![]() Cover of the Doctrina Christiana en lengua española y tagala featuring Saint Dominic with the book's full title. Woodcut, 1593. | |
Subject | Catholic catechism |
---|---|
Genre | Religion |
Published | 1593 |
Publication date | Late 16th century |
Publication place | Captaincy General of the Philippines |
The Doctrina Christiana (English: Christian Doctrine) were two early books on the catechism of the Catholic Church, both published 1593 in Manila, Philippines. These are two of the earliest printed books in the Philippines. [1] [2]
The Doctrina Christiana en lengua española y tagala written in Early Modern Spanish and Classical Tagalog with the Latin and Baybayin script.
Original Spanish title:
Doctrina Chriſtiana, en lengua eſpanöla y tagala, corregida por los Religiosos de las ordenes Impreſſa con licencia, en S. Gabriel de la Orden de S. Domĩgo. En Manila, 1593. [sic]
In English:
Christian Doctrine, in Spanish and Tagalog language, corrected by the Religious of the Orders. Printed with licence in Saint Gabriel of the Order of Saint Dominic. In Manila, 1593.
In Tagalog (Filipino):
Doktrina Kristiyana, sa wikang Kastila at Tagalog, itinama ng mga Relihiyoso ng mga Orden. Inilimbag na may Lisensya sa San Gabriel ng Orden ni Santo Domingo. Sa Maynila, 1593.
The Doctrina Christianaen letra y lengua china written in Early Manila Hokkien Chinese in Chinese characters (Chinese : 漢文 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī :Hàn-bûn) with some Early Modern Spanish in Latin script.
Original Spanish title:
Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua China, compuesta por los padres ministros de los Sangleyes, de la Orden de Sancto Domingo. Con licencia, por Keng yong, china, en el Parián de Manila
In English:
Christian Doctrine in Chinese letter and language, composed by the priest ministers of the Sangleys, of the Order of Saint Dominic. With license by Keng yong, Chinese, at the Parián in Manila
There is some controversy about which of the versions is the first printed book in Spanish Philippines, with some scholars believing the first to be the Chinese-language version titled Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua China, compuesta por los padres ministros de los Sangleyes, de la Orden de Sancto Domingo. Con licencia, por Keng yong, china, en el parian de Manila. [7] The controversy about the dates of publication has generated a temporal window ranging between 1590 and 1593, depending on the scholar. The Chinese printer Keng Yong has been the object of much attention, but there is not much conclusive information about him. Concerning the authorship, there is agreement that Juan Cobo and Miguel de Benavides y Añoza, along with their Sangley Chinese collaborators, created this catechism.
One of the earliest references to both versions comes from Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas, the seventh Spanish governor-general of the Philippines, who wrote a letter to Philip II of Spain on June 20, 1593, that read:
“Sire, in the name of Your Majesty, I have for this once, because of the existing great need, granted a license for the printing of the Doctrinas Christianas, herewith enclosed—one in the Tagalog language, which is the native and best of these islands, and the other in Chinese—from which I hope great benefits will result in the conversion and instruction of the peoples of both nations; and because the lands of the Indies are on a larger scale in everything and things more expensive, I have set the price of them at four reales a piece, until Your Majesty is pleased to decree in full what is to be done.” [8]
Missionary fathers placed the Doctrina among the books necessary to have in print in foreign lands. As such, the Filipino book is similar to one printed in Mexico in 1539 in Spanish and local Mexican vernacular, followed by Saint Francis Xavier’s Doutrina Christão in Malay printed by the Jesuit press at Goa in 1557. Another Doctrina was printed in Spanish and the native languages at Lima in 1584.
According to Piet Van der Loon (1966) though, the above letter is more likely referring to the Tagalog Doctrina and the Rectificación y Mejora de Principios Naturales 天主教真傳實錄 also by Fr. Juan Cobo , published on 1593 in Manila, while the Hokkien Chinese Doctrina was left undated, but believed to have been published from a temporal window ranging between 1593 to 1605 before the death of Fr. Miguel de Benavides, who is ascribed as one of its authors. [4]
As for the Tagalog Doctrina, apart from the copy in the Library of Congress in Washington, DC, there are no other known copies in existence today. Both the quality of the paper, age, natural agents and disasters such as earthquakes and fires all contributed to the disappearance of most printed copies. The only known existing copies of early Philippine books are those sent to Europe during the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, which may lie uncatalogued in some library.
Such was the case for the copy sent to Philip II of Spain by the Governor-General Dasmariñas in 1593. This is believed to be the same copy that reappeared in 1946 in the possession of a Parisian bookseller and collector who specialised in Pacific imprints. William H. Schab, a New York City dealer, purchased the book and took it to the United States, where he resold it to Lessing J. Rosenwald, who in turn presented it to the Library of Congress where it remains today.
The only known surviving copy of the Chinese version is stored at Biblioteca Vaticana, as Jesús Gayo Aragón indicated in this 1951 edition of the text. [9] Sometimes though, this Doctrina in Chinese has been confused with the Rectificación y Mejora de Principios Naturales (天主教真傳實錄), by Juan Cobo, published posthumously in 1593, Manila. The only extant copy of this last book is in the Biblioteca Nacional in Madrid. It was republished in a trilingual edition by Fidel Villarroel in 1986. [10]
The title literally means "The Teachings of Christianity", and thus the primary goal of the book was to propagate Christian teaching across the Philippine archipelago. The book consists of 38 leaves and 74 pages of text in Spanish, Tagalog transliterated into roman letters, and Tagalog in its original Tagalog baybayin (sulat Tagalog) script, under a woodcut of Saint Dominic, with the verso originally blank, although in contemporary versions bears the manuscript inscription, "Tassada en dos reales", signed Juan de Cuellar.
After a syllabary comes the basic prayers: the Lord's Prayer, Hail Mary, Credo, and the Salve Regina. Following these are Articles of Faith, the Ten Commandments, Commandments of the Holy Church, Sacraments of the Holy Church, Seven Mortal Sins, Fourteen Works of Charity, the Confiteor and a brief Catechism.
The book was printed on paper made from mulberry. [11] The size of the volume, which is unbound, is 9⅛ by 7 inches, although individual leaves vary somewhat due to chipping. Some of the leaves have become separated from their complements, but enough remain in the original stitching to indicate that the book was originally made up in four gatherings, the first of twelve leaves, the second of ten, the third of ten, and the fourth of six. Although the book is of the size called quarto, the method of printing must have been page by page, so it is doubtful that each sheet was folded twice in the usual quarto manner, but more probable that it was printed four pages to a sheet of paper approximately 9⅛ by 14 inches, which was folded once.
The volume was printed using the xylographic technique, printing each page of text from one hand carved woodblock. Vertical lines long the inner margins of some pages were made by the inked edge of the block, and the grain of the wood appears as striations throughout the printed areas.
Tagalog is an Austronesian language spoken as a first language by the ethnic Tagalog people, who make up a quarter of the population of the Philippines, and as a second language by the majority. Its standardized form, officially named Filipino, is the national language of the Philippines, and is one of two official languages, alongside English.
Diego Aduarte OP was a Spanish Dominican friar and historian. He was a missionary to the Philippine Islands and arrived there in 1595 with Blancas de San Jose. In 1632 was made Prior of Manila. He died in 1636.
Baybayin is a Philippine script. The script is an abugida belonging to the family of the Brahmic scripts. Geographically, it was widely used in Luzon and other parts of the Philippines prior to and during the 16th and 17th centuries before being replaced by the Latin alphabet during the period of Spanish colonization. It was used in the Tagalog language and, to a lesser extent, Kapampangan-speaking areas; its use spread to the Ilocanos in the early 17th century. In the 19th and 20th centuries, baybayin survived and evolved into multiple forms—the Tagbanwa script of Palawan, and the Hanuno'o and Buhid scripts of Mindoro—and was used to create the constructed modern Kulitan script of the Kapampangan and the Ibalnan script of the Palawan people. Under the Unicode Standard and ISO 15924, the script is encoded as the Tagalog block.
Filipinoorthography specifies the correct use of the writing system of the Filipino language, the national and co-official language of the Philippines.
Philippine Hokkien is a dialect of the Hokkien language of the Southern Min branch of Min Chinese descended directly from Old Chinese of the Sinitic family, primarily spoken vernacularly by Chinese Filipinos in the Philippines, where it serves as the local Chinese lingua franca within the overseas Chinese community in the Philippines and acts as the heritage language of a majority of Chinese Filipinos. Despite currently acting mostly as an oral language, Hokkien as spoken in the Philippines did indeed historically have a written language and is actually one of the earliest sources for written Hokkien using both Chinese characters as early as around 1587 or 1593 through the Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china and using the Latin script as early as the 1590s in the Boxer Codex and was actually the earliest to systematically romanize the Hokkien language throughout the 1600s in the Hokkien-Spanish works of the Spanish friars especially by the Dominican Order, such as in the Dictionario Hispanico Sinicum (1626-1642) and the Arte de la Lengua Chiõ Chiu (1620) among others. The use of Hokkien in the Philippines was historically influenced by Philippine Spanish, Filipino (Tagalog) and Philippine English. As a lingua franca of the overseas Chinese community in the Philippines, the minority of Chinese Filipinos of Cantonese and Taishanese descent also uses Philippine Hokkien for business purposes due to its status as "the Chinoy business language" [sic]. It is also used as a liturgical language as one of the languages that Protestant Chinese Filipino churches typically minister in with their church service, which they sometimes also minister to students in Chinese Filipino schools that they also usually operate. It is also a liturgical language primarily used by Chinese Buddhist, Taoist, and Matsu veneration temples in the Philippines, especially in their sutra chanting services and temple sermons by monastics.
Hokkien is a variety of the Southern Min languages, native to and originating from the Minnan region, in the southeastern part of Fujian in southeastern mainland China. It is also referred to as Quanzhang, from the first characters of the urban centers of Quanzhou and Zhangzhou.
Pedro Ocharte was one of the first printers in the Americas, active from 1563 to 1592.
The history of the Philippines from 1565 to 1898 is known as the Spanish colonial period, during which the Philippine Islands were ruled as the Captaincy General of the Philippines within the Spanish East Indies, initially under the Viceroyalty of New Spain, based in Mexico City, until the independence of the Mexican Empire from Spain in 1821. This resulted in direct Spanish control during a period of governmental instability there.
Miguel de Benavides y Añoza, O.P. was a Spanish Catholic prelate and sinologist who served as the third Archbishop of Manila. He previously served as the first Bishop of Nueva Segovia and was the founder of the University of Santo Tomas in Manila.
Juan Cobo OP was Spanish Dominican missionary, diplomat, astronomer and sinologist.
University of Santo Tomas Publishing House (USTPH) is a Filipino academic and literary publishing house. USTPH, in its current form, was established in 1996. It was inspired by the four-century-old UST Press, which was founded in 1593. USTPH, formerly the UST Press, is the oldest continuing press in Asia today. It is even older than the University of Santo Tomas, which was established in 1611.
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