Death and funeral of Pope Benedict XVI

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Death and funeral of Pope Benedict XVI
Corpo de Bento XVI em camara ardente.(2).png
Ratzinger funeral (08).jpg
Ratzinger funeral (09).jpg
  • Top: Benedict XVI lying in state in St. Peter's Basilica
  • Bottom left: Pope Francis presiding over the funeral
  • Bottom right: St. Peter's Square during the funeral
Date
  • 31 December 2022 (2022-12-31) (death)
  • 5 January 2023 (2023-01-05) (funeral)
Location
Participants Pope Francis, the College of Cardinals, various dignitaries worldwide

On 31 December 2022, at 09:34 Central European Time (UTC+1), former Pope Benedict XVI died at the Mater Ecclesiae Monastery in Vatican City at the age of 95. He had been pope emeritus since his resignation as the leader of the Catholic Church in 2013 due to declining health. His death ended a nine-year period during which an incumbent pope and a retired pope both lived within Vatican City.

Contents

Benedict's body lay in state in St. Peter's Basilica from 2 to 4 January 2023, during which around 195,000 mourners paid their respects. His funeral, presided over by Pope Francis, took place in St. Peter's Square on 5 January, and was attended by around 50,000 people.

Background

Benedict XVI in 2019 Meeting with Benedict XVI on 10 August 2019 (cropped).jpg
Benedict XVI in 2019

Joseph Aloisius Ratzinger, then Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, was elected Pope Benedict XVI on 19 April 2005, succeeding John Paul II, who died on 2 April 2005. He stepped down as pope at 20:00 (CET) on 28 February 2013, in the first papal renunciation in almost 600 years since Pope Gregory XII in 1415, [1] and the first to voluntarily step down since Pope Celestine V in 1294. [2] [3] He cited his declining health as the reason for his resignation. [4]

In October 2017, a photograph on Facebook showed Benedict with a black eye. He had developed a hematoma after slipping at his residence. Speculation about his health had arisen in the preceding weeks. [5]

In June 2020, Benedict visited his ailing brother Georg Ratzinger in Bavaria, who died shortly after the visit on 1 July. [6]

On 3 August 2020, after speculation in the German press in the wake of a visit by the journalist Peter Seewald on 1 August, Benedict's aides disclosed that he was experiencing inflammation of the trigeminal nerve, but stated that his condition was not serious. [7] Maltese cardinal Mario Grech reported to Vatican News on 2 December 2020 that Benedict was enduring serious difficulties in speaking, reportedly stating to a group of cardinals that "the Lord has taken away my speech in order to let me appreciate silence". [8]

Benedict became the longest-lived pope on 4 September 2020, surpassing Pope Leo XIII, who died in 1903 at the age of 93 years, 4 months and 3 days. [9]

Last days

In his weekly general audience on 28 December 2022, Pope Francis announced that Benedict was "very sick". Francis did not disclose the exact nature of his ailment, but called for people to pray for Benedict. [10] Later that day, Matteo Bruni, the director of the Holy See Press Office, attributed Benedict's illness to old age and reported that he was under medical supervision at the Mater Ecclesiae Monastery in Vatican City, where he had lived since his resignation as pope. [11] Francis visited Benedict after the audience, [12] and Benedict received the Anointing of the Sick. [13]

On 29 December, Bruni reported that Benedict's situation remained grave, but he was "absolutely lucid and alert". [14] The next day, Benedict participated in the celebration of mass in his room; his condition was stable. [15] The same day, a special mass was celebrated for Benedict at the Basilica of St. John Lateran in Rome. [16]

Death

Benedict died at the Mater Ecclesiae Monastery on 31 December 2022 at 9:34 a.m. Central European Time (UTC+01), at the age of 95, due to cardiogenic shock, resulting from respiratory failure that evolved from an insufficiency parenchymal. [17] [18] Archbishop Georg Gänswein, Benedict's personal secretary and confidant, said that his last words, heard by a nurse, were "Signore ti amo" ( Italian for 'Lord, I love you'). [19] [20] On the same day, the Holy See released his spiritual testament, dated 29 August 2006. [21]

On the same day, Pope Francis gave his first words about Benedict since his death, praising him. [22]

Funeral

Benedict XVI's body being borne into St. Peter's Basilica by the papal gentlemen on 2 January Entada do corpo de Bento XVI na Basilica de Sao Pedro.png
Benedict XVI's body being borne into St. Peter's Basilica by the papal gentlemen on 2 January

At the time of Benedict's death, the Holy See had procedures governing the rituals surrounding papal deaths and funerals, but which were designed specifically for the deaths of incumbent popes. [23]

On 1 January 2023, Benedict's body was laid in the chapel at the Mater Ecclesiae Monastery, where it was viewed by people closest to him. He was clothed in red vestments, the traditional liturgical colour for papal funerals. [24] Since Benedict was no longer pope, he did not wear the pallium or hold the ferula, symbols of the papal office. [25] In the morning of 2 January, Benedict's body was moved to St. Peter's Basilica, where he lay in state for three days until his funeral. [26] The Holy See stated that approximately 195,000 people paid their respects during the lying in state. [27] On the evening of 4 January, Benedict's face was covered with a white veil. His pallium, coins and medals minted during his reign, and a rogito ( Italian for 'deed'; a text summarizing his life and pontificate) were placed in his coffin before it was closed. [28]

Funeral mass

Pope Francis with Benedict XVI's coffin after the funeral Funeral de Bento XVI (1).png
Pope Francis with Benedict XVI's coffin after the funeral

The booklet for Benedict's funeral Mass was released on 3 January. [29] Matteo Bruni, the director of the Holy See Press Office, said the mass had been adapted from the usual papal burial service, omitting portions applicable to the death of a current pope, and adding other parts. [30] In a departure from previous papal funeral Masses, Eucharistic Prayer III was planned to be used instead of the Roman Canon. [31]

The funeral ceremony took place in St. Peter's Square on 5 January, and began at around 09:30. [32] Pope Francis, Benedict's successor, presided over the service, which was conducted primarily in Latin with prayers and readings also in Italian, Spanish, English, French, Portuguese and Arabic. [33] The Sistine Chapel Choir sang at the service, and Giovanni Battista Re, Dean of the College of Cardinals, celebrated the Eucharist at the altar set up in the Square. [34] The funeral was attended by an estimated 50,000 people. [35] Requests for the rapid canonization of the pontiff – as "santo subito" – were made by the participants. [36] In accordance with Benedict's wishes, his funeral was shorter and simpler than a usual papal funeral. [37]

Francis delivered a short homily during the Mass that focused on the reading from the Gospel, mentioning Benedict briefly such as to praise his "wisdom, tenderness and devotion that he bestowed upon us over the years". Commentators contrasted it to the more effusive homily that Benedict (then Cardinal Ratzinger) gave at Pope John Paul II's funeral. [38] [37]

Before this funeral, the first time a pope had assisted at the funeral of his predecessor occurred in 1802, when a solemn ceremony was celebrated in the presence of Pius VII when the remains of Pius VI, who died in French custody in 1799, were brought to Rome. [38] [39]

Burial

Benedict's tomb underneath St. Peter's Basilica Tomba Benedetto XVI 2023.jpg
Benedict's tomb underneath St. Peter's Basilica

Immediately after the funeral, Benedict was interred in a private ceremony in the crypt underneath St. Peter's Basilica, in the same tomb that had previously been occupied by Pope John Paul II's body from his death in 2005 until his beatification in 2011. [40] [38] In accordance with tradition, Benedict's cypress coffin was placed inside a zinc one, which was in turn enclosed in an oak outer coffin. [28] The tomb was opened to public visits on 8 January 2023. [41]

Dignitaries in attendance

Italian president Sergio Mattarella paying respects at Benedict's lying in state on 2 January Ratzinger funeral (01).jpg
Italian president Sergio Mattarella paying respects at Benedict's lying in state on 2 January

In keeping with Benedict's request for a simple funeral, only the governments of Italy and his native Germany were invited to send official delegations, [42] although representatives from other countries and organisations were able to participate "in a private capacity". [43] Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, President of Portugal, criticised the decision, saying: "The president of the Republic does not go to these things in a personal capacity, he goes representing the Portuguese State." [44]

Italy

Germany

Dignitaries during the funeral from left to right in the front row, King Philippe and Queen Mathilde of Belgium, Giorgia Meloni, Prime Minister of Italy, Sergio Mattarella, President of Italy, Archbishop Paul Gallagher, Secretary for Relations with States, Elke Budenbender, First Lady of Germany, Frank-Walter Steinmeier, President of Germany. Ratzinger funeral (02).jpg
Dignitaries during the funeral from left to right in the front row, King Philippe and Queen Mathilde of Belgium, Giorgia Meloni, Prime Minister of Italy, Sergio Mattarella, President of Italy, Archbishop Paul Gallagher, Secretary for Relations with States, Elke Büdenbender, First Lady of Germany, Frank-Walter Steinmeier, President of Germany.

Other countries

Dignitaries during the funeral, from left to right in the front row, Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, President of Portugal; Andrzej Duda, President of Poland; Gitanas Nauseda, President of Lithuania; Queen Sofia of Spain; and King Philippe and Queen Mathilde of Belgium. Ratzinger funeral (10) (cropped).jpg
Dignitaries during the funeral, from left to right in the front row, Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, President of Portugal; Andrzej Duda, President of Poland; Gitanas Nausėda, President of Lithuania; Queen Sofía of Spain; and King Philippe and Queen Mathilde of Belgium.

Religious representatives

Commemorative stamp

On 31 January 2023, to commemorate the death of Benedict XVI, Vatican City released a stamp. [92]

Reactions

Argentina

Austria

Brazil

Costa Rica

United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms

Australia

  • Prime Minister Anthony Albanese said that he was "saddened to hear of the passing of Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI, this evening. May he rest in eternal peace." [100]
  • Archbishop of Sydney Anthony Fisher said that Benedict XVI "was the gentlest of men, I found this in my several meetings with him. In the end, what mattered to him was being faithful to Jesus Christ and being loving toward Christ's people, and that he did in spades." [100]
  • In a statement issued soon after the news broke from the Vatican, the President of the Australian Catholic Bishops Conference (ACBC), Archbishop Timothy Costelloe SDB, said the late German-born Pope will long be remembered fondly in Australia as the Pontiff who led young people from around the globe in prayer at World Youth Day in Sydney in 2008. "From his time as an expert adviser at the Second Vatican Council onwards, there was no question that Joseph Ratzinger was a major figure within the Church around the world, he said. "His papacy will be remembered as one of rich teaching, including his encyclicals on love, hope and truth, as well as his book series Jesus of Nazareth, and for important reforms in areas like liturgy and in the handling of child sexual abuse." [101]

Canada

  • Prime Minister Justin Trudeau said that Benedict XVI "was an accomplished theologian and scholar, and he was an inspiration to millions." [102]
  • Leader of the Official Opposition Pierre Poilievre said that Benedict XVI "offered humble service and a wealth of rich theological depth for more than a billion Catholic faithful." [102]
  • Bishop Raymond Poisson, President of the Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops, said Benedict XVI "leaves behind a great legacy of teaching that will continue to inspire us." [102]

United Kingdom

  • Prime Minister Rishi Sunak released a statement, saying that he was "saddened to learn of the death of Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI. He was a great theologian whose UK visit in 2010 was an historic moment for both Catholics and non-Catholics throughout our country." [103]
  • Anglican Archbishop of Canterbury Justin Welby released a statement, saying that Pope Benedict XVI "was one of the greatest theologians of his age – committed to the faith of the Church and stalwart in its defence. In all things, not least in his writing and his preaching, he looked to Jesus Christ, the image of the invisible God. It was abundantly clear that Christ was the root of his thought and the basis of his prayer." [104]
  • Latin Catholic Archbishop of Westminster Vincent Nichols released a statement, saying that Benedict "will be remembered as one of the great theologians of the 20th century" and that he was "through and through a gentleman, through and through a scholar, through and through a pastor, through and through a man of God." [105]
  • Latin Catholic Archbishop of Cardiff Mark O'Toole released a statement, saying that Benedict XVI's "encounter with Jesus Christ gave the whole of his life a new horizon and a definitive direction." [106]
  • Ukrainian Greek Catholic Bishop of London Kenneth Nowakowski said "Benedict XVI understood travails of Ukrainian Catholics", adding that the pope had "suffered fascism, lived through the Nazi era, and understood the destruction of our Church under the Communists." [107]

Czech Republic

Denmark

Fiji

France

Germany

India

Indonesia

Ireland

Israel

Italy

Japan

Luxembourg

Mexico

Netherlands

Norway

Palestine

Paraguay

Philippines

Poland

Portugal

Romania

Russia

Seychelles

Singapore

South Africa

South Korea

Spain

Taiwan (Republic of China)

Thailand

Ukraine

United States

European Union

European Commission

  • President Ursula von der Leyen stated she was saddened by his death. "My thoughts go out to all Catholics." She explicitly mentioned his resignation in 2013, which she said "sent a strong signal". "He saw himself first and foremost as a servant to God and his Church." [112]

European Parliament

United Nations

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The Republic of China (ROC) has official diplomatic relations with the Holy See instead of the People's Republic of China (PRC) under the One China policy. The ROC formerly ruled Mainland China and the territory has since been restricted to Taiwan and the other surrounding islands following the conclusion of the Second Chinese Civil War in 1949. See also Political status of Taiwan.

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References

  1. ↑ Messia, Hada; Pearson, Michael (11 February 2013). "Too tired to go on, Pope Benedict resigns". CNN. Archived from the original on 31 December 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
  2. ↑ "Former Pope Benedict XVI dies at 95". NBC News. 31 December 2022. Archived from the original on 31 December 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
  3. ↑ Cullinane, Susannah (11 February 2013). "Pope Benedict XVI's resignation explained". CNN. Archived from the original on 31 December 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
  4. ↑ "Pope Benedict XVI resigns owing to age and declining health". The Guardian. 11 February 2013. Archived from the original on 31 December 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
  5. ↑ Ramos Diaz, Ary Waldir (28 October 2017). "Pope Benedict has black eye in new photos". Aleteia. Archived from the original on 31 December 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
  6. ↑ "Georg Ratzinger ist gestorben". katholisch.de (in German). Archived from the original on 2 November 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
  7. ↑ Christine (4 August 2020). "Vatican Confirms Pope Benedict Is Ill, But Says Condition 'Not Serious'". The Tablet. Archived from the original on 31 December 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
  8. ↑ "Benedict XVI 'having trouble speaking' – new cardinal". ANSA.it. 2 December 2020. Archived from the original on 31 December 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
  9. ↑ "Benedict XVI becomes oldest pope in history". France 24. Agence France-Presse. 4 September 2020. Archived from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
  10. ↑ "Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI 'very sick', says Pope Francis". The Guardian. 28 December 2022. Archived from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
  11. ↑ Bordoni, Linda (28 December 2022). "Pope Francis asks for prayers for Benedict XVI – Vatican News". Vatican News. Archived from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
  12. ↑ Brockhaus, Hannah (28 December 2022). "Vatican: Benedict XVI under medical care as health takes sudden turn". Catholic News Agency. Archived from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
  13. ↑ "Farewell to Benedict XVI: 'Humble worker in vineyard of the Lord'". Vatican News. 31 December 2022. Archived from the original on 31 December 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
  14. ↑ Brockhaus, Hannah (29 December 2022). "Vatican: Benedict XVI is absolutely lucid and alert, but his condition remains serious". Catholic News Agency. Archived from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
  15. ↑ Wimmer, AC (30 December 2022). "Vatican: Benedict XVI has rested well, his condition is stable". Catholic News Agency. Archived from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
  16. ↑ "Cardinal De Donatis presides over special Mass for Benedict XVI". Vatican News. 30 December 2022. Archived from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
  17. ↑ "ACTA APOSTOLICAE SEDIS" (PDF).
  18. ↑ "Former Pope Benedict XVI dies at 95". BBC News. 31 December 2022. Archived from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
  19. ↑ Tornielli, Andrea (1 January 2023). "Benedict XVI's last words: "Lord, I love you!"". Vatican News. Archived from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
  20. ↑ Tornielli, Andrea (1 January 2023). "Le ultime parole di Benedetto XVI: 'Signore ti amo!'" [Benedict XVI's last words: 'Lord, I love you!']. Vatican News (in Italian). Archived from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
  21. ↑ "The Spiritual Testament of Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI". Vatican News. 31 December 2022. Archived from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
  22. ↑ Brockhaus, Hannah; Mares, Courtney (31 December 2022). "Pope Francis' first words about Benedict XVI after his death". Catholic News Agency. Archived from the original on 7 January 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
  23. ↑ Horowitz, Jason; Povoledo, Elisabetta (31 December 2022). "Pope Benedict XVI Dies: Updates: Pope Francis Will Preside Over Benedict's Funeral on Thursday". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on 31 December 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
  24. ↑ Brockhaus, Hannah. "Vatican shares first photos of Benedict XVI after death". Catholic News Agency. Archived from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
  25. 1 2 O'Connell, Gerard (4 January 2023). "What you need to know about the historic funeral of Pope Benedict XVI". America. Archived from the original on 4 January 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
  26. ↑ Gallagher, Della; Di Donato, Valentina; Noor Haq, Sana (2 January 2023). "Former Pope Benedict XVI lies in state in St. Peter's Basilica ahead of funeral". CNN. Archived from the original on 2 January 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
  27. ↑ Nanu, Maighna (5 January 2023). "Thousands of mourners gather for Pope Benedict's funeral – watch live". The Telegraph. ISSN   0307-1235. Archived from the original on 5 January 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
  28. 1 2 "Deed of Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI placed in casket". Vatican News. 5 January 2023. Archived from the original on 5 January 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
  29. ↑ Mares, Courtney (3 January 2023). "Here are the prayers that will be offered at Benedict XVI's funeral Mass". Catholic News Agency. Archived from the original on 4 January 2023. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  30. ↑ Watkins, Devin (3 January 2023). "Pope Francis to preside at Requiem Mass for Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI". Vatican News. Archived from the original on 4 January 2023. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  31. ↑ "The Roman Canon won't be used at Benedict XVI's funeral Mass. Is that a big deal?". The Pillar. 4 January 2023. Archived from the original on 6 January 2023. Retrieved 6 January 2023.
  32. ↑ Mares, Courtney; Brockhaus, Hannah (5 January 2023). "Benedict XVI's funeral: Tens of thousands attend simple, solemn liturgy for beloved pope emeritus". Catholic News Agency. Archived from the original on 5 January 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
  33. ↑ Office of Papal Liturgical Celebrations (2023). Messa Esequiale per il Sommo Pontefice Emerito Benedetto XVI presieduta dal Santo Padre Francesco (PDF). Tipografia Vaticana. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 January 2023. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  34. ↑ "I funerali di Benedetto XVI, l'omelia di Papa Francesco: "Ha testimoniato il Vangelo nella sua vita"" (in Italian). RAI News. 5 January 2023. Archived from the original on 5 January 2023. Retrieved 6 January 2023.
  35. ↑ Giuffrida, Angela (5 January 2023). "Pope Benedict XVI laid to rest as 50,000 pay respects in St Peter's Square". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 5 January 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
  36. ↑ "Why 'Santo subito?' - The Catholics who say Benedict XVI was a saint". The Pillar. 5 January 2023. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
  37. 1 2 Horowitz, Jason; Graham, Ruth (5 January 2023). "Some find fault with Francis' homily for Benedict". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 5 January 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
  38. 1 2 3 Rocca, Francis X. (5 January 2023). "Pope Benedict XVI Funeral: Pope Francis Presides Over Vatican Ceremony". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 5 January 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
  39. ↑ Tornielli, Andrea (4 January 2023). "The last time a Pope celebrated the funeral of his predecessor was in 1802". Vatican News. Archived from the original on 4 January 2023. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  40. ↑ "Live Updates | The funeral of Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI". AP NEWS. 5 January 2023. Archived from the original on 5 January 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
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