Velarde map

Last updated
1734 Library of Congress copy Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas Dedicada al Rey Nuestro Senor por el Mariscal d. Campo D. Fernando Valdes Tamon Cavallo del Orden de Santiago de Govor. Y Capn.jpg
1734 Library of Congress copy
1734 National Library of Spain copy Carta hydrographica y chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas - Biblioteca Nacional de Espana.jpg
1734 National Library of Spain copy
1744 Reduced version, Boston Public Library copy Mapa de las yslas Philipinas (2675427656).jpg
1744 Reduced version, Boston Public Library copy
Replica of Mel Velarde-acquired 1734 copy that he gave to the Philippine Army. Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas.jpg
Replica of Mel Velarde-acquired 1734 copy that he gave to the Philippine Army.

Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Islas Filipinas (Spanish, lit. " Hydrographical and Chorographical Chart of the Philippine Islands"), more commonly known as the Velarde map, is a map of the Philippines made and first published in Manila in 1734 by the Jesuit cartographer Pedro Murillo Velarde  [ es ], the engraver Nicolás de la Cruz Bagay, and the artist Francisco Suárez. [2] [3] The World Digital Library describes it as the "first and most important scientific map of the Philippines". [4] It is frequently referred to as the "Mother of all Philippine Maps". [5] [1] [6]

Contents

The 1774 version of the map in Latin 1774 map of the Philippine Islands.jpg
The 1774 version of the map in Latin

During the British occupation of Manila between 1762 and 1764, the copper plates used to print the map were seized and transported to England, where they were used to produce multiple copies of the map. [7] Many copies from this reprinting later sold at very high prices as antiquities.

Galit, Panacot, and Lumbay shown off the coast of Central Luzon in the 1734 map Galit panacot lumbay.png
Galit, Panacot, and Lumbay shown off the coast of Central Luzon in the 1734 map
Scarborough Shoal, along with Galit, Panacot, and Lumbay shown off the coast of Central Luzon in the 1810 map, originally published in 1771 Scarboro from Mannevillette.png
Scarborough Shoal, along with Galit, Panacot, and Lumbay shown off the coast of Central Luzon in the 1810 map, originally published in 1771

The map

The map's title includes the following additional description: dedicada al Rey Nuestro Señor por el Mariscal d. Campo D. Fernando Valdes Tamon Cavallo del Orden de Santiago de Govor. Y Capn General de dichas Yslas (Spanish, "dedicated to the King Our Lord by Field Marshal Fernando Tamon Valdes, Knight of the Order of Santiago, Governor and Captain General of said Islands"). The map was created upon the behest of then governor-general Fernando Valdes y Tamon in response to an order from Philip V of Spain. [9] Alongside his name, Nicolás de la Cruz Bagay noted he was an "Indio Tagalo". [10]

The map shows maritime routes from Manila to Spain and New Spain. The Spanish royal coat of arms occupies a prominent space in the upper-middle portion of the map. On its flanks are twelve images, six to a side. Eight of these images depict various ethnic groups residing in the archipelago. The remaining four are cartographic depictions of cities and islands. The ethnic groups and individuals depicted include Chinese Filipinos ("Sangley"), "Cafres" (or East Africans brought to the Manila slave market by the Portuguese), a Canarin (a native of India on the Konkani coast, most likely a Goan or Mangalorean), a Lascar from India, Filipino Mestizos in Spanish colonial Philippines, a Mardica (natives of Ternate and Tidore that migrated to the Philippines such as in Ternate, Cavite and Tanza, Cavite), a Japanese migrant in the Philippines ("Japon"), Spaniards or Spanish Filipinos, Spanish Criollos, Filipino Natives ("Indios"), Aetas, an Armenian, a Mughal, a native of the Malabar region and a Visayan. Maps of "Samboangan" (known today as Zamboanga City, a city in Mindanao), the port of Cavite, the island of "Guajan" (Guam) and Manila, and illustrations of endemic plants and animals, occupy the remaining sections.

The Murillo Velarde map was widely reprinted. These include reproductions in Manila (1744), Vienna (1748) by Kaliwoda, Nuremberg (1760) by Lowitz, and in the first volume of Juan de la Concepcion's Historia General de Philipinas (1788). [9]

Copies

There are less than 50 extant copies of the map. [11] Some are mounted on a cloth backing measuring 112×120 cm. The map itself measures 108×71 cm and is on a scale approximating 1:1,400,000.

Reduced version

Murillo Velarde also published a smaller version of the Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas, one that did not include the twelve illustrations on the map's flanks. This version measures 51x33 cm. and was published in 1744. [6] There are extant copies in the collections of the Lopez Museum, National Library of the Philippines [11] and Boston Public Library Norman B. Leventhal Map Center. [19]

South China Sea disputes

The Murillo Velarde map has been instrumental in the Philippines' efforts to assert territorial rights in the South China Sea. The map, along with 270 other maps, was used by the Philippines' team of experts to refute China's historic claim of ownership of the entire South China Sea. [16] The Philippines believes that the label Panacot on the map refers to the Scarborough Shoal, and it is the first map with label Panacot on it. [20] [21] Professor Li Xiaocong of China pointed out that the label Panacot in the 1734 map was not Scarborough Shoal, and the three groups of islands, Galit, Panacot and Lumbay also appeared in the map published by China in 1717. [21] In 2016 the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague ruled in favor of the Philippines, stating that China had "no historical rights" based on their nine-dash line map. China however, rejected the ruling, [22] and former Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte has seemingly decided not to act upon it. [23]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jacques-Nicolas Bellin</span> French hydrographer, geographer and philosophe (1703–1772)

Jacques Nicolas Bellin was a French hydrographer, geographer, and member of the French intellectual group called the philosophes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scarborough Shoal</span> Disputed atoll in the South China Sea

Scarborough Shoal, also known as Panacot,Bajo de Masinloc, Huangyan Island, Minzhu Jiao, and Panatag Shoal, are two skerries between Macclesfield Bank to the west and Luzon to the east. Luzon is 220 kilometres (119 nmi) away and the nearest landmass. The atoll is a disputed territory claimed by the Republic of the Philippines through the Treaty of Washington in 1900 via the 1734 Velarde map, as well as by the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China (Taiwan). The atolls' status is often discussed in conjunction with other territorial disputes in the South China Sea, such as those involving the Spratly Islands and the 2012 Scarborough Shoal standoff. In 2013, the Philippines initiated arbitration against China under UNCLOS. In 2016, the tribunal ruled that China's historic title within the nine-dash line was invalid but did not rule on sovereignty.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Banate, Iloilo</span> Municipality in Iloilo, Philippines

Banate, officially the Municipality of Banate, is a municipality in the province of Iloilo, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 33,376 people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kalayaan, Palawan</span> Municipality in Palawan, Philippines

Kalayaan, officially the Municipality of Kalayaan, is a municipality under the jurisdiction of the province of Palawan, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 193 people making it the least populated town in the Philippines and in Palawan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Filipinos</span> Natives and citizens and/or nationals of the Philippines

Filipinos are citizens or people identified with the country of the Philippines. The majority of Filipinos today are predominantly Catholic and come from various Austronesian peoples, all typically speaking Tagalog, English, or other Philippine languages. Despite formerly being subject to Spanish colonialism, only around 2–4% of Filipinos are fluent in Spanish. Currently, there are more than 185 ethnolinguistic groups in the Philippines each with its own language, identity, culture, tradition, and history.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Georg Joseph Kamel</span> Jesuit missionary, pharmacist, and naturalist

Georg Joseph Kamel was a Jesuit missionary, pharmacist and naturalist known for producing the first comprehensive accounts of Philippine flora and fauna and for introducing Philippine nature to the European learned world. A number of Kamel's treatises were published in the Philosophical Transactions, while his descriptions of Philippine flora appeared as an appendix to the third volume of John Ray's Historia Plantarum.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ayala Museum</span> Art and history museum in Makati, Philippines

The Ayala Museum is a museum in Makati, Metro Manila, Philippines. It is run privately by the Ayala Foundation and houses archaeological, ethnographic, historical, fine arts, numismatics, and ecclesiastical exhibits. Since its establishment in April 1967, the museum has been committed to showcasing overseas collections and situating contemporary Philippine art in the global arena in a two-way highway of mutual cooperation and exchange with local and international associates. The museum was reopened on December 4, 2021, after a two-year renovation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">San Miguel Bay</span> Bay in Luzon Island, Philippines

San Miguel Bay is a large bay in the Bicol Peninsula of Luzon island in the Philippines. It encompasses the provinces of Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur.

Fray Casimiro Díaz Toledano OSA (1693–1746) was a Spanish Augustinian friar who accompanied the first Spanish expedition to the Cordillera, situated on the island of Luzon in the Philippines.

Dimasaua, also spelled Dimasawa and Dimasava, was the invented name created by 17th-century Spanish missionary Fr. Francisco Colín, S.J., pointing to a tiny isle in southern Leyte whose chief, according to Colín, "gave the most signal service" to Ferdinand Magellan and his crew at the port of Butuan in March–April 1521.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Names of the Philippines</span> Overview of the history and use of the various names of the Philippines

There have been several names of the Philippines in different cultures and at different times, usually in reference to specific island groups within the current archipelago. Even the name Philippines itself was originally intended to apply only to Leyte, Samar, and nearby islands. It was bestowed by the Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos or one of his captains Bernardo de la Torre in 1543 in honor of the crown prince Philip, later Philip II. Mindanao, which they reached first and assumed to be the greater land, they named after the reigning emperor Charles V, who was also Spain's king Carlos I. Over the course of Spanish colonization, the name was eventually extended to cover the entire chain. It has survived with minor changes. The Philippine Revolution called its state the Philippine Republic. The US military and civilian occupations called their territory the Philippine Islands. During the Third Philippine Republic, the state's official name was formally changed to the Philippines.

<i>Doctrina Christiana</i> Late 16th century catechism book

The Doctrina Christiana were two early books on the catechism of the Catholic Church, both published 1593 in Manila, Philippines. These are two of the earliest printed books in the Philippines.

Velarde may refer to:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Philippines–Spain relations</span> Bilateral relations

Philippines–Spain relations are the relations between the Philippines and Spain. The relations between the two nations span from the 16th century, the Philippines was the lone colony of the Spanish Empire in Asia for more than three centuries. Both nations are members of the Association of Academies of the Spanish Language and the United Nations.

Francisco Ignacio (de) Alcina SJ was a Spanish historian and a Jesuit missionary in the Philippines. He served as parish priest in the Visayan islands for 37 years. Most of those years were spent among the natives whom he used to call "my beloved Bisayans."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pedro Gil Street</span> Street in Manila, Philippines

Pedro Gil Street is an east-west inner city street and a tertiary national road in south-central Manila, Philippines. It is 3.65 kilometers (2.27 mi) long and spans the entire length of Ermita, Malate, Paco, and Santa Ana. The street is served by the Pedro Gil LRT Station along Taft Avenue and the Paco railway station along Quirino Avenue. It also continues towards the central Metro Manila cities of Mandaluyong and San Juan across the Pasig River as New Panaderos and General Kalentong Streets.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gaspar de la Torre y Ayala</span> Spanish colonial governor (d. 1745)

Gaspar Antonio de la Torre y Ayala served as the Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines from July 1739 until his death on 21 September 1745.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Balarao</span> Dagger

Balarao, also known as "winged dagger", is a Filipino dagger used throughout the pre-colonial Philippines. It is unusually shaped, with a double-edged leaf-like blade and a finger-fitting grip consisting of two horn-like projections at the pommel and no guards. The tang also protrudes at the back. The dagger is a status symbol among nobility and warriors and is usually finely-worked with precious metals, ivory, and horn.

Mel Velasco Velarde is a Filipino businessman. He is chairman of the Filipino telecommunications conglomerate, Now Corporation and NOW Telecom, and chairman and CEO of the Asian Institute of Journalism and Communication (AIJC). He is known for acquiring the 1734 Murillo Velarde map, regarded as "The Mother of All Philippine Maps," through an auction at Sotheby's London in 2014. The map served as critical evidence in the Philippines’ win against China's claim over the West Philippine Sea in 2016.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jose Clemente Zulueta</span> Philippine historian and bibliographer (1876–1904)

José Clemente Zulueta y Estrada was a Filipino writer, Philippine Revolution historian and bibliographer. Together with General Mamerto Natividad, he wrote the proclamation entitled "To The Brave Sons of the Philippines", which called for the expulsion of the friars from the Philippines. He chronicled the Philippine Revolution and was later appointed Collecting Librarian for the insular government by the Philippine Commission. He favored the rewriting of Philippine history, giving importance to the indigenous element.

References

  1. 1 2 Mariano, Jose Vionel F. (30 August 2017). "Army receives replica of Mother of all Philippine Maps". Philippine Army . Retrieved 4 January 2018.
  2. 1 2 "Carta hydrographica y chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas : dedicada al Rey Nuestro Señor por el Mariscal d. Campo D. Fernando Valdes Tamon Cavallo del Orden de Santiago de Govor. Y Capn". Library of Congress . Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  3. ↑ "Chairman Velarde donates replicas of 1734 Murillo-Velarde Map". Asian Institute of Journalism and Communication. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
  4. ↑ "A Hydrographical and Chorographical Chart of the Philippine Islands". World Digital Library. 8 January 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  5. 1 2 "We Have the Mysterious Map that Proves the West Philippine Sea is Ours". Esquire Philippines . 4 May 2017. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  6. 1 2 "The Mother of Philippine Maps". Lopez Museum. 9 November 2009. Archived from the original on 5 January 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  7. ↑ "Rare map that bolstered Philippines' case in territorial dispute with China sold for $1 million". The Straits Times. 15 September 2019. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
  8. ↑ "A Chart of the China Sea Inscribed to Monsr. d'Apres de Mannevillette the Ingenious Author of the Neptune Oriental: As a Tribute Due to his Labours for the Benefit of Navigation; and in acknowledgement of his many signal Favours to A. Dalrymple - Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc".
  9. 1 2 Mojarro, Jorge R. (12 June 2015). "The Murillo Velarde map: A relic from 1734 amid the rough seas of 2015". BusinessWorld . Archived from the original on 4 January 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  10. ↑ Sofia Tomacruz (September 20, 2019). "Ever heard of the 1734 Murillo Velarde map and why it should be renamed?". Rappler. Retrieved May 29, 2024.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Ocampo, Ambeth R. (10 June 2015). "Rare, important and significant". The Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  12. ↑ "Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas Dedicada al Rey Nuestro Señor por el Mariscal d. Campo D. Fernando Valdes Tamon Cavallº del Orden de Santiago de Govor. Y Capn. Hecha pr. el Pe. Pedro Murillo Velarde dla. Compª d. Ihs. Cathco. d. De Canones sobre los Mapas y Relaciones mejores que han salido, y observaciones del Author; delineavit Nicolas de la Cruz Bagay Indio [Tagalo en Manl. Año 1734]" . Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  13. 1 2 "The Extraordinarily Important and Exceedingly Rare Murillo Velarde Map of 1734". Leon Gallery. Retrieved 16 September 2019.[ permanent dead link ]
  14. ↑ "British Library catalogue".
  15. ↑ Tordesillas, Ellen T. (7 June 2015). "PH to submit 300-year-old map to UN in case vs China". Archived from the original on 2016-03-31. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  16. 1 2 "UPD gets replica of 1734 Murillo Velarde map". University of the Philippines Diliman. 18 October 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  17. ↑ Cupin, Beas (September 6, 2024). "Mel Velarde on the meaning of the 1734 Murillo-Velarde map". Rappler . Retrieved September 7, 2024.
  18. ↑ Untalan, Sherylin (April 22, 2013). "How 1734 Murillo Velarde map serves as living document of Philippine territory". GMA News Online. GMA News. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
  19. ↑ "Mapa de las yslas Philipinas". Boston Public Library . Retrieved 5 January 2019.
  20. ↑ Layug, Margaret Claire (11 September 2017). "Murillo Velarde Map refutes 'false history', China's claims – Carpio". GMA News . Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  21. 1 2 "从古地图看黄岩岛的归属" [The Ownership of Huangyan Island Seen from Ancient Maps](PDF) (in Chinese). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-06-24.
  22. ↑ Phillips, Tom (12 July 2016). "Beijing rejects tribunal's ruling in South China Sea case". The Guardian . Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  23. ↑ Salaverria, Leila B. (18 December 2016). "Duterte to set aside UN tribunal ruling on maritime dispute". Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved 4 January 2019.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.