R (programming language)

Last updated

R
R logo.svg
R terminal.jpg
R terminal
Paradigms Multi-paradigm: procedural, object-oriented, functional, reflective, imperative, array [1]
Designed by Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman
Developer R Core Team
First appearedAugust 1993;31 years ago (1993-08)
Stable release
4.4.2 [2]   OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg / 31 October 2024;3 months ago (31 October 2024)
Typing discipline Dynamic
Platform arm64 and x86-64
License GPL-2.0-or-later [3]
Filename extensions
  • .r [4]
  • .rdata
  • .rhistory
  • .rds
  • .rda [5]
Website r-project.org
Influenced by
Influenced
Julia [7] pandas [8]

R is a programming language for statistical computing and data visualization. It has been adopted in the fields of data mining, bioinformatics and data analysis. [9]

Contents

The core R language is augmented by a large number of extension packages, containing reusable code, documentation, and sample data.

R software is open-source and free software. It is licensed by the GNU Project and available under the GNU General Public License. [3] It is written primarily in C, Fortran, and R itself. Precompiled executables are provided for various operating systems.

As an interpreted language, R has a native command line interface. Moreover, multiple third-party graphical user interfaces are available, such as RStudio—an integrated development environment—and Jupyter—a notebook interface.

History

Ross Ihaka, co-originator of R Ross Ihaka (5189180796).jpg
Ross Ihaka, co-originator of R
Robert Gentleman, co-originator of R Robert Gentleman on R Consortium.jpg
Robert Gentleman, co-originator of R

R was started by professors Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman as a programming language to teach introductory statistics at the University of Auckland. [10] The language was inspired by the S programming language, with most S programs able to run unaltered in R. [6] The language was also inspired by Scheme's lexical scoping, allowing for local variables. [1]

The name of the language, R, comes from being both an S language successor as well as the shared first letter of the authors, Ross and Robert. [11] In August 1993, Ihaka and Gentleman posted a binary of R on StatLib — a data archive website. [12] At the same time, they announced the posting on the s-news mailing list. [13] On December 5, 1997, R became a GNU project when version 0.60 was released. [14] On February 29, 2000, the 1.0 version was released. [15]

Packages

Violin plot created from the R visualization package ggplot2 Ggplot2 Violin Plot.png
Violin plot created from the R visualization package ggplot2

R packages are collections of functions, documentation, and data that expand R. [16] For example, packages add report features such as RMarkdown, Quarto, [17] knitr and Sweave. Packages also add the capability to implement various statistical techniques such as linear, generalized linear and nonlinear modeling, classical statistical tests, spatial analysis, time-series analysis, and clustering. Easy package installation and use have contributed to the language's adoption in data science. [18]

Base packages are immediately available when starting R and provide the necessary syntax and commands for programming, computing, graphics production, basic arithmetic, and statistical functionality. [19]

The Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN) was founded in 1997 by Kurt Hornik and Friedrich Leisch to host R's source code, executable files, documentation, and user-created packages. [20] Its name and scope mimic the Comprehensive TeX Archive Network and the Comprehensive Perl Archive Network. [20] CRAN originally had three mirrors and 12 contributed packages. [21] As of 16 October 2024, it has 99 mirrors [22] and 21,513 contributed packages. [23] Packages are also available on repositories R-Forge, Omegahat, and GitHub. [24] [25] [26]

The Task Views on the CRAN web site list packages in fields such as causal inference, finance, genetics, high-performance computing, machine learning, medical imaging, meta-analysis, social sciences, and spatial statistics.

The Bioconductor project provides packages for genomic data analysis, complementary DNA, microarray, and high-throughput sequencing methods.

The tidyverse package bundles several subsidiary packages that provide a common interface for tasks related to accessing and processing "tidy data", [27] data contained in a two-dimensional table with a single row for each observation and a single column for each variable. [28]

Installing a package occurs only once. For example, to install the tidyverse package: [28] 

> install.packages("tidyverse")

To load the functions, data, and documentation of a package, one executes the library() function. To load tidyverse: [a] 

> # Package name can be enclosed in quotes> library("tidyverse")> # But also the package name can be called without quotes> library(tidyverse)

Interfaces

R comes installed with a command line console. Available for installation are various integrated development environments (IDE). IDEs for R include R.app [29] (OSX/macOS only), Rattle GUI, R Commander, RKWard, RStudio, and Tinn-R. [30]

General purpose IDEs that support R include Eclipse via the StatET plugin and Visual Studio via R Tools for Visual Studio.

Editors that support R include Emacs, Vim via the Nvim-R plugin, Kate, LyX via Sweave, WinEdt (website), and Jupyter (website).

Scripting languages that support R include Python (website), Perl (website), Ruby (source code), F# (website), and Julia (source code).

General purpose programming languages that support R include Java via the Rserve socket server, and .NET C# (website).

Statistical frameworks which use R in the background include Jamovi and JASP.

Community

The R Core Team was founded in 1997 to maintain the R source code. The R Foundation for Statistical Computing was founded in April 2003 to provide financial support. The R Consortium is a Linux Foundation project to develop R infrastructure.

The R Journal is an open access, academic journal which features short to medium-length articles on the use and development of R. It includes articles on packages, programming tips, CRAN news, and foundation news.

The R community hosts many conferences and in-person meetups - see the community maintained GitHub list. These groups include:

Implementations

The main R implementation is written primarily in C, Fortran, and R itself. Other implementations include:

Microsoft R Open (MRO) was an R implementation. As of 30 June 2021, Microsoft started to phase out MRO in favor of the CRAN distribution. [33]

Commercial support

Although R is an open-source project, some companies provide commercial support:

Examples

Hello, World!

"Hello, World!" program:

> print("Hello, World!")[1] "Hello, World!"

Basic syntax

The following examples illustrate the basic syntax of the language and use of the command-line interface. (An expanded list of standard language features can be found in the R manual, "An Introduction to R". [34] )

In R, the generally preferred assignment operator is an arrow made from two characters <-, although = can be used in some cases. [35] 

> x<-1:6# Create a numeric vector in the current environment> y<-x^2# Create vector based on the values in x.> print(y)# Print the vector’s contents.[1]  1  4  9 16 25 36> z<-x+y# Create a new vector that is the sum of x and y> z# Return the contents of z to the current environment.[1]  2  6 12 20 30 42> z_matrix<-matrix(z,nrow=3)# Create a new matrix that turns the vector z into a 3x2 matrix object> z_matrix     [,1] [,2][1,]    2   20[2,]    6   30[3,]   12   42> 2*t(z_matrix)-2# Transpose the matrix, multiply every element by 2, subtract 2 from each element in the matrix, and return the results to the terminal.     [,1] [,2] [,3][1,]    2   10   22[2,]   38   58   82> new_df<-data.frame(t(z_matrix),row.names=c("A","B"))# Create a new data.frame object that contains the data from a transposed z_matrix, with row names 'A' and 'B'> names(new_df)<-c("X","Y","Z")# Set the column names of new_df as X, Y, and Z.> print(new_df)# Print the current results.   X  Y  ZA  2  6 12B 20 30 42> new_df$Z# Output the Z column[1] 12 42> new_df$Z==new_df['Z']&&new_df[3]==new_df$Z# The data.frame column Z can be accessed using $Z, ['Z'], or [3] syntax and the values are the same. [1] TRUE> attributes(new_df)# Print attributes information about the new_df object$names[1] "X" "Y" "Z"$row.names[1] "A" "B"$class[1] "data.frame"> attributes(new_df)$row.names<-c("one","two")# Access and then change the row.names attribute; can also be done using rownames()> new_df     X  Y  Zone  2  6 12two 20 30 42

Structure of a function

One of R's strengths is the ease of creating new functions. [36] Objects in the function body remain local to the function, and any data type may be returned. In R, almost all functions and all user-defined functions are closures. [37]

Create a function:

# The input parameters are x and y.# The function returns a linear combination of x and y.f<-function(x,y){z<-3*x+4*y# an explicit return() statement is optional, could be replaced with simply `z`return(z)}

Usage output:

> f(1,2)[1] 11> f(c(1,2,3),c(5,3,4))[1] 23 18 25> f(1:3,4)[1] 19 22 25

It is possible to define functions to be used as infix operators with the special syntax `%name%` where "name" is the function variable name:

> `%sumx2y2%`<-function(e1,e2){e1^2+e2^2}> 1:3%sumx2y2%-(1:3)[1]  2  8 18

Since version 4.1.0 functions can be written in a short notation, which is useful for passing anonymous functions to higher-order functions: [38] 

> sapply(1:5,\(i)i^2)# here \(i) is the same as function(i) [1]  1  4  9 16 25

Native pipe operator

In R version 4.1.0, a native pipe operator, |>, was introduced. [39] This operator allows users to chain functions together one after another, instead of a nested function call.

> nrow(subset(mtcars,cyl==4))# Nested without the pipe character[1] 11> mtcars|>subset(cyl==4)|>nrow()# Using the pipe character[1] 11

Another alternative to nested functions, in contrast to using the pipe character, is using intermediate objects:

> mtcars_subset_rows<-subset(mtcars,cyl==4)> num_mtcars_subset<-nrow(mtcars_subset_rows)> print(num_mtcars_subset)[1] 11

While the pipe operator can produce code that is easier to read, it has been advised to pipe together at most 10 to 15 lines and chunk code into sub-tasks which are saved into objects with meaningful names. [40] Here is an example with fewer than 10 lines that some readers may still struggle to grasp without intermediate named steps:

(\(x,n=42,key=c(letters,LETTERS," ",":",")"))strsplit(x,"")[[1]]|>(Vectorize(\(chr)which(chr==key)-1))()|>(`+`)(n)|>(`%%`)(length(key))|>(\(i)key[i+1])()|>paste(collapse=""))("duvFkvFksnvEyLkHAErnqnoyr")

Object-oriented programming

The R language has native support for object-oriented programming. There are two native frameworks, the so-called S3 and S4 systems. The former, being more informal, supports single dispatch on the first argument and objects are assigned to a class by just setting a "class" attribute in each object. The latter is a Common Lisp Object System (CLOS)-like system of formal classes (also derived from S) and generic methods that supports multiple dispatch and multiple inheritance [41]

In the example, summary is a generic function that dispatches to different methods depending on whether its argument is a numeric vector or a "factor":

> data<-c("a","b","c","a",NA)> summary(data)   Length     Class      Mode         5 character character > summary(as.factor(data))   a    b    c NA's    2    1    1    1

Modeling and plotting

Diagnostic plots from plotting "model" (q.v. "plot.lm()" function). Notice the mathematical notation allowed in labels (lower left plot). Plots from lm example.svg
Diagnostic plots from plotting “model” (q.v. “plot.lm()” function). Notice the mathematical notation allowed in labels (lower left plot).

The R language has built-in support for data modeling and graphics. The following example shows how R can generate and plot a linear model with residuals.

# Create x and y valuesx<-1:6y<-x^2# Linear regression model y = A + B * xmodel<-lm(y~x)# Display an in-depth summary of the modelsummary(model)# Create a 2 by 2 layout for figurespar(mfrow=c(2,2))# Output diagnostic plots of the modelplot(model)

Output:

Residuals:      1       2       3       4       5       6       7       8      9      10 3.3333 -0.6667 -2.6667 -2.6667 -0.6667  3.3333Coefficients:            Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)   (Intercept)  -9.3333     2.8441  -3.282 0.030453 * x             7.0000     0.7303   9.585 0.000662 ***---Signif. codes:  0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1Residual standard error: 3.055 on 4 degrees of freedomMultiple R-squared:  0.9583, Adjusted R-squared:  0.9478F-statistic: 91.88 on 1 and 4 DF,  p-value: 0.000662

Mandelbrot set

"Mandelbrot.gif" graphic created in R. (Note: Colors differ from actual output.) Mandelbrot Creation Animation.gif
"Mandelbrot.gif" graphic created in R. (Note: Colors differ from actual output.)

This Mandelbrot set example highlights the use of complex numbers. It models the first 20 iterations of the equation z = z2 + c, where c represents different complex constants.

Install the package that provides the write.gif() function beforehand:

install.packages("caTools")

R Source code:

library(caTools)jet.colors<-colorRampPalette(c("green","pink","#007FFF","cyan","#7FFF7F","white","#FF7F00","red","#7F0000"))dx<-1500# define widthdy<-1400# define heightC<-complex(real=rep(seq(-2.2,1.0,length.out=dx),each=dy),imag=rep(seq(-1.2,1.2,length.out=dy),times=dx))# reshape as matrix of complex numbersC<-matrix(C,dy,dx)# initialize output 3D arrayX<-array(0,c(dy,dx,20))Z<-0# loop with 20 iterationsfor (kin1:20){# the central difference equationZ<-Z^2+C# capture the resultsX[,,k]<-exp(-abs(Z))}write.gif(X,"Mandelbrot.gif",col=jet.colors,delay=100)

Version names

CD of R Version 1.0.0, autographed by the core team of R, photographed R in Quebec City in 2019 CD of R 1 0 0.png
CD of R Version 1.0.0, autographed by the core team of R, photographed R in Quebec City in 2019

All R version releases from 2.14.0 onward have codenames that make reference to Peanuts comics and films. [42] [43] [44]

In 2018, core R developer Peter Dalgaard presented a history of R releases since 1997. [45] Some notable early releases before the named releases include:

The idea of naming R version releases was inspired by the Debian and Ubuntu version naming system. Dalgaard also noted that another reason for the use of Peanuts references for R codenames is because, "everyone in statistics is a P-nut". [45]

R release codenames
VersionRelease dateNamePeanuts referenceReference
4.4.22024-10-31Pile of Leaves [46] [47]
4.4.12024-06-14Race for Your Life [48] [49]
4.4.02024-04-24Puppy Cup [50] [51]
4.3.32024-02-29Angel Food Cake [52] [53]
4.3.22023-10-31Eye Holes [54] [55]
4.3.12023-06-16Beagle Scouts [56] [57]
4.3.02023-04-21Already Tomorrow [58] [59] [60] [61]
4.2.32023-03-15Shortstop Beagle [62] [63]
4.2.22022-10-31Innocent and Trusting [64] [65]
4.2.12022-06-23Funny-Looking Kid [66] [67] [68] [69] [70] [71] [72]
4.2.02022-04-22Vigorous Calisthenics [73] [74]
4.1.32022-03-10One Push-Up [73] [75]
4.1.22021-11-01Bird Hippie [76] [77] [75]
4.1.12021-08-10Kick Things [78] [79]
4.1.02021-05-18Camp Pontanezen [80] [81]
4.0.52021-03-31Shake and Throw [82] [83]
4.0.42021-02-15Lost Library Book [84] [85] [86] [87]
4.0.32020-10-10Bunny-Wunnies Freak Out [88] [89]
4.0.22020-06-22Taking Off Again [90] [91]
4.0.12020-06-06See Things Now [92] [93]
4.0.02020-04-24Arbor Day [94] [95]
3.6.32020-02-29Holding the Windsock [96] [97]
3.6.22019-12-12Dark and Stormy NightSee It was a dark and stormy night#Literature [98] [99]
3.6.12019-07-05Action of the Toes [100] [101]
3.6.02019-04-26Planting of a Tree [102] [103]
3.5.32019-03-11Great Truth [104] [105]
3.5.22018-12-20Eggshell Igloos [106] [107]
3.5.12018-07-02Feather Spray [108] [109]
3.5.02018-04-23Joy in Playing [110] [111]
3.4.42018-03-15Someone to Lean On [112] [ better source needed ] [113]
3.4.32017-11-30Kite-Eating TreeSee Kite-Eating Tree [114] [115]
3.4.22017-09-28Short SummerSee It Was a Short Summer, Charlie Brown [116]
3.4.12017-06-30Single Candle [117] [118]
3.4.02017-04-21You Stupid Darkness [117] [119]
3.3.32017-03-06Another Canoe [120] [121]
3.3.22016-10-31Sincere Pumpkin Patch [122] [123]
3.3.12016-06-21Bug in Your Hair [124] [125]
3.3.02016-05-03Supposedly Educational [126] [127]
3.2.52016-04-11Very, Very Secure Dishes [128] [129] [130] [131]
3.2.42016-03-11Very Secure Dishes [128] [132]
3.2.32015-12-10Wooden Christmas-TreeSee A Charlie Brown Christmas [133] [134]
3.2.22015-08-14Fire Safety [135] [136] [137]
3.2.12015-06-18World-Famous Astronaut [138] [139]
3.2.02015-04-16Full of Ingredients [140] [141]
3.1.32015-03-09Smooth Sidewalk [142] [ page needed ] [143]
3.1.22014-10-31Pumpkin HelmetSee You're a Good Sport, Charlie Brown [144]
3.1.12014-07-10Sock it to Me [145] [146] [147] [148] [149]
3.1.02014-04-10Spring Dance [100] [150]
3.0.32014-03-06Warm Puppy [151] [152]
3.0.22013-09-25Frisbee Sailing [153] [154]
3.0.12013-05-16Good Sport [155] [156]
3.0.02013-04-03Masked Marvel [157] [158]
2.15.32013-03-01Security Blanket [159] [160]
2.15.22012-10-26Trick or Treat [161] [162]
2.15.12012-06-22Roasted Marshmallows [163] [164]
2.15.02012-03-30Easter Beagle [165] [166]
2.14.22012-02-29Gift-Getting SeasonSee It's the Easter Beagle, Charlie Brown [167] [168]
2.14.12011-12-22December Snowflakes [169] [170]
2.14.02011-10-31Great PumpkinSee It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown [171] [172]
r-develN/AUnsuffered Consequences [173] [45]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ This displays to standard error a listing of all the packages that tidyverse depends upon. It may also display warnings showing namespace conflicts, which may typically be ignored.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Morandat, Frances; Hill, Brandon; Osvald, Leo; Vitek, Jan (11 June 2012). "Evaluating the design of the R language: objects and functions for data analysis". European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming. 2012: 104–131. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-31057-7_6 . Retrieved 17 May 2016– via SpringerLink.
  2. ↑ Peter Dalgaard (31 October 2024). "4.4.2 is released" . Retrieved 1 November 2024.
  3. 1 2 "R - Free Software Directory". directory.fsf.org. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
  4. ↑ "R scripts". mercury.webster.edu. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
  5. ↑ "R Data Format Family (.rdata, .rda)". Loc.gov. 9 June 2017. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
  6. 1 2 Hornik, Kurt; The R Core Team (12 April 2022). "R FAQ". The Comprehensive R Archive Network . 3.3 What are the differences between R and S?. Archived from the original on 28 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
  7. ↑ "Introduction". The Julia Manual. Archived from the original on 20 June 2018. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
  8. ↑ "Comparison with R". pandas Getting started. Retrieved 15 July 2024.
  9. ↑ Giorgi, Federico M.; Ceraolo, Carmine; Mercatelli, Daniele (27 April 2022). "The R Language: An Engine for Bioinformatics and Data Science". Life. 12 (5): 648. Bibcode:2022Life...12..648G. doi: 10.3390/life12050648 . PMC   9148156 . PMID   35629316.
  10. ↑ Ihaka, Ross. "The R Project: A Brief History and Thoughts About the Future" (PDF). p. 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022. We set a goal of developing enough of a language to teach introductory statistics courses at Auckland.
  11. ↑ Hornik, Kurt; The R Core Team (12 April 2022). "R FAQ". The Comprehensive R Archive Network . 2.13 What is the R Foundation?. Archived from the original on 28 December 2022. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
  12. ↑ "Index of /datasets". lib.stat.cmu.edu. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
  13. ↑ Ihaka, Ross. "R: Past and Future History" (PDF). p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 December 2022. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
  14. ↑ Ihaka, Ross (5 December 1997). "New R Version for Unix". stat.ethz.ch. Archived from the original on 12 February 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
  15. ↑ Ihaka, Ross. "The R Project: A Brief History and Thoughts About the Future" (PDF). p. 18. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
  16. ↑ Wickham, Hadley; Cetinkaya-Rundel, Mine; Grolemund, Garrett (2023). R for Data Science, Second Edition. O'Reilly. p. xvii. ISBN   978-1-492-09740-2.
  17. ↑ "Quarto". Quarto. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
  18. ↑ Chambers, John M. (2020). "S, R, and Data Science". The R Journal. 12 (1): 462–476. doi: 10.32614/RJ-2020-028 . ISSN   2073-4859. The R language and related software play a major role in computing for data science. ... R packages provide tools for a wide range of purposes and users.
  19. ↑ Davies, Tilman M. (2016). "Installing R and Contributed Packages". The Book of R: A First Course in Programming and Statistics. San Francisco, California: No Starch Press. p. 739. ISBN   9781593276515.
  20. 1 2 Hornik, Kurt (2012). "The Comprehensive R Archive Network". WIREs Computational Statistics. 4 (4): 394–398. doi:10.1002/wics.1212. ISSN   1939-5108. S2CID   62231320.
  21. ↑ Kurt Hornik (23 April 1997). "Announce: CRAN". r-help. Wikidata   Q101068595..
  22. ↑ "The Status of CRAN Mirrors". cran.r-project.org. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
  23. ↑ "CRAN - Contributed Packages". cran.r-project.org. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
  24. ↑ "R-Forge: Welcome". r-forge.r-project.org. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
  25. ↑ "The Omega Project for Statistical Computing". www.omegahat.net. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
  26. ↑ "Build software better, together". GitHub. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
  27. ↑ Wickham, Hadley (2014). "Tidy Data" (PDF). Journal of Statistical Software. 59 (10). doi:10.18637/jss.v059.i10.
  28. 1 2 Wickham, Hadley; Cetinkaya-Rundel, Mine; Grolemund, Garrett (2023). R for Data Science, Second Edition. O'Reilly. ISBN   978-1-492-09740-2.
  29. ↑ "R for macOS". cran.r-project.org. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
  30. ↑ "IDE/Editor para Linguagem R | Tinn-R - Home". Tinn-R (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 5 September 2024.
  31. ↑ Talbot, Justin; DeVito, Zachary; Hanrahan, Pat (1 January 2012). "Riposte: A trace-driven compiler and parallel VM for vector code in R". Proceedings of the 21st international conference on Parallel architectures and compilation techniques. ACM. pp. 43–52. doi:10.1145/2370816.2370825. ISBN   9781450311823. S2CID   1989369.
  32. ↑ Jackson, Joab (16 May 2013). TIBCO offers free R to the enterprise. PC World. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
  33. ↑ "Looking to the future for R in Azure SQL and SQL Server". 30 June 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  34. ↑ "An Introduction to R. Notes on R: A Programming Environment for Data Analysis and Graphics" (PDF). Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  35. ↑ R Development Core Team. "Assignments with the = Operator" . Retrieved 11 September 2018.
  36. ↑ Kabacoff, Robert (2012). "Quick-R: User-Defined Functions". statmethods.net. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
  37. ↑ Wickham, Hadley. "Advanced R - Functional programming - Closures". adv-r.had.co.nz.
  38. ↑ "NEWS". r-project.org.
  39. ↑ "R: R News". cran.r-project.org. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
  40. ↑ Wickham, Hadley; Çetinkaya-Rundel, Mine; Grolemund, Garrett (2023). "4 Workflow: code style". R for data science: import, tidy, transform, visualize, and model data (2nd ed.). Beijing ; Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly. ISBN   978-1-4920-9740-2. OCLC   1390607935.
  41. ↑ "Class Methods" . Retrieved 25 April 2024.
  42. ↑ Monkman, Martin. Chapter 5 R Release Names | Data Science with R: A Resource Compendium.
  43. ↑ McGowan, Lucy D’Agostino (28 September 2017). "R release names". livefreeordichotomize.com. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  44. ↑ r-hub/rversions, The R-hub project of the R Consortium, 29 February 2024, retrieved 7 April 2024
  45. 1 2 3 4 Dalgaard, Peter (15 July 2018). "What's in a name? 20 years of R release management" (video). YouTube . Retrieved 9 April 2024.
  46. ↑ Schulz, Charles (15 November 1957). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for November 15, 1957 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 6 January 2025.
  47. ↑ "[Rd] R 4.4.2 is released". stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 26 December 2024.
  48. ↑ "Race for Your Life, Charlie Brown". IMDB. 3 August 1977. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
  49. ↑ "R 4.4.1 is released". stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
  50. ↑ Schulz, Charles (29 June 1980). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for June 29, 1980 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
  51. ↑ "R 4.4.0 is released". stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
  52. ↑ Schulz, Charles (29 June 1980). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for June 29, 1980 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
  53. ↑ "R 4.3.3 is released". hypatia.math.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  54. ↑ Schulz, Charles (31 October 1996). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for October 31, 1996 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
  55. ↑ "[Rd] R 4.3.2 is released". stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  56. ↑ Schulz, Charles (28 April 1979). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for April 28, 1979 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
  57. ↑ "[Rd] R 4.3.1 is released". stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
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