of the map. [7] Many copies from this reprinting later sold at very high prices as antiquities.

Galit, Panacot, and Lumbay shown off the coast of Central Luzon in the 1734 map Galit panacot lumbay.png
Galit, Panacot, and Lumbay shown off the coast of Central Luzon in the 1734 map
Scarborough Shoal, along with Galit, Panacot, and Lumbay shown off the coast of Central Luzon in the 1810 map, originally published in 1771 Scarboro from Mannevillette.png
Scarborough Shoal, along with Galit, Panacot, and Lumbay shown off the coast of Central Luzon in the 1810 map, originally published in 1771

The map

The map's title includes the following additional description: dedicada al Rey Nuestro Señor por el Mariscal d. Campo D. Fernando Valdes Tamon Cavallo del Orden de Santiago de Govor. Y Capn General de dichas Yslas (Spanish, "dedicated to the King Our Lord by Field Marshal Fernando Tamon Valdes, Knight of the Order of Santiago, Governor and Captain General of said Islands"). The map was created upon the behest of then governor-general Fernando Valdes y Tamon in response to an order from Philip V of Spain. [9] Alongside his name, Nicolás de la Cruz Bagay noted he was an "Indio Tagalo". [10]

The map shows maritime routes from Manila to Spain and New Spain. The Spanish royal coat of arms occupies a prominent space in the upper-middle portion of the map. On its flanks are twelve images, six to a side. Eight of these images depict various ethnic groups residing in the archipelago. The remaining four are cartographic depictions of cities and islands. The ethnic groups and individuals depicted include Chinese Filipinos ("Sangley"), "Cafres" (or East Africans brought to the Manila slave market by the Portuguese), a Canarin (a native of India on the Konkani coast, most likely a Goan or Mangalorean), a Lascar from India, Filipino Mestizos in Spanish colonial Philippines, a Mardica (natives of Ternate and Tidore that migrated to the Philippines such as in Ternate, Cavite and Tanza, Cavite), a Japanese migrant in the Philippines ("Japon"), Spaniards or Spanish Filipinos, Spanish Criollos, Filipino Natives ("Indios"), Aetas, an Armenian, a Mughal, a native of the Malabar region and a Visayan. Maps of "Samboangan" (known today as Zamboanga City, a city in Mindanao), the port of Cavite, the island of "Guajan" (Guam) and Manila, and illustrations of endemic plants and animals, occupy the remaining sections.

The Murillo Velarde map was widely reprinted. These include reproductions in Manila (1744), Vienna (1748) by Kaliwoda, Nuremberg (1760) by Lowitz, and in the first volume of Juan de la Concepcion's Historia General de Philipinas (1788). [9]

Copies

There are less than 50 extant copies of the map. [11] Some are mounted on a cloth backing measuring 112×120 cm. The map itself measures 108×71 cm and is on a scale approximating 1:1,400,000.

Reduced version

Murillo Velarde also published a smaller version of the Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas, one that did not include the twelve illustrations on the map's flanks. This version measures 51x33 cm. and was published in 1744. [6] There are extant copies in the collections of the Lopez Museum, National Library of the Philippines [11] and Boston Public Library Norman B. Leventhal Map Center. [19]

South China Sea disputes

The Murillo Velarde map has been instrumental in the Philippines' efforts to assert territorial rights in the South China Sea. The map, along with 270 other maps, was used by the Philippines' team of experts to refute China's historic claim of ownership of the entire South China Sea. [16] The Philippines believes that the label Panacot on the map refers to the Scarborough Shoal, and it is the first map with label Panacot on it. [20] [21] Professor Li Xiaocong of China pointed out that the label Panacot in the 1734 map was not Scarborough Shoal, and the three groups of islands, Galit, Panacot and Lumbay also appeared in the map published by China in 1717. [21] In 2016 the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague ruled in favor of the Philippines, stating that China had "no historical rights" based on their nine-dash line map. China however, rejected the ruling, [22] and former Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte has seemingly decided not to act upon it. [23]

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References

  1. 1 2 Mariano, Jose Vionel F. (30 August 2017). "Army receives replica of Mother of all Philippine Maps". Philippine Army . Retrieved 4 January 2018.
  2. 1 2 "Carta hydrographica y chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas : dedicada al Rey Nuestro Señor por el Mariscal d. Campo D. Fernando Valdes Tamon Cavallo del Orden de Santiago de Govor. Y Capn". Library of Congress . Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  3. ↑ "Chairman Velarde donates replicas of 1734 Murillo-Velarde Map". Asian Institute of Journalism and Communication. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
  4. ↑ "A Hydrographical and Chorographical Chart of the Philippine Islands". World Digital Library. 8 January 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  5. 1 2 "We Have the Mysterious Map that Proves the West Philippine Sea is Ours". Esquire Philippines . 4 May 2017. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  6. 1 2 "The Mother of Philippine Maps". Lopez Museum. 9 November 2009. Archived from the original on 5 January 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  7. ↑ "Rare map that bolstered Philippines' case in territorial dispute with China sold for $1 million". The Straits Times. 15 September 2019. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
  8. ↑ "A Chart of the China Sea Inscribed to Monsr. d'Apres de Mannevillette the Ingenious Author of the Neptune Oriental: As a Tribute Due to his Labours for the Benefit of Navigation; and in acknowledgement of his many signal Favours to A. Dalrymple - Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc".
  9. 1 2 Mojarro, Jorge R. (12 June 2015). "The Murillo Velarde map: A relic from 1734 amid the rough seas of 2015". BusinessWorld . Archived from the original on 4 January 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  10. ↑ Sofia Tomacruz (September 20, 2019). "Ever heard of the 1734 Murillo Velarde map and why it should be renamed?". Rappler. Retrieved May 29, 2024.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Ocampo, Ambeth R. (10 June 2015). "Rare, important and significant". The Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  12. ↑ "Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas Dedicada al Rey Nuestro Señor por el Mariscal d. Campo D. Fernando Valdes Tamon Cavallº del Orden de Santiago de Govor. Y Capn. Hecha pr. el Pe. Pedro Murillo Velarde dla. Compª d. Ihs. Cathco. d. De Canones sobre los Mapas y Relaciones mejores que han salido, y observaciones del Author; delineavit Nicolas de la Cruz Bagay Indio [Tagalo en Manl. Año 1734]" . Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  13. 1 2 "The Extraordinarily Important and Exceedingly Rare Murillo Velarde Map of 1734". Leon Gallery. Retrieved 16 September 2019.[ permanent dead link ]
  14. ↑ "British Library catalogue".
  15. ↑ Tordesillas, Ellen T. (7 June 2015). "PH to submit 300-year-old map to UN in case vs China". Archived from the original on 2016-03-31. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  16. 1 2 "UPD gets replica of 1734 Murillo Velarde map". University of the Philippines Diliman. 18 October 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  17. ↑ Cupin, Beas (September 6, 2024). "Mel Velarde on the meaning of the 1734 Murillo-Velarde map". Rappler . Retrieved September 7, 2024.
  18. ↑ Untalan, Sherylin (April 22, 2013). "How 1734 Murillo Velarde map serves as living document of Philippine territory". GMA News Online. GMA News. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
  19. ↑ "Mapa de las yslas Philipinas". Boston Public Library . Retrieved 5 January 2019.
  20. ↑ Layug, Margaret Claire (11 September 2017). "Murillo Velarde Map refutes 'false history', China's claims – Carpio". GMA News . Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  21. 1 2 "从古地图看黄岩岛的归属" [The Ownership of Huangyan Island Seen from Ancient Maps](PDF) (in Chinese). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-06-24.
  22. ↑ Phillips, Tom (12 July 2016). "Beijing rejects tribunal's ruling in South China Sea case". The Guardian . Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  23. ↑ Salaverria, Leila B. (18 December 2016). "Duterte to set aside UN tribunal ruling on maritime dispute". Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved 4 January 2019.
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