Filter (higher-order function)

In functional programming, filter is a higher-order function that processes a data structure (usually a list) in some order to produce a new data structure containing exactly those elements of the original data structure for which a given predicate returns the Boolean value true.

Example

In Haskell, the code example

filtereven[1..10]

evaluates to the list 2, 4, …, 10 by applying the predicate even to every element of the list of integers 1, 2, …, 10 in that order and creating a new list of those elements for which the predicate returns the Boolean value true, thereby giving a list containing only the even members of that list. Conversely, the code example

filter(not.even)[1..10]

evaluates to the list 1, 3, …, 9 by collecting those elements of the list of integers 1, 2, …, 10 for which the predicate even returns the Boolean value false (with . being the function composition operator).

Visual example

Below, you can see a view of each step of the filter process for a list of integers X = [0, 5, 8, 3, 2, 1] according to the function :$${\displaystyle f(x)={\begin{cases}\mathrm {True} &{\text{ if }}x\equiv 0{\pmod {2}}\\\mathrm {False} &{\text{ if }}x\equiv 1{\pmod {2}}.\end{cases}}}$$

This function express that if ${\displaystyle x}$ is even the return value is ${\displaystyle \mathrm {True} }$, otherwise it's ${\displaystyle \mathrm {False} }$. This is the predicate.

View of processing steps when applying filter function on a list

Language comparison

Filter is a standard function for many programming languages, e.g., Haskell, ^[1] OCaml, ^[2] Standard ML, ^[3] or Erlang. ^[4] Common Lisp provides the functions remove-if and remove-if-not. ^[5] Scheme Requests for Implementation (SRFI) 1 provides an implementation of filter for the language Scheme. ^[6] C++ provides the algorithms remove_if (mutating) and remove_copy_if (non-mutating); C++11 additionally provides copy_if (non-mutating). ^[7] Smalltalk provides the select: method for collections. Filter can also be realized using list comprehensions in languages that support them.

In Haskell, filter can be implemented like this:

filter::(a->Bool)->[a]->[a]filter_[]=[]filterp(x:xs)=[x|px]++filterpxs

Here, [] denotes the empty list, ++ the list concatenation operation, and [x | p x] denotes a list conditionally holding a value, x, if the condition p x holds (evaluates to True).

Filter in various languages

Language	Filter	Notes
APL	(predarray)/array or pred{⍵/⍨⍺⍺⍵}array	The second example is an APL dop.
C# 3.0	ienum.Where(pred) or The where clause	Where is an extension method ienum is an IEnumerable Similarly in all .NET languages
CFML	obj.filter(func)	Where obj is an array or a structure. The func receives as an argument each element's value.
Clojure	(filter predicatelist) [8]	Or, via list comprehension: (for [x list :when (pred x)] x)
Common Lisp	(remove-if inverted-predlist) (remove-if (complement pred) list) (remove-if-not predlist)	The function remove-if-not has been deprecated [5] in favor of the equivalent remove-if where the predicate is complemented. [9] Thus the filter (remove-if-not#'oddp'(0123)) should be written (remove-if(complement#'oddp)'(0123)) or more simply: (remove-if#'evenp'(0123)) where evenp returns the inverted value of oddp. [10]
C++	std::remove_copy_if(begin, end, result, prednot) std::copy_if(begin, end, result, pred) (C++11)	in header <algorithm> begin, end, result are iterators predicate is reversed
D	std.algorithm.filter!(pred)(list)
Erlang	lists:filter(Fun, List)	Or, via list comprehension: [ X || X <- List, Fun(X) ]
Groovy	list.findAll(pred)
Haskell	filter predlist	Or, via list comprehension: [x | x <- list, pred x]
Haxe	list.filter(pred) Lambda.filter(list, pred)	Or, via list comprehension: [x | x <- list, pred x]
J	(#~ pred) list	An example of a monadic hook. # is copy, ~ reverses arguments. (f g) y = y f (g y)
Julia	filter(pred, array)	The filter function also accepts dict datatype. Or, via list comprehension: [x for x in array if pred(x)]
Java 8+	stream.filter(pred)
JavaScript 1.6	array.filter(pred)
Kotlin	array.filter(pred)
Mathematica	Select[list, pred]
Objective-C (Cocoa in Mac OS X 10.4+)	[array filteredArrayUsingPredicate:pred]	pred is an NSPredicate object, which may be limited in expressiveness
F#, OCaml, Standard ML	List.filter predlist
PARI/GP	select(expr, list)	The order of arguments is reversed in v. 2.4.2.
Perl	grep blocklist grep expr, list
PHP	array_filter(array, pred)
Prolog	filter(+Closure,+List,-List)	Since ISO/IEC 13211-1:1995/Cor.2:2012 [11] the core standard contains closure application via call/N [12]
Python	filter(func, list)	Or, via list comprehension: [x for x in list if pred(x)]. In Python 3, filter was changed to return an iterator rather than a list. [13] The complementary functionality, returning an iterator over elements for which the predicate is false, is also available in the standard library as filterfalse in the itertools module.
Ruby	enum.find_all {block} enum.select {block}	enum is an Enumeration
Rust	iterator.filter(pred)	iterator is an Iterator and the filter method returns a new iterator; pred is a function (specifically FnMut ) that receives the iterator's item and returns a bool
S, R	Filter(pred,array) array[pred(array)]	In the second case, pred must be a vectorized function
Scala	list.filter(pred)	Or, via for-comprehension: for(x <- list; if pred) yield x
Scheme R6RS	(filter predlist) (remove inverted predlist) (partition predlistlist)
Smalltalk	aCollection select: aBlock
Swift	array.filter(pred) filter(sequence, pred)
XPath, XQuery	list[block] filter(list, func)	In block the context item . holds the current value

Variants

Filter creates its result without modifying the original list. Many programming languages also provide variants that destructively modify the list argument instead for faster performance. Other variants of filter (e.g., Haskell dropWhile ^[14] and partition ^[15] ) are also common. A common memory optimization for purely functional programming languages is to have the input list and filtered result share the longest common tail (tail-sharing).

See also

• Map (higher-order function)
• List comprehension
• Guard (computing)

References

1. filter in the Haskell Standard Prelude
2. filter in the OCaml standard library module list
3. "The List structure". The Standard ML Basis Library. Retrieved 2007-09-25.
4. filter/2 in the Erlang STDLIB Reference Manual documentation of the module lists
5. FunctionREMOVE, REMOVE-IF, REMOVE-IF-NOT, DELETE, DELETE-IF, DELETE-IF-NOT in the Common Lisp HyperSpec
6. filter in SRFI 1
7. remove_if and remove_copy_if in the SGI Standard Template Library (STL) spec
8. clojure.core/filter on ClojureDocs
9. FunctionCOMPLEMENT in the Common Lisp HyperSpec
10. FunctionEVENP, ODDP in the Common Lisp HyperSpec
11. ISO/IEC 13211-1:1995/Cor 2:2012
12. "Draft technical corrigendum 2".
13. "Built-in Functions — Python 3.9.0 documentation". docs.python.org. Retrieved 2020-10-28.
14. Haskell filter dropWhile
15. Haskell filter partition