Scratch (programming language)

Last updated

Scratch
Scratchlogo.svg
Logo used since 16 October 2015
Scratch 3.0 editor.png
Scratch 3.0 editor
Paradigm Event-driven, block-based programming language
Developer MIT Media Lab
First appeared
  • 11 October 2003;20 years ago (2003-10-11) (prototype Scratch 0.1) [1]
  • 15 May 2007;16 years ago (2007-05-15) (Scratch 1.0) [2]
  • 9 May 2013;10 years ago (2013-05-09) (Scratch 2.0)
  • 2 January 2019;5 years ago (2019-01-02) (Scratch 3.0)
Stable release
  • Scratch 3.0 (online editor) / 2 January 2019;5 years ago (2019-01-02)
  • Scratch 3.29.1 (offline editor) / 27 February 2022;2 years ago (2022-02-27)
Implementation language Squeak (Scratch 1.x)
ActionScript (Scratch 2.0) [3]
HTML5, JavaScript (Scratch 3.0) [3] [4]
OS Microsoft Windows, macOS, Linux (via renderer), HTML5 (via web browser), iOS, iPadOS, and Android.
License BSD 3-Clause, GPLv2 and Scratch Source Code License
Filename extensions .sb, .sprite (Scratch 1.x)
.sb2, .sprite2 (Scratch 2.0)
.sb3, .sprite3 (Scratch 3.0)
Website scratch.mit.edu
Influenced by
Logo, Smalltalk, HyperCard, StarLogo, AgentSheets, AgentCubes, Etoys
Influenced
Catrobat, [5] ScratchJr, [6] Snap!, [7] mBlock, Turtlestitch

Scratch is a high-level, block-based visual programming language and website aimed primarily at children as an educational tool, with a target audience of ages 8 to 16. [8] Users on the site can create projects on the website using a block-like interface. Scratch was conceived and designed through collaborative National Science Foundation grants awarded to Mitchel Resnick and Yasmin Kafai. [9] Scratch is developed by the MIT Media Lab and has been translated into 70+ languages, being used in most parts of the world. [10] Scratch is taught and used in after-school centers, schools, and colleges, as well as other public knowledge institutions. As of 15 February 2023, community statistics on the language's official website show more than 123 million projects shared by over 103 million users, over 804 million total projects ever created (including unshared projects), and more than 95 million monthly website visits. [10]

Contents

Scratch takes its name from a technique used by disk jockeys called "scratching", where vinyl records are clipped together and manipulated on a turntable to produce different sound effects and music. Like scratching, the website lets users mix together different media (including graphics, sound, and other programs) in creative ways by creating and "remixing" projects, like video games, animations, music, and simulations. [11] [12]

Scratch 3.0

User interface

A program to change the background and make a character speak Dialogo scratch Best Friends 1.png
A program to change the background and make a character speak

The Scratch interface is divided into three main sections: a stage area, block palette, and a coding area to place and arrange the blocks into scripts that can be run by pressing the green flag or clicking on the code itself. Users may also create their own code blocks and they will appear in "My Blocks".

The stage area features the results (e.g., animations, turtle graphics, either in a small or normal size, with a full-screen option also available) and all sprites' thumbnails being listed in the bottom area. The stage uses x and y coordinates, with 0,0 being the stage center. [13]

With a sprite selected at the bottom of the staging area, blocks of commands can be applied to it by dragging them from the block palette into the coding area. The Costumes tab allows users to change the look of the sprite with a vector and bitmap editor in order to create various effects, including animation. [13] The Sounds tab allows attaching sounds and music to a sprite. [14]

When creating sprites and also backgrounds, users can draw their own sprite manually, [13] choose a Sprite from the library, or upload an image. [14]

The table below shows the categories of the programming blocks:

Block categories in Scratch
CategoryNotes
MotionMovements of sprites like angles and directions.
LooksControls the visuals of the sprite.
SoundPlays audio files and effects.
EventsEvent handlers and broadcasters.
ControlConditionals, loops, and cloning.
Sensing Sprites can interact with other sprites, the mouse pointer, and the backdrop.
OperatorsMathematical operators, conjunctions, and comparisons .
VariablesBlocks to access and set variables and lists. Cloud variables are synced across all running versions of the project.
My BlocksUser-defined functions, accessible as blocks. They have the option to run without a screen refresh.
ExtensionsExtra categories of blocks that can be added to a project at any time.

Offline editing

Four different scripts for the getting started built-in tutorial. Scratch Beginner Scripts.png
Four different scripts for the getting started built-in tutorial.

An offline "Desktop Editor" for Scratch 3.0 is available for Microsoft Windows 10 and above in the Microsoft Store, Apple's macOS, ChromeOS, and Android; [15] this allows the creation and playing of Scratch programs offline. The offline editor can also be downloaded in previous versions, such as Scratch 2.0 and Scratch 1.4 (an archive of older versions is found here).

Extensions

In Scratch, extensions add extra blocks and features that can be used in projects. In Scratch 2.0, the extensions were all hardware-based. Software-based extensions were added in Scratch 3.0, such as text-to-speech voices, along with some new hardware-based extensions like the micro:bit. The extensions are listed below.

An example of the Scratch 3 Extensions Page. Scratch Extensions Page.png
An example of the Scratch 3 Extensions Page.

Physical

  • LEGO Mindstorms EV3 – Control motors and receive sensor data from the Lego Mindstorms EV3
  • Makey Makey – Use Makey Makey to control projects
  • LEGO Education WeDo 2.0 – control motors and receive sensor data from the Lego WeDo
  • micro:bit – Use of a micro:bit to control projects
  • LEGO BOOST – Bring robotic creations to life
  • Go Direct Force & Acceleration – Sense pull, push, motion, and spin

Digital

Many of the digital extensions in Scratch 3.0 used to be regular block categories that were moved to the extensions section to reduce clutter. These include:

  • Music – Play digital instruments (drums, trumpets, violins, pianos, and more)
  • Pen – Draw on the Stage with a variety of thicknesses and color
  • Video Sensing – Detect motion with the camera

New digital extensions have also been added in collaborations with commercial companies. These include:

  • Text to Speech – Converts words in a text into voice output (variety of voices, supplied by Amazon)
  • Translate – Uses Google Translate to translate text from one language into a variety of other languages, including Arabic, Chinese, Dutch, English, French, Greek, Norwegian, and Japanese

A paper published in 2019 by NYU argues and illustrates, for coding music with Scratch, "that the music and sound blocks as currently implemented in Scratch may limit and frustrate meaningful music-making for children, the core user base for Scratch." [16]

Scratch Lab

The Scratch Lab [17] displays experiments from the Scratch Team, intended to explore whether new features may be added to the full website in the future. Experimental features currently under development include:

Community of users

A Scratch programming workshop The MADE Scratch Workshop.jpg
A Scratch programming workshop

Scratch is used in many different settings: schools, museums, libraries, community centers, and homes. [18] [19] [11] Scratch is designed primarily for users aged 8–16, but it is used by all ages and has a sizeable adult user base as of 2009. [8] [20] This wide outreach has created many surrounding communities, both physical and digital. [10] In April 2020, the Tiobe ranking of the world's programming languages included Scratch in the top 20. According to Tiobe, there are 50 million projects written in Scratch, and every month one million new projects are added. [21]

Educational users

Scratch is used as the introductory language because the creation of interesting programs is relatively easy, and skills learned can be applied to other programming languages such as Python and Java.

Scratch is not exclusively for creating games. With the provided visuals, programmers can create animations, text, stories, music, and more. There are already many programs that students can use to learn topics in math, history, and even photography. Scratch allows teachers to create conceptual and visual lessons and science lab assignments with animations that help visualize difficult concepts. Within the social sciences, instructors can create quizzes, games, and tutorials with interactive elements. Using Scratch allows young people to understand the logic of programming and how to creatively build and collaborate. [22]

Scratch is taught to more than 800 schools and 70 colleges of DAV organization in India and across the world. [23] [24]

In higher education, Scratch is used in the first week of Harvard University's CS50 introductory computer science course. [25] [26]

Online community

"Jumper", an example of a game created with Scratch 2.0 Jumper platformer.png
"Jumper", an example of a game created with Scratch 2.0
"Abyss", an example of a game created with Scratch 3.0 Abyss scratch 3.0.png
"Abyss", an example of a game created with Scratch 3.0

Users of Scratch are called "Scratchers". Scratchers have the capability to share their projects and get feedback. Projects can be uploaded directly from the development environment to the Scratch website and any member of the community can view and download the full source code to study or to remix into new projects. [27] [28] Scratchers can also create project studios, comment, favorite, and "love" others' projects, follow other members to see their projects and activity, and share ideas. Projects range from games and animations to practical tools. Additionally, to encourage the creation and sharing amongst users, the website frequently establishes "Scratch Design Studio" challenges. [29]

The MIT Scratch Team works to ensure that this community maintains a friendly and respectful environment for all people. [30] [31]

Educators have their own online community called ScratchEd, developed and supported by the Harvard Graduate School of Education. In this community, Scratch educators share stories, exchange resources, and ask questions. [32]

Scratch Wiki

The Scratch Wiki is a support resource for Scratch and information about its website, history, and phenomena surrounding it. Although supported by the Scratch Team (the developers of Scratch), it is primarily written by Scratch users (Scratchers) and is hosted independently of the main Scratch website. [33] There are other wikis in languages besides English available on the Scratch Wiki base domain.

Roles

Roles are displayed as a label under a user's username on profile pages and on forum posts. To prevent vandalism, new accounts have the "New Scratcher" role, as opposed by the usual "Scratcher" role. Some restrictions are imposed onto New Scratcher accounts, including the inability to use cloud data and a minimum 30 second cooldown period between posting comments. [34] After a period of time of interacting and creating projects, an account will be eligible to gain the Scratcher role. [35]

Official moderators and developers of Scratch are labeled as part of the "Scratch Team" and usually have an asterisk at the end of their username. [36] The site also has special types of accounts for Students and Educators to use Scratch in the classroom. [37]

Censorship

In August 2020, GreatFire announced that the Chinese government had blocked access to the Scratch website. At the time, it was estimated that more than three million people in China were using it. [38] [ citation needed ] The outlet cited the fact that Macau, Hong Kong and Taiwan were listed as countries on the website. [38] [39]

Code Base

The source code for the project editor in all three major versions, as well as a majority of the current website, is hosted publicly on GitHub across various repositores. Scratch 3.0 is JavaScript-based, 2.0 is programmed in ActionScript, [4] and the 1.x versions were based on Squeak, which itself is based on Smalltalk-80. [40]

2.0 had an experimental JavaScript-based interpreter that was being developed in parallel with the ActionScript version. [41]

In 3.0, Scratch blocks are implemented using Blockly, a JavaScript library developed by Google for creating block-based visual programming languages. [42] [43]

On 13 May 2014, a year after the release of Scratch 2.0, it was announced by a developer on the Scratch Forums that 2.0 would become open source. [44]

Events

Scratch Educators can gather in person at Scratch Educator Meetups. At these gatherings, Scratch Educators learn from each other and share ideas and strategies that support computational creativity. [45]

An annual "Scratch Week", formerly known as "Scratch Day", is declared in May each year. Community members are encouraged to host an event on or around this day, large or small, that celebrates Scratch. These events are held worldwide, and a listing can be found on the Scratch Day website. Scratch Week is a series focusing on Scratch activities on the Scratch website. [46]

Every April Fools' Day, the Scratch Team will play pranks on users and add Easter eggs, one example being that all event blocks in projects turn into cat versions of the same blocks.

History

In the early 2000s, the MIT Media Lab's Lifelong Kindergarten group (LLK) was developing visual programming languages targeted towards children. [47] In 2003, Mitchel Resnick, Yasmin Kafai, and John Maeda were awarded a National Science Foundation grant for the development of a new programming environment for children to express themselves with code. [9] The LLK, led by Mitchel Resnick, in partnership with Yasmin Kafai's team at UCLA worked closely with Computer Clubhouses in Boston and Los Angeles to develop Scratch, grounding its design in the practices and social dynamics of these after-school youth centers. [9] It started as a basic programming language, with no labeled categories and no green flag. [48] Similar to AgentSheets [49] Scratch employed concepts of Tactile Programming later known as blocks-based programming. Scratch was made with the intention to teach kids to program. [48]

The philosophy of Scratch encourages the sharing, reuse, and combination of code, as indicated by the team slogan, "Imagine, Program, Share". [50] Users can make their own projects, or they may choose to "remix" someone else's project. Projects created and remixed with Scratch are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike License. [51] Scratch automatically gives credit to the user who created the original project and program in the top part of the project page. [11]

Scratch was developed based on ongoing interaction with youth and staff at Computer Clubhouses. The use of Scratch at Computer Clubhouses served as a model for other after-school centers demonstrating how informal learning settings can support the development of technological fluency. [52]

Scratch 2.0 was released on 9 May 2013. [13] The update changed the look of the site and included both an online project editor and an offline editor. [53] Custom blocks could now be defined within projects, along with several other improvements. [54] The Scratch 2.0 Offline editor could be downloaded for Windows, Mac, and Linux directly from Scratch's website, although support for Linux was later dropped. The unofficial mobile version had to be downloaded from the Scratch forums. [55] [56]

The Scratch website's homepage Scratch Website Homepage 2023.png
The Scratch website's homepage

Scratch 3.0 was first announced by the Scratch Team in 2016. Several public alpha versions were released between then and January 2018, after which the pre-beta "Preview" versions were released. [57] A beta version of Scratch 3.0 was released on 1 August 2018. [58] for use on most browsers; with the notable exception of Internet Explorer. [59]

Scratch 3.0, the first 3.x release version, was released on 2 January 2019. [60] On 28 June 2023, [61] the header and links on the Scratch Website changed from blue to purple, and new optional high-contrast block colors were introduced, to make the site easier for colorblind people to read and use. [62]

Filetypes

In Scratch 1.4, an *.sb file was the file format used to store projects. [63]

An *.sb file is divided into four sections:

Scratch 2.0 uses the *.sb2 file format. These are zip files containing a .json file as well as the contents of the Scratch project including sounds (stored as .wav) and images (stored as .png). [66] Each filetype, excluding the project.json, is stored as a number, starting at 0 and counting up with each additional file. The image file labeled "0.png" is always a 480x360 white image, but "0.wav" will still be the earliest non-deleted file.

The ScratchX experimental version of Scratch used the .sbx file format. [67]

Scratch 3.0 uses the *.sb3 format, which is very similar to *.sb2, one difference being the sound. [68]

Older versions

Although the main Scratch website now runs only the current version (Scratch 3.0), the offline editors for Scratch 2.0 (and the earlier Scratch 1.4) are still available for download [69] and can be used to create and run games locally. [70] It is still possible to upload projects from the Scratch 2.0 launcher, which are immediately converted into Scratch 3.0 when uploaded to the main site. [71] There is also an offline version of Scratch 3.0.

Technology

The editor of Scratch 1.4 and below was written in Squeak, while its online project viewer was written in Java, and a player written in Adobe Flash was later added. [40] [72] Scratch 2.0 relied on Adobe Flash for the online version, and Adobe AIR for the offline editor. These have fallen out of favor, and Adobe dropped support for them at the end of 2020. [73] [74]

Interface

A script that lets the sprite say Hello, World! then stops the script in Scratch 2.0 Scratch Hello World.png
A script that lets the sprite say Hello, World! then stops the script in Scratch 2.0

In Scratch 2.0, the stage area is on the left side, with the programming blocks palette in the middle, and the coding area on the right. Extensions are in the "More Blocks" section of the palette. [20]

The web version of Scratch 2.0 introduced project autosaving. [75] : 23 

The blocks palette in Scratch 2.0 is made of discrete sections that are not scrollable from one to the next; the table below shows the different sections:

Interface sections in Scratch
CategoryNotes
MotionMoves and changes the position of sprites
EventsEvent handlers
LooksControls the visuals of the sprite
ControlConditionals and loops
Sound Audio files, sequences
SensingSprite interaction
PenDraw on the canvas
OperatorsMathematical operators
DataVariables and arrays
More BlocksFunctions, return value is always void

Scratch 2.0 introduced the backpack, which can be used to transfer scripts, sprites, costumes, and sounds between projects. [75] : 14–15 

1.4 sounds

Scratch 2.0 changed how sounds were imported, so many Scratch 1.4 sounds stopped working. (The project file was changed from *.sb to *.sb2).

Features

Scratch uses event-driven programming with multiple active objects called sprites . [13] Sprites can be drawn, as vector or bitmap graphics, from scratch in a simple editor that is part of Scratch, or can be imported from external sources. Scratch 3.0 only supports one-dimensional arrays, known as "lists", and floating-point scalars and strings are supported but with limited string manipulation ability. There is a strong contrast between the powerful multimedia functions and multi-threaded programming style and the rather limited scope of the Scratch programming language.

Scratch 2.0 does not treat procedures as first class structures and has limited file I/O options with Scratch 2.0 Extension Protocol, an experimental extension feature that allows interaction between Scratch 2.0 and other programs. [76] The Extension protocol allows interfacing with hardware boards such as Lego Mindstorms [77] or Arduino. [78]

Snap! (Build Your Own Blocks)

A more advanced visual programming language inspired by Scratch is Snap!, featuring first class procedures (their mathematical foundations are called also lambda calculus ), first-class lists (including lists of lists), and first-class truly object-oriented sprites with prototyping inheritance, and nestable sprites, which are not part of Scratch. [79] Snap! (previously "BYOB") was developed by Jens Mönig [80] [81] with documentation provided by Brian Harvey [82] [83] from University of California, Berkeley and has been used to teach "The Beauty and Joy of Computing" introductory course in CS for non-CS-major students. [84] Both of them were members of the Scratch Team before designing "Snap!". [85] [20]

ScratchJr

In July 2014, ScratchJr was released for iPad, and in 2016, ScratchJr for Android. Although heavily inspired by Scratch and co-led by Mitch Resnick, it is nonetheless a complete rewrite designed for younger children—targeting ages 5 through 7. [86]

Community-made modifications

Due to the open source nature of Scratch, numerous forks and browser extensions have been created by the community that aim to improve or modify the user experience. Scratch Addons is one such browser extension that adds a multitude of toggleable themes and quality of life features to both the online editor and website. [87]

TurboWarp is a fork of the Scratch 3.0 editor that compiles the Scratch blocks into JavaScript code when the project is run, meaning the project can run up to 200x faster, with results varying heavily depending on the project. [88] [89] TurboWarp can also export projects to standalone HTML5, Android apps, Bundle (macOS) and EXE files. [90]

Users can also create their own extensions for Scratch 3.0 using JavaScript. [91] Although the intention for Scratch 3.0 was to allow unofficial JavaScript extensions to be developed by users, it was abandoned due to moderation risks. As a result, the official site doesn't allow JavaScript extensions to be added, but several modifications of the Scratch Engine do.

Before 2.0, a number of Scratch forks [92] [ better source needed ] were created using the source code of Scratch 1.4. These programs usually only included a few extra blocks not present in Scratch. [93] [ better source needed ]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Logo (programming language)</span> Computer programming language

Logo is an educational programming language, designed in 1967 by Wally Feurzeig, Seymour Papert, and Cynthia Solomon. Logo is not an acronym: the name was coined by Feurzeig while he was at Bolt, Beranek and Newman, and derives from the Greek logos, meaning word or thought.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PHP</span> Scripting language created in 1994

PHP is a general-purpose scripting language geared towards web development. It was originally created by Danish-Canadian programmer Rasmus Lerdorf in 1993 and released in 1995. The PHP reference implementation is now produced by the PHP Group. PHP was originally an abbreviation of Personal Home Page, but it now stands for the recursive initialism PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wiki software</span> Software to run a collaborative wiki (Including private wiki)

Wiki software is collaborative software that runs a wiki, which allows the users to create and collaboratively edit pages or entries via a web browser. A wiki system is usually a web application that runs on one or more web servers. The content, including previous revisions, is usually stored in either a file system or a database. Wikis are a type of web content management system, and the most commonly supported off-the-shelf software that web hosting facilities offer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lua (programming language)</span> Lightweight programming language

Lua is a lightweight, high-level, multi-paradigm programming language designed primarily for embedded use in applications. Lua is cross-platform, since the interpreter of compiled bytecode is written in ANSI C, and Lua has a relatively simple C API to embed it into applications.

Csound is a domain-specific computer programming language for audio programming. It is called Csound because it is written in C, as opposed to some of its predecessors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eclipse (software)</span> Software development environment

Eclipse is an integrated development environment (IDE) used in computer programming. It contains a base workspace and an extensible plug-in system for customizing the environment. It is the second-most-popular IDE for Java development, and, until 2016, was the most popular. Eclipse is written mostly in Java and its primary use is for developing Java applications, but it may also be used to develop applications in other programming languages via plug-ins, including Ada, ABAP, C, C++, C#, Clojure, COBOL, D, Erlang, Fortran, Groovy, Haskell, JavaScript, Julia, Lasso, Lua, NATURAL, Perl, PHP, Prolog, Python, R, Ruby, Rust, Scala, and Scheme. It can also be used to develop documents with LaTeX and packages for the software Mathematica. Development environments include the Eclipse Java development tools (JDT) for Java and Scala, Eclipse CDT for C/C++, and Eclipse PDT for PHP, among others.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MediaWiki</span> Free and open-source wiki software

MediaWiki is a free and open-source wiki software originally developed by Magnus Manske for use on Wikipedia on January 25, 2002, and further improved by Lee Daniel Crocker, after which it has been coordinated by the Wikimedia Foundation. It powers several wiki hosting websites across the Internet, as well as most websites hosted by the Foundation including Wikipedia, Wiktionary, Wikimedia Commons, Wikiquote, Meta-Wiki and Wikidata, which define a large part of the set requirements for the software. MediaWiki is written in the PHP programming language and stores all text content into a database. The software is optimized to efficiently handle large projects, which can have terabytes of content and hundreds of thousands of views per second. Because Wikipedia is one of the world's largest and most visited websites, achieving scalability through multiple layers of caching and database replication has been a major concern for developers. Another major aspect of MediaWiki is its internationalization; its interface is available in more than 400 languages. The software has more than 1,000 configuration settings and more than 1,800 extensions available for enabling various features to be added or changed. Besides its usage on Wikimedia sites, MediaWiki has been used as a knowledge management and content management system on websites such as Fandom, wikiHow and major internal installations like Intellipedia and Diplopedia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Inkscape</span> Free open-source vector graphics editor

Inkscape is a free and open-source vector graphics editor for traditional Unix-compatible systems such as GNU/Linux, BSD derivatives and Illumos, as well as Windows and macOS. It offers a rich set of features and is widely used for both artistic and technical illustrations such as cartoons, clip art, logos, typography, diagramming and flowcharting. It uses vector graphics to allow for sharp printouts and renderings at unlimited resolution and is not bound to a fixed number of pixels like raster graphics. Inkscape uses the standardized Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) file format as its main format, which is supported by many other applications including web browsers. It can import and export various other file formats, including SVG, AI, EPS, PDF, PS and PNG.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Visual programming language</span> Programming language written graphically by a user

In computing, a visual programming language, also known as diagrammatic programming, graphical programming or block coding, is a programming language that lets users create programs by manipulating program elements graphically rather than by specifying them textually. A VPL allows programming with visual expressions, spatial arrangements of text and graphic symbols, used either as elements of syntax or secondary notation. For example, many VPLs are based on the idea of "boxes and arrows", where boxes or other screen objects are treated as entities, connected by arrows, lines or arcs which represent relations. VPLs are generally the basis of Low-code development platforms.

Emacs, originally named EMACS, is a family of text editors that are characterized by their extensibility. The manual for the most widely used variant, GNU Emacs, describes it as "the extensible, customizable, self-documenting, real-time display editor". Development of the first Emacs began in the mid-1970s, and work on GNU Emacs, directly descended from the original, is ongoing; its latest version is 29.2, released January 2024.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MIT App Inventor</span> Web application development environment

MIT App Inventor is a high-level block-based visual programming language, originally built by Google and now maintained by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It allows newcomers to create computer applications for two operating systems: Android and iOS, which, as of 25 September 2023, is in beta testing. It is free and open-source released under dual licensing: a Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license and an Apache License 2.0 for the source code. Its target is primarily children and students studying computer programming, similar to Scratch.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kiwix</span> Open-source offline browser for public domain projects

Kiwix is a free and open-source offline web browser created by Emmanuel Engelhart and Renaud Gaudin in 2007. It was first launched to allow offline access to Wikipedia, but has since expanded to include other projects from the Wikimedia Foundation, public domain texts from Project Gutenberg, many of the Stack Exchange sites, and many other resources. Available in more than 100 languages, Kiwix has been included in several high-profile projects, from smuggling operations in North Korea to Google Impact Challenge's recipient Bibliothèques Sans Frontières.

Snap<i>!</i> (programming language) Block-based programming language

Snap! is a free block-based educational graphical programming language and online community. Snap allows students to explore, create, and remix interactive animations, games, stories, and more, while learning about mathematical and computational ideas. While inspired by Scratch, Snap! has many advanced features. The Snap! editor, and programs created in it, are web applications that run in the browser without requiring installation. It is built on top of Morphic.js, a Morphic GUI, written by Jens Mönig as 'middle layer' between Snap! itself and 'bare' JavaScript.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stencyl</span> Video game development software

Stencyl is a video game development tool that allows users to create 2D video games for computers, mobile devices, and the web. The software is available for free, with select publishing options available for purchase. The software was originally called "StencylWorks" while in development and for the initial release but was later shortened to just "Stencyl".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ScratchJr</span> Visual programming language

ScratchJr is a visual programming language designed to introduce programming skills to children ages 5–7. The app is considered an introductory programming language. It is available as a free app for iOS, Android and Chromebook.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blockly</span> JavaScript library

Blockly is a client-side library for the programming language JavaScript for creating block-based visual programming languages (VPLs) and editors. A project of Google, it is free and open-source software released under the Apache License 2.0. It typically runs in a web browser, and visually resembles the language Scratch.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Visual Studio Code</span> Source code editor developed by Microsoft

Visual Studio Code, also commonly referred to as VS Code, is a source-code editor developed by Microsoft for Windows, Linux, macOS and web browsers. Features include support for debugging, syntax highlighting, intelligent code completion, snippets, code refactoring, and embedded version control with Git. Users can change the theme, keyboard shortcuts, preferences, and install extensions that add functionality.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">GDevelop</span> Open-source, cross-platform game engine

GDevelop is a 2D and 3D cross-platform, free and open-source game engine, which mainly focuses on creating PC and mobile games, as well as HTML5 games playable in the browser. Created by Florian Rival, a software engineer at Google, GDevelop is mainly aimed at non-programmers and game developers of all skillsets, employing event based visual programming similar to engines like Construct, Stencyl, and Tynker.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Catrobat</span> Open source block-based programming language

Catrobat is a block-based visual programming language and Open Source Software non-profit project. First released in 2010 by Wolfgang Slany from the Technical University Graz in Austria. The multidisciplinary team develops the programming language and free apps for teenagers to create their own games, animations, music videos, or all other kinds of apps directly on a smartphone based on the Catrobat framework.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Turtlestitch</span> Embroidery platform

Turtlestitch is a free and open source platform for generating and sharing patterns for embroidery machines. Turtlestitch is derived from educational programming languages such as Logo, Scratch and Snap! using the same jigsaw style programming paradigm which offers simplicity suitable for novices but has powerful features, described as ‘low threshold, high ceiling’ by Seymour Papert. Its microworld is a turtle representing the needle of a programmable embroidery machine. Turtlestitch can be used for creating novel patterns for embroidery, combining the abstract logic of computing and the physical materiality of textiles. Its primary use is educational, as it offers a way of introducing programming to audiences with diverse interests. A growing gallery of open source embroidery designs enables community-based collaboration and shared learning. In 2017, Turtlestitch received the award for the best Open Educational Resource in the German-speaking countries.

References

  1. ↑ Maloney, John; Burd, Leo; Kafai, Yasmin; Rusk, Natalie; Silverman, Brian; Resnick, Mitchel (29–30 January 2004). Scratch: A Sneak Preview. Second International Conference on Creating, Connecting and Collaborating through Computing. Section 6: Project status and next steps. doi:10.1109/C5.2004.33 – via ResearchGate.
  2. ↑ "Scratch Timeline – Scratch Wiki". en.scratch-wiki.info.
  3. 1 2 Lee, David (28 December 2018). "What you need to know about Scratch 3.0". Computhink. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
  4. 1 2 Frang, Corey (28 February 2019). "Porting Scratch from Flash to JavaScript: Performance, Interoperability and Extensions". bocoup. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
  5. ↑ "Catrobat Home". catrobat.org.
  6. ↑ "ScratchJr – Home". scratchjr.org.
  7. ↑ "Snap! Build Your Own Blocks". snap.berkeley.edu.
  8. 1 2 scratch, scratch (11 October 2022). "Scratch – About". scratch.mit.edu.
  9. 1 2 3 "NSF Award Search: Award # 0325828 – ITR: A Networked, Media-Rich Programming Environment to Enhance Informal Learning and Technological Fluency at Community Technology Centers". www.nsf.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2021.
  10. 1 2 3 "Community statistics at a glance". scratch.mit.edu. Archived from the original on 6 April 2016. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  11. 1 2 3 Lamb, Annette; Johnson, Larry (April 2011). "Scratch: Computer Programming for 21st Century Learners" (PDF). Teacher Librarian. 38 (4): 64–68. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  12. ↑ Schorow, Stephanie (14 May 2007). "Creating from Scratch". MIT News. Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 Marji, Majed (2014). Learn to Program with Scratch. San Francisco, California: No Starch Press. pp. xvii, 1–9, 13–15. ISBN   978-1-59327-543-3.
  14. 1 2 "Science Buddies: Scratch User Guide: Installing & Getting Started with Scratch". ScienceBuddies.org. Archived from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  15. ↑ "Scratch Desktop" . Retrieved 19 September 2019.
  16. ↑ "Music Making in Scratch: High Floors, Low Ceilings, and Narrow Walls? /". Jitp.commons.gc.cuny.edu. 16 May 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  17. ↑ "Scratch Lab". lab.scratch.mit.edu. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
  18. ↑ Oliveira, Michael (30 April 2014). "Canadian schools starting to teach computer coding to kids". CTV.ca. Archived from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  19. ↑ "Scratch Day". Science Museum of Minnesota. Archived from the original on 8 April 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  20. 1 2 3 Resnick, Mitchel; Maloney, John; Hernández, Andrés; Rusk, Natalie; Eastmond, Evelyn; Brennan, Karen; Millner, Amon; Rosenbaum, Eric; Silver, Jay; Silverman, Brian; Kafai, Yasmin (2009). "Scratch: Programming for All" (PDF). Communications of the ACM . 52 (11): 60–67. doi:10.1145/1592761.1592779. S2CID   229934947.
  21. ↑ Fay, Joe (6 April 2020). "Kids programming language Scratch nails top 20 in latest dev rankings • DEVCLASS". DEVCLASS. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  22. ↑ Martin, Neil (25 June 2015). "What is Scratch? Is it AV or IT?". AV Magazine. Archived from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  23. ↑ "DAV CS Syllabus" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 July 2018. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  24. ↑ "DAV Jharkhand Syllabus" . Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  25. ↑ Young, Jeffrey R. (20 July 2007). "Fun, Not Fear, Is at the Heart of Scratch, a New Programming Language". The Chronicle of Higher Education. ISSN   0009-5982. Archived from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  26. ↑ "CS50 Syllabus". Archived from the original on 17 March 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  27. ↑ Monroy-Hernandez, Andres; Hill, Benjamin Mako; Gonzalez-Rivero, Jazmin; Boyd, Danah (2011). "Computers Can't Give Credit: How Automatic Attribution Falls Short in an Online Remixing Community". Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '11). ACM. pp. 3421–30. arXiv: 1507.01285 . doi:10.1145/1978942.1979452. S2CID   7494330.
  28. ↑ Hill, B.M; Monroy-Hernández, A.; Olson, K.R. (2010). "Responses to remixing on a social media sharing website". ICWSM 2010: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Weblogs and Social Media, May 23–26, 2010. Washington, D.C.: AAAI Press. arXiv: 1507.01284 . Bibcode:2015arXiv150701284M. ISBN   978-1-57735-445-1. OCLC   844857775.
  29. ↑ "Scratch Design Studio". wiki.scratch.mit.edu. Archived from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  30. ↑ "For Parents". scratch.mit.edu. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  31. ↑ "Scratch Community Guidelines". scratch.mit.edu. Archived from the original on 7 April 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  32. ↑ "Scratch for Educators". scratch.mit.edu. Archived from the original on 5 October 2008. Retrieved 18 May 2010.
  33. ↑ "Scratch Wiki". en.scratch-wiki.info. Archived from the original on 12 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  34. ↑ jvvg (1 June 2013). "An explanation of the 'New Scratcher' status". Discuss Scratch. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
  35. ↑ "What is a Scratcher and how do I become one?". mitscratch.freshdesk.com. 4 November 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
  36. ↑ "Scratch Team - Scratch Wiki". en.scratch-wiki.info. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
  37. ↑ "Student and Teacher Accounts - Scratch Wiki". en.scratch-wiki.info. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
  38. 1 2 Liao, Rita (7 September 2020). "China bans Scratch, MIT's programming language for kids". TechCrunch. Retrieved 27 April 2021.[ dead link ]
  39. ↑ "China blocks MIT's kid-friendly programming language Scratch". Developer Tech News. 8 September 2020. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  40. 1 2 "Scratch". Squeak/Smalltalk. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
  41. ↑ Lightnin (29 October 2013). "We're seeking contributors to help finish our HTML5 Scratch player (now open sourced!)". Discuss Scratch. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  42. ↑ "Blockly". Google Developers.
  43. ↑ Pasternak, Erik (17 January 2019). "Scratch 3.0's new programming blocks, built on Blockly" . Retrieved 2 October 2019.
  44. ↑ speakvisually (13 May 2014). "Scratch 2.0 Offline Open Source Code!". Discuss Scratch. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
  45. ↑ "Scratch Educator". Meetup.com. Archived from the original on 21 April 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  46. ↑ "Scratch Week". Archived from the original on 7 April 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  47. ↑ "LLK – Projects – Building-Block Programming". llk.media.mit.edu. Archived from the original on 30 April 2001. Retrieved 19 December 2021.
  48. 1 2 "Development of Scratch 1.0". en.scratch-wiki.info. Archived from the original on 3 January 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  49. ↑ "Tactile Programming: A Unified Manipulation Paradigm Supporting Program Comprehension, Composition and Sharing" . Retrieved 15 October 2021.
  50. ↑ "Scratch – Imagine, Program, Share". scratch.mit.edu. Archived from the original on 22 February 2011. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  51. ↑ "Creative Commons License". wiki.scratch.mit.edu. Archived from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  52. ↑ "ITR: A Networked, Media-Rich Programming Environment to Enhance Informal Learning and Technological Fluency at Community Technology Centers". National Science Foundation. Archived from the original on 30 December 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  53. ↑ "Scratch Desktop". scratch.mit.edu. Archived from the original on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  54. ↑ Biggs, John (10 May 2013). "Kids' Programming Tool Scratch Now Runs in the Browser". TechCrunch . Archived from the original on 9 July 2017. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  55. ↑ Shane (grokblah), on behalf of the Scratch Team (29 August 2013). "Updated Scratch 2 Offline Editor (Beta) is now available!". Discuss Scratch. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  56. ↑ "Scratch 2.0 Preview". YouTube. MITScratchTeam. 1 May 2013. Archived from the original on 24 January 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  57. ↑ "Scratch 3.0". en.scratch-wiki.info. Archived from the original on 9 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  58. ↑ "3 Things To Know About Scratch 3.0". Medium.com. 31 January 2019. Archived from the original on 12 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  59. ↑ "Scratch 3.0". scratch.mit.edu. Archived from the original on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  60. ↑ "Scratch 3.0 – Scratch Wiki". en.scratch-wiki.info. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
  61. ↑ ceebee, on behalf of the Scratch Team (28 June 2023). "Color Contrast is here!". Discuss Scratch. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
  62. ↑ ceebee, on behalf of the Scratch Team (5 June 2023). "Coming Soon: Color Contrast in Scratch!". Discuss Scratch. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
  63. ↑ "Scratch Wiki – *.sb". 4 October 2015. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
  64. ↑ "Scratch File Format (1.4)/Object Table – Scratch Wiki". en.scratch-wiki.info. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
  65. ↑ "Scratch File Format (1.4)/Object Table – Scratch Wiki". en.scratch-wiki.info. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
  66. ↑ "Scratch File Format (2.0)". Scratch Wiki. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
  67. ↑ "LLK/scratchx". GitHub. 16 August 2022.
  68. ↑ "Scratch File Format". Scratch Wiki. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
  69. ↑ "Scratch 2.0 Offline Editor". MIT. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  70. ↑ "3 Things To Know About Scratch 3.0". The Scratch Team. 31 January 2019. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  71. ↑ "Offline Editor (2.0) – Scratch Wiki". en.scratch-wiki.info. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
  72. ↑ "Scratch Forums / Beta Flash player". Scratch Archived Forums. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
  73. ↑ O'Donnell, Lindsey (14 January 2019). "Mozilla Kills Default Support for Adobe Flash in Firefox 69" . Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  74. ↑ Adobe Corporate Communications (30 May 2019). "The Future of Adobe AIR" . Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  75. 1 2 McManus, Sean (2013). Scratch Programming in easy steps. Leamington Spa: Easy Steps. ISBN   978-1-84078-612-5.
  76. ↑ "Scratch Extension". MIT. Archived from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  77. ↑ "EV3+Scratch Extension". Scratch extension GitHub. Code & Circuit. Archived from the original on 20 January 2016. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  78. ↑ "Preliminary Scratch extension for talking to Arduino boards running Firmata". Scratch extension GitHub. Damellis. Archived from the original on 16 January 2018. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  79. ↑ "Snap! – Build Your Own Blocks". University of California, Berkeley. Archived from the original on 16 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  80. ↑ Mönig, Jens. "Jens on Scratch". Scratch. Archived from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  81. ↑ Mönig, Jens (31 May 2011). "BYOB 3.1 – Prototypal Inheritance for Scratch". Chirp Blog. Archived from the original on 6 December 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  82. ↑ "Brian Harvey". Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  83. ↑ "bharvey". Scratch. Archived from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  84. ↑ "CS10 : The Beauty and Joy of Computing". EECS Instructional Support Group Home Page. Archived from the original on 23 January 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  85. ↑ "Relationship With the Scratch Team".
  86. ↑ "About ScratchJr". scratchjr.org. Retrieved 19 September 2019.
  87. ↑ "Frequently Asked Questions". Scratch Addons Docs. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
  88. ↑ "How TurboWarp runs Scratch projects 10-100x faster | TurboWarp Documentation". docs.turbowarp.org. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
  89. ↑ "TurboWarp - Run Scratch projects faster". turbowarp.org. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
  90. ↑ "TurboWarp Packager". packager.turbowarp.org. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
  91. ↑ "Scratch 3.0 Extensions". Github. MIT. Retrieved 19 September 2019.
  92. ↑ "Scratch Modification". Scratch Wiki. Lifelong Kindergarten Group at the MIT Media Lab. Archived from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  93. ↑ "Blocks". Scratch Wiki. Archived from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.