The PHP language has evolved without a written formal specification or standard, with the original implementation acting as the de facto standard that other implementations aimed to follow.
W3Techs reports that as of 27October2024[update] (about two years since PHP7 was discontinued and 11 months after the PHP8.3 release), PHP7 is still used by 50.0% of PHP websites, which is outdated and known to be insecure.[19][20] In addition the even more outdated (discontinued for 5+ years) and insecure PHP5 is used by 13.2% and the no longer supported PHP8.0 is also very popular. Meaning the vast majority do not use the supported versions.
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PHP/FI could be used to build simple, dynamic web applications. To accelerate bug reporting and improve the code, Lerdorf initially announced the release of PHP/FI as "Personal Home Page Tools (PHP Tools) version 1.0" on the Usenet discussion group comp.infosystems.www.authoring.cgi on 8 June 1995.[1][24] This release included basic functionality such as Perl-like variables, form handling, and the ability to embed HTML. By this point, the syntax had changed to resemble that of Perl, but was simpler, more limited, and less consistent.[13][12]
Early PHP was never intended to be a new programming language; rather, it grew organically, with Lerdorf noting in retrospect: "I don't know how to stop it [...] there was never any intent to write a programming language [...] I have absolutely no idea how to write a programming language [...] I just kept adding the next logical step on the way."[25] A development team began to form and, after months of work and beta testing, officially released PHP/FI 2 in November 1997.[26]
The fact that PHP was not originally designed, but instead was developed organically has led to inconsistent naming of functions and inconsistent ordering of their parameters.[27] In some cases, the function names were chosen to match the lower-level libraries which PHP was "wrapping",[28] while in some very early versions of PHP the length of the function names was used internally as a hash function, so names were chosen to improve the distribution of hash values.[29]
On 22 May 2000, PHP 4, powered by the Zend Engine 1.0, was released.[12] By August 2008, this branch had reached version 4.4.9. PHP4 is now no longer under development and nor are any security updates planned to be released.[32][33]
PHP 5
On 1 July 2004, PHP 5 was released, powered by the new Zend Engine II.[12] PHP5 included new features such as improved support for object-oriented programming, the PHP Data Objects (PDO) extension (which defines a lightweight and consistent interface for accessing databases), and numerous performance enhancements.[34] In 2008, PHP5 became the only stable version under development. Late static binding had been missing from previous versions of PHP, and was added in version 5.3.[35][36]
Many high-profile open-source projects ceased to support PHP4 in new code from February 5, 2008, because of the GoPHP5 initiative,[37] provided by a consortium of PHP developers promoting the transition from PHP4 to PHP5.[38][39]
Over time, PHP interpreters became available on most existing 32-bit and 64-bit operating systems, either by building them from the PHP source code or by using pre-built binaries.[40] For PHP versions 5.3 and 5.4, the only available Microsoft Windows binary distributions were 32-bit IA-32 builds,[41][42] requiring Windows 32-bit compatibility mode while using Internet Information Services (IIS) on a 64-bit Windows platform. PHP version 5.5 made the 64-bit x86-64 builds available for Microsoft Windows.[43]
Official security support for PHP 5.6 ended on 31 December 2018.[44]
PHP 6 and Unicode
PHP received mixed reviews due to lacking native Unicode support at the core language level.[45][46] In 2005, a project headed by Andrei Zmievski was initiated to bring native Unicode support throughout PHP, by embedding the International Components for Unicode (ICU) library, and representing text strings as UTF-16 internally.[47] Since this would cause major changes both to the internals of the language and to user code, it was planned to release this as version 6.0 of the language, along with other major features then in development.[48]
However, a shortage of developers who understood the necessary changes, and performance problems arising from conversion to and from UTF-16, which is rarely used in a web context, led to delays in the project.[49] As a result, a PHP5.3 release was created in 2009, with many non-Unicode features back-ported from PHP6, notably namespaces. In March 2010, the project in its current form was officially abandoned, and a PHP5.4 release was prepared to contain most remaining non-Unicode features from PHP6, such as traits and closure re-binding.[50] Initial hopes were that a new plan would be formed for Unicode integration, but by 2014 none had been adopted.[citation needed]
PHP 7
During 2014 and 2015, a new major PHP version was developed, PHP7. The numbering of this version involved some debate among internal developers.[51] While the PHP6 Unicode experiments had never been released, several articles and book titles referenced the PHP6 names, which might have caused confusion if a new release were to reuse the name.[52] After a vote, the name PHP7 was chosen.[53]
The foundation of PHP7 is a PHP branch that was originally dubbed PHP next generation (phpng). It was authored by Dmitry Stogov, Xinchen Hui and Nikita Popov,[54] and aimed to optimize PHP performance by refactoring the Zend Engine while retaining near-complete language compatibility.[55] By 14 July 2014, WordPress-based benchmarks, which served as the main benchmark suite for the phpng project, showed an almost 100% increase in performance. Changes from phpng make it easier to improve performance in future versions, as more compact data structures and other changes are seen as better suited for a successful migration to a just-in-time (JIT) compiler.[56] Because of the significant changes, the reworked Zend Engine was called Zend Engine 3, succeeding Zend Engine 2 used in PHP5.[57]
Because of the major internal changes in phpng, it must receive a new major version number of PHP, rather than a minor PHP5 release, according to PHP's release process.[58] Major versions of PHP are allowed to break backward-compatibility of code and therefore PHP7 presented an opportunity for other improvements beyond phpng that require backward-compatibility breaks.[citation needed] In particular, it involved the following changes:
Many fatal or recoverable-level legacy PHP error mechanisms were replaced with modern object-oriented exceptions.[59]
The syntax for variable dereferencing was reworked to be internally more consistent and complete, allowing the use of the operators ->, [], (),{}, and ::, with arbitrary meaningful left-side expressions.[60]
Support for legacy PHP4-style constructor methods was deprecated.[61]
The behavior of the list() operator was changed to remove support for strings.[65]
Support was removed for legacy ASP-style delimiters <% and %> and <script language="php"> ... </script>.[66]
An oversight allowing a switch statement to have multiple default clauses was fixed.[67]
Support for hexadecimal number support in some implicit conversions from strings to number types was removed.[68]
The left-shift and right-shift operators were changed to behave more consistently across platforms.[69]
Conversions between floating-point numbers and integers were changed (e.g. infinity changed to convert to zero) and implemented more consistently across platforms.[69][70]
PHP7 also included new language features. Most notably, it introduced return type declarations for functions[71] which complement the existing parameter type declarations, and support for the scalar types (integer, float, string, and boolean) in parameter and return type declarations.[72]
PHP 8
PHP8 was released on 26 November 2020, and is currently the second-most used PHP major version. PHP8 is a major version and has breaking changes from previous versions.[73][74] New features and notable changes include:
PHP 8's JIT compiler can provide substantial performance improvements for some use cases,[76][77] while (then PHP) developer Nikita Popov stated that the performance improvements for most websites will be less substantial than the upgrade from PHP5 to PHP7.[78] Substantial improvements are expected more for mathematical-type operations than for common web-development use cases.[78] Additionally, the JIT compiler provides the future potential to move some code from C to PHP, due to the performance improvements for some use cases.[79]
PHP 8 introduced the match expression.[80] The match expression is conceptually similar to a switch statement and is more compact for some use cases.[81] Because match is an expression, its result can be assigned to a variable or returned from a function.[82]
Type changes and additions
PHP 8 introduced union types, a new static return type, and a new mixed type.[73]
"Attributes", often referred to as "annotations" in other programming languages, were added in PHP8, which allow metadata to be added to classes.[73]
throw was changed from being a statement to being an expression.[83] This allows exceptions to be thrown in places that were not previously possible.[73]
Syntax changes and additions
PHP8 includes changes to allow alternate, more concise, or more consistent syntaxes in a number of scenarios. For example, the nullsafe operator is similar to the null coalescing operator??, but used when calling methods.[84] The following code snippet will not throw an error if getBirthday() returns null:
Constructor property promotion has been added as "syntactic sugar," allowing class properties to be set automatically when parameters are passed into a class constructor.[73] This reduces the amount of boilerplate code that must be written.[85]
Other minor changes include support for use of ::class on objects, which serves as an alternative for the use of get_class();[73] non-capturing catches in try-catch blocks; variable syntax tweaks to resolve inconsistencies; support for named arguments; and support for trailing commas in parameter lists, which adds consistency with support for trailing commas in other contexts, such as in arrays.[74]
Standard library changes and additions
Weak maps were added in PHP8. A WeakMap holds references to objects, but these references do not prevent such objects from being garbage collected.[86] This can provide performance improvements in scenarios where data is being cached; this is of particular relevance for object–relational mappings (ORM).[73]
Various adjustments to interfaces, such as adding support for creating DateTime objects from interfaces, and the addition of a Stringable interface that can be used for type hinting.[73]
Various new functions including str_contains(), str_starts_with(), and str_ends_with();[87]fdiv(); get_debug_type(); and get_resource_id()[73]
Type annotations were also added into PHP's C source code itself to allow internal functions and methods to have "complete type information in reflection."[88]
PHP 8.1 was released on November 25, 2021.[89] It added support for enumerations (also called "enums"), declaring properties as readonly (which prevents modification of the property after initialization), and array unpacking with string keys. The new never type can be used to indicate that a function does not return.[90]
PHP 8.2
PHP 8.2 was released on December 8, 2022.[91] New in this release are readonly classes (whose instance properties are implicitly readonly), disjunctive normal form (DNF) types, and the random extension, which provides a pseudorandom number generator with an object-oriented API,[92] Sensitive Parameter value redaction, and a ton of other features.
Officially called "Personal Home Page Tools (PHP Tools)". This is the first use of the name "PHP".[12]
Old version, no longer maintained: 2.0
1 November 1997
Officially called "PHP/FI 2.0". This is the first release that could actually be characterised as PHP, being a standalone language with many features that have endured to the present day.
Disabled register_globals by default. Data received over the network is not inserted directly into the global namespace anymore, closing possible security holes in applications.[95]
Performance improvements with the introduction of compiler variables in re-engineered PHP Engine.[103] Added PHP Data Objects (PDO) as a consistent interface for accessing databases.[105]
Namespace support; late static bindings, jump label (limited goto), anonymous functions, closures, PHP archives (phar), garbage collection for circular references, improved Windows support, sqlite3, mysqlnd as a replacement for libmysql as the underlying library for the extensions that work with MySQL, fileinfo as a replacement for mime_magic for better MIME support, the Internationalization extension, and deprecation of ereg extension.
Trait support, short array syntax support. Removed items: register_globals, safe_mode, allow_call_time_pass_reference, session_register(), session_unregister() and session_is_registered(). Built-in web server.[109] Several improvements to existing features, performance and reduced memory requirements.
Constant scalar expressions, variadic functions, argument unpacking, new exponentiation operator, extensions of the use statement for functions and constants, new phpdbg debugger as a SAPI module, and other smaller improvements.[114]
6.x
Not released
—
Abandoned version of PHP that planned to include native Unicode support.[115][116]
Zend Engine 3 (performance improvements[56] and 64-bit integer support on Windows[118]), uniform variable syntax,[60]AST-based compilation process,[119] added Closure::call(),[120] bitwise shift consistency across platforms,[121]?? (null coalesce) operator,[122]Unicode code point escape syntax,[123] return type declarations,[71] scalar type (integer, float, string and boolean) declarations,[72]<=> "spaceship" three-way comparison operator,[124]generator delegation,[125]anonymous classes,[126] simpler and more consistently available CSPRNG API,[127] replacement of many remaining internal PHP "errors" with the more modern exceptions,[59] and shorthand syntax for importing multiple items from a namespace.[128]
Flexible Heredoc and Nowdoc syntax,[140] support for reference assignment and array deconstruction with list(),[141] PCRE2 support,[142]hrtime function[143]
Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation,[75] arrays starting with a negative index,[157] stricter/saner language semantics (validation for abstract trait methods),[158] saner string to number comparisons,[159] saner numeric strings,[160]TypeError on invalid arithmetic/bitwise operators,[161] reclassification of various engine errors,[162] consistent type errors for internal functions,[163] fatal error for incompatible method signatures[164]), locale-independent float to string conversion,[165] variable syntax tweaks,[166] attributes,[167][168][169][170] named arguments,[171] match expression,[172] constructor property promotion,[173] union types,[174]mixed type,[175] static return type,[176] nullsafe operator,[84] non-capturing catches,[177]throw expression,[83] JSON extension is always available.[178]
Readonly classes,[190]null, false, and true as stand-alone types,[191][192] locale-independent case conversion,[193] disjunctive normal form types,[194] constants in traits[195]
Typed class constants,[197] dynamic class constant fetch,[198]#[\Override] attribute,[199] deep-cloning of read-only properties,[200] new json_validate function,[201] randomizer additions,[202] the command-line linter supports multiple files
Beginning on 28 June 2011, the PHP Development Team implemented a timeline for the release of new versions of PHP.[58] Under this system, at least one release should occur every month. Once per year, a minor release should occur which may include new features. Every minor release should at least be supported for two years with security and bug fixes, followed by at least one year of only security fixes, for a total of a three-year release process for every minor release. No new features, unless small and self-contained, are to be introduced into a minor release during the three-year release process.
Mascot
The elePHPant, PHP mascot
The mascot of the PHP project is the elePHPant, a blue elephant with the PHP logo on its side, designed by Vincent Pontier[204] in 1998.[205] "The (PHP) letters were forming the shape of an elephant if viewed in a sideways angle."[206] The elePHPant is sometimes differently coloured when in plush toy form.[207]
Many variations of this mascot have been made over the years. Only the elePHPants based on the original design by Vincent Pontier are considered official by the community.[208] These are collectable and some of them are extremely rare.[209]
However, as no requirement exists for PHP code to be embedded in HTML, the simplest version of Hello, World! may be written like this, with the closing tag ?> omitted as preferred in files containing pure PHP code.[210]
<?phpecho'Hello, World!';
The PHP interpreter only executes PHP code within its delimiters. Anything outside of its delimiters is not processed by PHP, although the non-PHP text is still subject to control structures described in PHP code. The most common delimiters are <?php to open and ?> to close PHP sections. The shortened form <? also exists. This short delimiter makes script files less portable since support for them can be disabled in the local PHP configuration and it is therefore discouraged.[211][212] Conversely, there is no recommendation against the echo short tag <?=.[213] Prior to PHP5.4.0, this short syntax for echo only works with the short_open_tag configuration setting enabled, while for PHP5.4.0 and later it is always available.[214][215][211] The purpose of all these delimiters is to separate PHP code from non-PHP content, such as JavaScript code or HTML markup.[216] So the shortest "Hello, World!" program written in PHP is:
<?='Hello, World!';
The first form of delimiters, <?php and ?>, in XHTML and other XML documents, creates correctly formed XML processing instructions.[217] This means that the resulting mixture of PHP code and other markups in the server-side file is itself well-formed XML.
Variables are prefixed with a dollar symbol, and a type does not need to be specified in advance. PHP5 introduced type declarations that allow functions to force their parameters to be objects of a specific class, arrays, interfaces or callback functions. However, before PHP7, type declarations could not be used with scalar types such as integers or strings.[72]
Below is an example of how PHP variables are declared and initialized.
<?php$name='John';// variable of string type being declared and initialized$age=18;// variable of integer type being declared and initialized$height=5.3;// variable of double type being declared and initializedecho$name.' is '.$height."m tall\n";// concatenating variables and stringsecho"$name is $age years old.";// interpolating variables to string?>
Unlike function and class names, variable names are case-sensitive. Both double-quoted ("") and heredoc strings provide the ability to interpolate a variable's value into the string.[218] PHP treats newlines as whitespace in the manner of a free-form language, and statements are terminated by a semicolon.[219] PHP has three types of comment syntax: /* */ marks block and inline comments; // or # are used for one-line comments.[220] The echo statement is one of several facilities PHP provides to output text.[citation needed]
In terms of keywords and language syntax, PHP is similar to C-style syntax. if conditions, for and while loops and function returns are similar in syntax to languages such as C, C++, C#, Java and Perl.[citation needed]
Data types
PHP is loosely typed. It stores integers in a platform-dependent range, either as a 32, 64 or 128-bit signedinteger equivalent to the C-language long type. Unsigned integers are converted to signed values in certain situations, which is different behaviour to many other programming languages.[221] Integer variables can be assigned using decimal (positive and negative), octal, hexadecimal, and binary notations.[citation needed]
Floating-point numbers are also stored in a platform-specific range. They can be specified using floating-point notation, or two forms of scientific notation.[222] PHP has a native Boolean type that is similar to the native Boolean types in Java and C++. Using the Boolean type conversion rules, non-zero values are interpreted as true and zero as false, as in Perl and C++.[222]
The null data type represents a variable that has no value; NULL is the only allowed value for this data type.[222]
Variables of the "resource" type represent references to resources from external sources. These are typically created by functions from a particular extension, and can only be processed by functions from the same extension; examples include file, image, and database resources.[222]
Arrays can contain elements of any type that PHP can handle, including resources, objects, and even other arrays. Order is preserved in lists of values and in hashes with both keys and values, and the two can be intermingled.[222] PHP also supports strings, which can be used with single quotes, double quotes, nowdoc or heredoc syntax.[223]
The Standard PHP Library (SPL) attempts to solve standard problems and implements efficient data access interfaces and classes.[224]
Functions
PHP defines a large array of functions in the core language and many are also available in various extensions; these functions are well documented online PHP documentation.[225] However, the built-in library has a wide variety of naming conventions and associated inconsistencies, as described under history above.
Custom functions may be defined by the developer:
functionmyAge(int$birthYear):string{// calculate the age by subtracting the birth year from the current year.$yearsOld=date('Y')-$birthYear;// return the age in a descriptive string.return$yearsOld.($yearsOld==1?' year':' years');}echo'I am currently '.myAge(1995).' old.';
As of 2024, the output of the above sample program is "I am currently 29 years old."
In lieu of function pointers, functions in PHP can be referenced by a string containing their name. In this manner, normal PHP functions can be used, for example, as callbacks or within function tables.[226] User-defined functions may be created at any time without being prototyped.[225][226] Functions may be defined inside code blocks, permitting a run-time decision as to whether or not a function should be defined. There is a function_exists function that determines whether a function with a given name has already been defined. Function calls must use parentheses, with the exception of zero-argument class constructor functions called with the PHP operator new, in which case parentheses are optional.[citation needed]
Since PHP4.0.1 create_function(), a thin wrapper around eval(), allowed normal PHP functions to be created during program execution; it was deprecated in PHP7.2 and removed in PHP8.0[227] in favor of syntax for anonymous functions or "closures"[228] that can capture variables from the surrounding scope, which was added in PHP5.3. Shorthand arrow syntax was added in PHP7.4:[229]
functiongetAdder($x){returnfn($y)=>$x+$y;}$adder=getAdder(8);echo$adder(2);// prints "10"
In the example above, getAdder() function creates a closure using passed argument $x, which takes an additional argument $y, and returns the created closure to the caller. Such a function is a first-class object, meaning that it can be stored in a variable, passed as a parameter to other functions, etc.[230]
Unusually for a dynamically typed language, PHP supports type declarations on function parameters, which are enforced at runtime. This has been supported for classes and interfaces since PHP5.0, for arrays since PHP5.1, for "callables" since PHP5.4, and scalar (integer, float, string and boolean) types since PHP7.0.[72] PHP7.0 also has type declarations for function return types, expressed by placing the type name after the list of parameters, preceded by a colon.[71] For example, the getAdder function from the earlier example could be annotated with types like so in PHP7:
functiongetAdder(int$x):Closure{returnfn(int$y):int=>$x+$y;}$adder=getAdder(8);echo$adder(2);// prints "10"echo$adder(null);// throws an exception because an incorrect type was passed$adder=getAdder([]);// would also throw an exception
By default, scalar type declarations follow weak typing principles. So, for example, if a parameter's type is int, PHP would allow not only integers, but also convertible numeric strings, floats or Booleans to be passed to that function, and would convert them.[72] However, PHP7 has a "strict typing" mode which, when used, disallows such conversions for function calls and returns within a file.[72]
PHP objects
Basic object-oriented programming functionality was added in PHP3 and improved in PHP4.[12] This allowed for PHP to gain further abstraction, making creative tasks easier for programmers using the language. Object handling was completely rewritten for PHP5, expanding the feature set and enhancing performance.[231] In previous versions of PHP, objects were handled like value types.[231] The drawback of this method was that code had to make heavy use of PHP's "reference" variables if it wanted to modify an object it was passed rather than creating a copy of it. In the new approach, objects are referenced by handle, and not by value.[citation needed]
If the developer creates a copy of an object using the reserved word clone, the Zend engine will check whether a __clone() method has been defined. If not, it will call a default __clone() which will copy the object's properties. If a __clone() method is defined, then it will be responsible for setting the necessary properties in the created object. For convenience, the engine will supply a function that imports the properties of the source object, so the programmer can start with a by-value replica of the source object and only override properties that need to be changed.[233]
The visibility of PHP properties and methods is defined using the keywordspublic, private, and protected. The default is public, if only var is used; var is a synonym for public. Items declared public can be accessed everywhere. protected limits access to inherited classes (and to the class that defines the item). private limits visibility only to the class that defines the item.[234] Objects of the same type have access to each other's private and protected members even though they are not the same instance.[citation needed]
<?phpabstractclassUser{protectedstring$name;publicfunction__construct(string$name){// make first letter uppercase and the rest lowercase$this->name=ucfirst(strtolower($name));}publicfunctiongreet():string{return"Hello, my name is ".$this->name;}abstractpublicfunctionjob():string;}classStudentextendsUser{publicfunction__construct(string$name,privatestring$course){parent::__construct($name);}publicfunctionjob():string{return"I learn ".$this->course;}}classTeacherextendsUser{publicfunction__construct(string$name,privatearray$teachingCourses){parent::__construct($name);}publicfunctionjob():string{return"I teach ".implode(", ",$this->teachingCourses);}}$students=[newStudent("Alice","Computer Science"),newStudent("Bob","Computer Science"),newStudent("Charlie","Business Studies"),];$teachers=[newTeacher("Dan",["Computer Science","Information Security"]),newTeacher("Erin",["Computer Science","3D Graphics Programming"]),newTeacher("Frankie",["Online Marketing","Business Studies","E-commerce"]),];foreach([$students,$teachers]as$users){echo$users[0]::class."s:\n";array_walk($users,function(User$user){echo"{$user->greet()}, {$user->job()}\n";});}
This program outputs the following:
Students: Hello, my name is Alice, I learn Computer Science Hello, my name is Bob, I learn Computer Science Hello, my name is Charlie, I learn Business Studies Teachers: Hello, my name is Dan, I teach Computer Science, Information Security Hello, my name is Erin, I teach Computer Science, 3D Graphics Programming Hello, my name is Frankie, I teach Online Marketing, Business Studies, E-commerce
Implementations
The only complete PHP implementation is the original, known simply as PHP. It is the most widely used and is powered by the Zend Engine. To disambiguate it from other implementations, it is sometimes unofficially called "Zend PHP". The Zend Engine compiles PHP source code on-the-fly into an internal format that it can execute, thus it works as an interpreter.[235][236] It is also the "reference implementation" of PHP, as PHP has no formal specification, and so the semantics of Zend PHP define the semantics of PHP. Due to the complex and nuanced semantics of PHP, defined by how Zend works, it is difficult for competing implementations to offer complete compatibility.[citation needed]
PHP's single-request-per-script-execution model, and the fact that the Zend Engine is an interpreter, leads to inefficiency; as a result, various products have been developed to help improve PHP performance. In order to speed up execution time and not have to compile the PHP source code every time the web page is accessed, PHP scripts can also be deployed in the PHP engine's internal format by using an opcode cache, which works by caching the compiled form of a PHP script (opcodes) in shared memory to avoid the overhead of parsing and compiling the code every time the script runs. An opcode cache, Zend Opcache, is built into PHP since version 5.5.[237] Another example of a widely used opcode cache is the Alternative PHP Cache (APC), which is available as a PECL extension.[238]
While Zend PHP is still the most popular implementation, several other implementations have been developed. Some of these are compilers or support JIT compilation, and hence offer performance benefits over Zend PHP at the expense of lacking full PHP compatibility.[citation needed] Alternative implementations include the following:
HHVM (HipHop Virtual Machine)– developed at Facebook and available as open source, it converts PHP code into a high-level bytecode (commonly known as an intermediate language), which is then translated into x86-64 machine code dynamically at runtime by a just-in-time (JIT) compiler, resulting in up to 6× performance improvements.[239] However, since version 7.2 Zend has outperformed HHVM,[240] and HHVM3.24 is the last version to officially support PHP.[241]
HipHop– developed at Facebook and available as open source, it transforms the PHP scripts into C++ code and then compiles the resulting code, reducing the server load up to 50%. In early 2013, Facebook deprecated it in favour of HHVM due to multiple reasons, including deployment difficulties and lack of support for the whole PHP language, including the create_function() and eval() constructs.[242]
Parrot– a virtual machine designed to run dynamic languages efficiently; the cross-translator Pipp transforms the PHP source code into the Parrot intermediate representation, which is then translated into the Parrot's bytecode and executed by the virtual machine.
PeachPie – a second-generation compiler to .NETCommon Intermediate Language (CIL) bytecode, built on the Roslyn platform; successor of Phalanger, sharing several architectural components
Phalanger– compiles PHP into .Net Common Intermediate Language bytecode; predecessor of PeachPie
Products derived from this software may not be called "PHP", nor may "PHP" appear in their name, without prior written permission from group@php.net. You may indicate that your software works in conjunction with PHP by saying "Foo for PHP" instead of calling it "PHP Foo" or "phpfoo".
This restriction on the use of "PHP" makes the PHP License incompatible with the GNU General Public License (GPL), while the Zend License is incompatible due to an advertising clause similar to that of the original BSD license.[244]
Development and community
PHP includes various free and open-source libraries in its source distribution or uses them in resulting PHP binary builds. PHP is fundamentally an Internet-aware system with built-in modules for accessing File Transfer Protocol (FTP) servers and many database servers, including PostgreSQL, MySQL, Microsoft SQL Server and SQLite (which is an embedded database), LDAP servers, and others. Numerous functions are familiar to C programmers, such as those in the stdio family, are available in standard PHP builds.[245]
PHP allows developers to write extensions in C to add functionality to the PHP language. PHP extensions can be compiled statically into PHP or loaded dynamically at runtime. Numerous extensions have been written to add support for the Windows API, process management on Unix-likeoperating systems, multibyte strings (Unicode), cURL, and several popular compression formats. Other PHP features made available through extensions include integration with Internet Relay Chat (IRC), dynamic generation of images and Adobe Flash content, PHP Data Objects (PDO) as an abstraction layer used for accessing databases,[246][247][248][249][250][251][252] and even speech synthesis. Some of the language's core functions, such as those dealing with strings and arrays, are also implemented as extensions.[253] The PHP Extension Community Library (PECL) project is a repository for extensions to the PHP language.[254]
Some other projects, such as Zephir, provide the ability for PHP extensions to be created in a high-level language and compiled into native PHP extensions. Such an approach, instead of writing PHP extensions directly in C, simplifies the development of extensions and reduces the time required for programming and testing.[255]
Zend Technologies provides a PHP Certification based on PHP8[257] exam (and previously based on PHP7 and 5.5) for programmers to become certified PHP developers.
The foundation hires "Core Developers" to work on the PHP language's core repository. Roman Pronskiy, a member of the foundation's board, said that they aim to pay "market salaries" to developers.[262]
The response to the foundation has mostly been positive, with the foundation being praised for better supporting the language and helping to stop the decrease in the language's popularity.[263][264] However, it has also been criticised for adding breaking changes to minor versions of PHP, such as in PHP8.2 where initialising members of a class out-with the original class scope would cause depreciation errors,[265] these changes impacted a number of open source projects including WordPress. [266]
Germany's Sovereign Tech Fund provided more than 200,000 Euros to support the PHP Foundation.[267]
Installation and configuration
Example output of the phpinfo() function in PHP7.1
PHP-FPM (FastCGI Process Manager) is an alternative FastCGI implementation for PHP, bundled with the official PHP distribution since version 5.3.3.[269] When compared to the older FastCGI implementation, it contains some additional features, mostly useful for heavily loaded web servers.[270]
When using PHP for command-line scripting, a PHP command-line interface (CLI) executable is needed. PHP supports a CLI server application programming interface (SAPI) since PHP4.3.0.[271] The main focus of this SAPI is developing shell applications using PHP. There are quite a few differences between the CLI SAPI and other SAPIs, although they do share many of the same behaviours.[272]
PHP has a direct module interface called SAPI for different web servers;[273] in case of PHP5 and Apache2.0 on Windows, it is provided in form of a DLL file called php5apache2.dll,[274] which is a module that, among other functions, provides an interface between PHP and the web server, implemented in a form that the server understands. This form is what is known as a SAPI.[citation needed]
There are different kinds of SAPIs for various web server extensions. For example, in addition to those listed above, other SAPIs for the PHP language include the Common Gateway Interface and command-line interface.[273][275]
PHP can also be used for writing desktop graphical user interface (GUI) applications, by using the "PHP Desktop". GitHub. or discontinued PHP-GTK extension. PHP-GTK is not included in the official PHP distribution,[268] and as an extension, it can be used only with PHP versions 5.1.0 and newer. The most common way of installing PHP-GTK is by compiling it from the source code.[276]
Numerous configuration options are supported, affecting both core PHP features and extensions.[279][280] Configuration file php.ini is searched for in different locations, depending on the way PHP is used.[281] The configuration file is split into various sections,[282] while some of the configuration options can be also set within the web server configuration.[283]
Use
A broad overview of the LAMP software bundle, displayed here together with Squid
PHP is a general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited to server-sideweb development, in which case PHP generally runs on a web server. Any PHP code in a requested file is executed by the PHP runtime, usually to create dynamic web page content or dynamic images used on websites or elsewhere.[284] It can also be used for command-line scripting and client-sidegraphical user interface (GUI) applications. PHP can be deployed on most web servers, many operating systems and platforms, and can be used with many relational database management systems (RDBMS). Most web hosting providers support PHP for use by their clients. It is available free of charge, and the PHP Group provides the complete source code for users to build, customize and extend for their own use.[18]
The LAMP architecture has become popular in the web industry as a way of deploying web applications.[287] PHP is commonly used as the P in this bundle alongside Linux, Apache and MySQL, although the P may also refer to Python, Perl, or some mix of the three. Similar packages, WAMP and MAMP, are also available for Windows and macOS, with the first letter standing for the respective operating system. Although both PHP and Apache are provided as part of the macOS base install, users of these packages seek a simpler installation mechanism that can be more easily kept up to date.[citation needed]
For specific and more advanced usage scenarios, PHP offers a well-defined and documented way for writing custom extensions in C or C++.[288][289][290][291][292][293][294][non-primary source needed] Besides extending the language itself in form of additional libraries, extensions are providing a way for improving execution speed where it is critical and there is room for improvements by using a true compiled language.[295][296] PHP also offers well-defined ways for embedding itself into other software projects. That way PHP can be easily used as an internal scripting language for another project, also providing tight interfacing with the project's specific internal data structures.[297]
PHP received mixed reviews due to lacking support for multithreading at the core language level,[298] though using threads is made possible by the "pthreads" PECL extension.[299][300]
As of January2013[update], PHP was used in more than 240million websites (39% of those sampled) and was installed on 2.1million web servers.[307]
As of 27October2024[update] (11 months after PHP8.3's release), PHP is used as the server-side programming language on 75.8% of websites where the language could be determined; PHP7 is the most used version of the language with 51% of websites using PHP being on that version, while 35.3% use PHP8, 13.5% use PHP 5 and 0.1% use PHP 4.[20]
PHP8 35.3%
PHP7 51%
PHP5 13.5%
PHP4 0.1%
Usage share of PHP versions on 23 September 2024: ten months after PHP 8.3's release[20][308][309][310][311]
PHP 8.3: 7.70% of PHP 8 (2.72%)
PHP 8.2: 22.6% of PHP 8 (7.98%)
PHP 8.1: 42.0% of PHP 8 (14.83%)
PHP 8.0: 27.7% of PHP 8 (9.78%)
PHP 7.4: 71.7% of PHP 7 (36.57%)
PHP 7.3: 11.9% of PHP 7 (6.07%)
PHP 7.2: 8.80% of PHP 7 (4.49%)
PHP 7.1: 3.80% of PHP 7 (1.94%)
PHP 7.0: 3.90% of PHP 7 (1.99%)
PHP 5.6: 54.2% of PHP 5 (7.3170%)
PHP 5.5: 8.20% of PHP 5 (1.1070%)
PHP 5.4: 15.5% of PHP 5 (2.0925%)
PHP 5.3: 14.7% of PHP 5 (1.9845%)
PHP 5.2: 6.80% of PHP 5 (0.9180%)
PHP 5.1: 0.40% of PHP 5 (0.0540%)
PHP 5.0: 0.10% of PHP 5 (0.0135%)
PHP 4.4: 76.4% of PHP 4 (0.0764%)
PHP 4.3: 19.0% of PHP 4 (0.0190%)
PHP 4.2: 3.30% of PHP 4 (0.0033%)
PHP 4.1: 0.90% of PHP 4 (0.0009%)
PHP 4.0: 0.40% of PHP 4 (0.0004%)
Security
In 2019, 11% of all vulnerabilities listed by the National Vulnerability Database were linked to PHP;[312] historically, about 30% of all vulnerabilities listed since 1996 in this database are linked to PHP. Technical security flaws of the language itself or of its core libraries are not frequent (22 in 2009, about 1% of the total although PHP applies to about 20% of programs listed).[313] Recognizing that programmers make mistakes, some languages include taint checking to automatically detect the lack of input validation which induces many issues. Such a feature has been proposed for PHP in the past, but either been rejected or the proposal abandoned.[314][315][316]
Third-party projects such as Suhosin[317] and Snuffleupagus[318] aim to remove or change dangerous parts of the language.
Historically, old versions of PHP had some configuration parameters and default values for such runtime settings that made some PHP applications prone to security issues. Among these, magic_quotes_gpc and register_globals[319] configuration directives were the best known; the latter made any URL parameters become PHP variables, opening a path for serious security vulnerabilities by allowing an attacker to set the value of any uninitialized global variable and interfere with the execution of a PHP script. Support for "magic quotes" and "register globals" settings has been deprecated since PHP5.3.0, and removed from PHP5.4.0.[320]
Another example for the potential runtime-settings vulnerability comes from failing to disable PHP execution (for example by using the engine configuration directive)[321] for the directory where uploaded files are stored; enabling it can result in the execution of malicious code embedded within the uploaded files.[322][323][324] The best practice is to either locate the image directory outside of the document root available to the web server and serve it via an intermediary script or disable PHP execution for the directory which stores the uploaded files.[citation needed]
Also, enabling the dynamic loading of PHP extensions (via enable_dl configuration directive)[325] in a shared web hosting environment can lead to security issues.[326][327]
Implied type conversions that result in different values being treated as equal, sometimes against the programmer's intent, can lead to security issues. For example, the result of the comparison '0e1234' == '0' is true, because strings that are parsable as numbers are converted to numbers; in this case, the first compared value is treated as scientific notation having the value (0×101234), which is zero. Errors like this resulted in authentication vulnerabilities in Simple Machines Forum,[328]Typo3[329] and phpBB[330] when MD5password hashes were compared. The recommended way is to use hash_equals() (for timing attack safety), strcmp or the identity operator (===), as '0e1234' === '0' results in false.[citation needed]
In a 2013 analysis of over 170,000 website defacements, published by Zone-H, the most frequently (53%) used technique was the exploitation of file inclusion vulnerability, mostly related to insecure usage of the PHP language constructs include, require, and allow_url_fopen.[331][332]
Cryptographic Security
PHP includes rand()[333] and mt_rand()[334]functions which use a pseudorandom number generator, and are not cryptographically secure. As of version 8.1, the random_int() function is included, which uses a cryptographically secure source of randomness provided by the system.[335]
There are two attacks that can be performed over PHP entropy sources: "seed attack" and "state recovery attack".[citation needed] As of 2012, a $250 GPU can perform up to 230MD5 calculations per second, while a $750 GPU can perform four times as many calculations at the same time.[336] In combination with a "birthday attack" this can lead to serious security vulnerabilities.[citation needed]
Long-Term Support
The PHP development team provides official bug fixes for 2 years following release of each minor version, followed by another 2 years where only security fixes are released.[337] After this, the release is considered end of life and no longer officially supported.
Extended Long-Term Support beyond this is available from commercial providers, such as Zend and others[338][339]
An integrated development environment (IDE) is a software application that provides comprehensive facilities for software development. An IDE normally consists of at least a source-code editor, build automation tools, and a debugger. Some IDEs, such as IntelliJ IDEA, Eclipse and Lazarus contain the necessary compiler, interpreter or both; others, such as SharpDevelop and NetBeans, do not.
The Zend Engine is a compiler and runtime environment for the PHP scripting language and consists of the Zend Virtual Machine, which is composed of the Zend Compiler and the Zend Executor, that compiles and executes the PHP code. It was originally developed by Andi Gutmans and Zeev Suraski while they were students at the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology. They later founded a company called Zend Technologies in Ramat Gan, Israel. The name Zend is a combination of their forenames, Zeev and Andi.
Delphi is a general-purpose programming language and a software product that uses the Delphi dialect of the Object Pascal programming language and provides an integrated development environment (IDE) for rapid application development of desktop, mobile, web, and console software, currently developed and maintained by Embarcadero Technologies.
Zend, formerly Zend Technologies, is a Minneapolis, Minnesota-based software company. The company's products, which include Zend Studio, assist software developers with developing, deploying, and managing PHP-based web applications.
Tiki Wiki CMS Groupware or simply Tiki, originally known as TikiWiki, is a free and open source Wiki-based content management system and online office suite written primarily in PHP and distributed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL-2.1-only) license. In addition to enabling websites and portals on the internet and on intranets and extranets, Tiki contains a number of collaboration features allowing it to operate as a Geospatial Content Management System (GeoCMS) and Groupware web application.
IronPython is an implementation of the Python programming language targeting the .NET and Mono frameworks. The project is currently maintained by a group of volunteers at GitHub. It is free and open-source software, and can be implemented with Python Tools for Visual Studio, which is a free and open-source extension for Microsoft's Visual Studio IDE.
The following tables compare general and technical information for a number of relational database management systems. Please see the individual products' articles for further information. Unless otherwise specified in footnotes, comparisons are based on the stable versions without any add-ons, extensions or external programs.
XWiki is a free and Open source wiki software platform written in Java with a design emphasis on extensibility. XWiki is an enterprise wiki. It includes WYSIWYG editing, OpenDocument-based document import/export, annotations and tagging, and advanced permissions management.
A web framework (WF) or web application framework (WAF) is a software framework that is designed to support the development of web applications including web services, web resources, and web APIs. Web frameworks provide a standard way to build and deploy web applications on the World Wide Web. Web frameworks aim to automate the overhead associated with common activities performed in web development. For example, many web frameworks provide libraries for database access, templating frameworks, and session management, and they often promote code reuse. Although they often target development of dynamic web sites, they are also applicable to static websites.
Markdown is a lightweight markup language for creating formatted text using a plain-text editor. John Gruber created Markdown in 2004 as an easy-to-read markup language. Markdown is widely used for blogging and instant messaging, and also used elsewhere in online forums, collaborative software, documentation pages, and readme files.
A foreign function interface (FFI) is a mechanism by which a program written in one programming language can call routines or make use of services written or compiled in another one. An FFI is often used in contexts where calls are made into a binary dynamic-link library.
Chicken is a programming language, specifically a compiler and interpreter which implement a dialect of the programming language Scheme, and which compiles Scheme source code to standard C. It is mostly R5RS compliant and offers many extensions to the standard. The newer R7RS standard is supported through an extension library. Chicken is free and open-source software available under a BSD license. It is implemented mostly in Scheme, with some parts in C for performance or to make embedding into C programs easier.
Laminas Project is an open source, object-oriented web application framework implemented in PHP 7 and licensed under the New BSD License. The framework is basically a collection of professional PHP-based packages. The framework uses various packages by the use of Composer as part of its package dependency managers; some of them are PHPUnit for testing all packages, Travis CI for continuous Integration Services. Laminas provides to users a support of the model–view–controller (MVC) in combination with Front Controller solution. MVC implementation in Laminas has five main areas. The router and dispatcher functions to decide which controller to run based on data from URL, and controller functions in combination with the model and view to develop and create the final web page.
Aptana, Inc. is a company that makes web application development tools for use with a variety of programming languages. Aptana's main products include Aptana Studio, Aptana Cloud and Aptana Jaxer.
PHP Development Tools (PDT) is a language IDE plugin for the Eclipse platform and the open-source project that develops it.
The syntax and semantics of PHP, a programming language, form a set of rules that define how a PHP program can be written and interpreted.
CUBRID ( "cube-rid") is an open-source SQL-based relational database management system (RDBMS) with object extensions developed by CUBRID Corp. for OLTP. The name CUBRID is a combination of the two words cube and bridge, cube standing for a space for data and bridge standing for data bridge.
Tcl is a high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming language. It was designed with the goal of being very simple but powerful. Tcl casts everything into the mold of a command, even programming constructs like variable assignment and procedure definition. Tcl supports multiple programming paradigms, including object-oriented, imperative, functional, and procedural styles.
1 2 "PHP RFC: Integer Semantics". php.net. Retrieved 2015-05-21. Making NaN and Infinity always become zero when cast to integer means more cross-platform consistency, and is also less surprising than what is currently produces
↑ "Resetting PHP6". There have been books on the shelves purporting to cover PHP6 since at least 2008. But, in March 2010, the PHP6 release is not out– in fact, it is not even close to out. Recent events suggest that PHP6 will not be released before 2011– if, indeed, it is released at all.
↑ "PHP7 moves full speed ahead". 2014-10-31. Recent versions of PHP have been part of the 5.x release series, but there will be no PHP6. "We're going to skip [version]6, because years ago, we had plans for a6, but those plans were very different from what we're doing now," Gutmans said. Going right to version7 avoids confusion.
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