PHP syntax and semantics

Last updated • 11 min readFrom Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

The syntax and semantics of PHP, a programming language, form a set of rules that define how a PHP program can be written and interpreted.

Contents

Overview

Historically, the development of PHP has been somewhat haphazard. To counter this, the PHP Framework Interop Group (FIG) has created The PHP Standards Recommendation (PSR) documents that have helped bring more standardization to the language since 2009. [1] The modern coding standards are contained in PSR-1 (Basic Coding Standard) [2] and PSR-2 (Coding Style Guide). [3]

Keywords

Some keywords represent things that look like functions, some look like constants, but they are actually language constructs. It is forbidden to use any keywords as constants, class names, functions or methods. Using them as variable names is allowed, but it can be confusing. [4]

Basic language constructs

PHP generally follows C syntax, with exceptions and enhancements for its main use in web development, which makes heavy use of string manipulation. PHP variables must be prefixed by "$". This allows PHP to perform string interpolation in double quoted strings, where backslash is supported as an escape character. No escaping or interpolation is done on strings delimited by single quotes. PHP also supports a C-like sprintf function. Code can be modularized into functions defined with keyword function. PHP supports an optional object oriented coding style, with classes denoted by the class keyword. Functions defined inside classes are sometimes called methods. Control structures include: if, while, do/while, for, foreach, and switch. Statements are terminated by a semicolon, not line endings. [5]

Delimiters

The PHP processor only parses code within its delimiters. Anything outside its delimiters is sent directly to the output and not parsed by PHP. The only open/close delimiters allowed by PSR-1 [6] are "<?php" and "?>" or <?= and ?>.

The purpose of the delimiting tags is to separate PHP code from non-PHP data (mainly HTML). Although rare in practice, PHP will execute code embedded in any file passed to its interpreter, including binary files such as PDF or JPEG files, or in server log files. [7] [8] Everything outside the delimiters is ignored by the PHP parser and is passed through as output. [9]

These recommended delimiters create correctly formed XHTML and other XML documents. [10] This may be helpful if the source code documents ever need to be processed in other ways during the life of the software.

If proper XML validation is not an issue, and a file contains only PHP code, it is preferable to omit the PHP closing (?>) tag at the end of the file. [11]

Other delimiters can be used on some servers, though most are no longer supported. [12] Examples are:

  • "<script language="php">" and "</script>" (removed in PHP7)
  • Short opening tags (<?) (configured with the short_open_tag ini setting)
    • A special form of the <? tag is <?=, which automatically echos the next statement. Prior to PHP 5.4.0 this was also controlled with short_open_tag, but is always available in later versions.
  • ASP style tags (<% or <%=) (removed in PHP7)

Variables and comments

Variables are prefixed with a dollar symbol and a type does not need to be specified in advance. Unlike function and class names, variable names are case-sensitive. Both double-quoted ("") and heredoc strings allow the ability to embed a variable's value into the string. [13] As in C, variables may be cast to a specific type by prefixing the type in parentheses. PHP treats newlines as whitespace, in the manner of a free-form language. The concatenation operator is . (dot). Array elements are accessed and set with square brackets in both associative arrays and indexed arrays. Curly brackets can be used to access array elements, but not to assign.

PHP has three types of comment syntax: /* */ which serves as block comments, and // as well as # which are used for inline comments. [14] Many examples use the print function instead of the echo function. Both functions are nearly identical; the major difference being that print is slower than echo because the former will return a status indicating if it was successful or not in addition to text to output, whereas the latter does not return a status and only returns the text for output. [15]

Simplest program

The usual "Hello World" code example for PHP is: [16] 

<?phpecho"Hello World!\n";?>

The example above outputs the following:

Hello World!

Instead of using <?php and the echo statement, an optional "shortcut" is the use of <?= instead of <?php which implicitly echoes data. For example:

<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><title>PHP "Hello, World!" program</title></head><body><p><?="Hello World!"?></p></body></html>

The above example also illustrates that text not contained within enclosing PHP tags will be directly output.

Operators

PHP supports: arithmetic operators, assignment operators, bitwise operators, comparison operators, error control operators, execution operators, increment/decrement operators, logical operators, string operators, array operators, conditional assignment operators. [17]

Control structures

Conditionals

If ... else statement

The syntax of a PHP if ... else statement is as follows:

if(condition){// statements;}elseif(condition2){// statements;}else{// statements;}

For single statements, the brackets may be omitted and the if optionally condensed to a single line:

if(condition)dosomething();elseif(condition2)dosomethingelse();elsedoyetathirdthing();

Ternary conditional operator

$abs=$value>=0?$value:-$value;/* Equivalent to */if($value>=0){$abs=$value;}else{$abs=-$value;}
Elvis operator

Since PHP 5.3 supports Elvis operator (?:) in which it is possible to omit the middle part of the ternary operator.

$c=$a?:$b;/* Equivalent to */$c=$a?$a:$b;
Null coalescing operator

Since version 7.0 PHP also supports Null coalescing operator (??).

$a=$b??$c;/* Equivalent to */$a=isset($b)?$b:$c;

Since version 7.4 PHP also supports Null coalescing operator with the ??= syntax.

$a??=$b;/* Equivalent to */$a=$a??$b;
Safe navigation operator

Since version 8.0 PHP also supports Safe navigation operator (?->).

$variable=$object?->method();/* Equivalent to */$variable=$object!==null?$object->method():null;

Switch statement

An example of the syntax of a PHP switch statement is as follows:

switch(expr){case0:// statements;break;case1:// statements;break;case2:// statements;break;default:// statements;}

Note that unlike in C, values in case statement can be any type, not just integers. [18]

Match expression

PHP 8 introduces the match expression. [19] The match expression is conceptually similar to a switch statement and is more compact for some use cases. [20] switch statements are traditionally favored for simple value-based comparisons, match statements provide more flexibility and readability, particularly when using in complex conditions or patterns [21] 

echomatch(1){0=>'Foo',1=>'Bar',2=>'Baz',};//> Bar

Loops

For loop

The PHP syntax of a for loop is as follows:

for(initialization;condition;afterthought){// statements;}

While loop

The syntax for a PHP while loop is as follows:

while(condition){// statements;}

Do while loop

The syntax for a PHP do while loop is as follows:

do{// statements;}while(condition);

For each loop

The syntax for a PHP for each loop is as follows:

foreach($setas$value){// statements;}

Alternative syntax for control structures

PHP offers an alternative syntax using colons rather than the standard curly-brace syntax (of "{...}"). This syntax affects the following control structures: if, while, for, foreach, and switch. The syntax varies only slightly from the curly-brace syntax. In each case the opening brace ({) is replaced with a colon (:) and the close brace is replaced with endif;, endwhile;, endfor;, endforeach;, or endswitch;, respectively. [22] Mixing syntax styles within the same control block is not supported. An example of the syntax for an if/elseif statement is as follows:

if(condition):// code hereelseif(condition):// code hereelse:// code hereendif;

This style is sometimes called template syntax, as it is often found easier to read when combining PHP and HTML or JavaScript for conditional output:

<html><?phpif($day=='Thursday'):?><div>Tomorrow is Friday!</div><?phpelseif($day=='Friday'):?><div>TGIF</div><?phpelse:?><div>ugh</div><?phpendif;?></html>

Exception handling

Runtime exception handling method in PHP is inherited from C++. [23] 

functioninv($x){if($x==0){thrownewException('Division by zero');}return1/$x;}try{echoinv(2);// prints 0.5echoinv(0);// throw an exceptionechoinv(5);// will not run}catch(Exception$e){echo$e->getMessage();// prints Division by zero }// Continue executionecho"Hello";// prints Hello

Data types

Scalar types

PHP supports four scalar types: bool, int, float, string. [24]

Boolean

PHP has a native Boolean type, named "bool", similar to the native Boolean types in Java and C++. Using the Boolean type conversion rules, non-zero values are interpreted as true and zero as false, as in Perl. Both constants true and false are case-insensitive. [25]

Integer

PHP stores whole numbers in a platform-dependent range. This range is typically that of 32-bit or 64-bit signed integers. [26] Integer variables can be assigned using decimal (positive and negative), octal, hexadecimal, and binary notations.

$a=1234;// decimal number$b=0321;// octal number (equivalent to 209 decimal)$c=0x1B;// hexadecimal number (equivalent to 27 decimal)$d=0b11;// binary number (equivalent to 3 decimal)$e=1_234_567;// decimal number (as of PHP 7.4.0)

Float

Real numbers are also stored in a platform-specific range. They can be specified using floating point notation, or two forms of scientific notation. [27] 

$a=1.234;$b=1.2e3;// 1200$c=7E-5;// 0.00007$d=1_234.567;// as of PHP 7.4.0

String

PHP supports strings, which can be used with single quotes, double quotes, nowdoc or heredoc syntax. [28]

Double quoted strings support variable interpolation:

$age='23';echo"John is $age years old";// John is 23 years old

Curly braces syntax: [29] 

$f="sqrt";$x=25;echo"a$xc\n";// Warning:  Undefined variable $xcecho"a{$x}c\n";// prints a25cecho"a${x}c\n";// also prints a25cecho"$f($x) is {$f($x)}\n";// prints sqrt(25) is 5

Special types

PHP supports two special types: null, resource. The null data type represents a variable that has no value. The only value in the null data type is NULL. The NULL constant is not case sensitive. [30] Variables of the "resource" type represent references to resources from external sources. These are typically created by functions from a particular extension, and can only be processed by functions from the same extension. Examples include file, image and database resources. [24]

Compound types

PHP supports four compound types: array, object, callable, iterable.

Array

Arrays can contain mixed elements of any type, including resources, objects. [31] Multi-dimensional arrays are created by assigning arrays as array elements. PHP has no true array type. PHP arrays are natively sparse and associative. Indexed arrays are simply hashes using integers as keys.

Indexed array:

$season=["Autumn","Winter","Spring","Summer"];echo$season[2];// Spring

Associative array:

$salary=["Alex"=>34000,"Bill"=>43000,"Jim"=>28000];echo$salary["Bill"];// 43000

Multidimensional array:

$mark=["Alex"=>["biology"=>73,"history"=>85],"Jim"=>["biology"=>86,"history"=>92]];echo$mark["Jim"]["history"];// 92

Object

The object data type is a combination of variables, functions and data structures in the object-oriented programming paradigm.

classPerson{//...}$person=newPerson();

Callable

Since version 5.3 PHP has first-class functions that can be used e.g. as an argument to another function.

functionrunner(callable$function,mixed...$args){return$function(...$args);}$f=fn($x,$y)=>$x**$y;functionsum(int|float...$args){returnarray_sum($args);}echorunner(fn($x)=>$x**2,2);// prints 4echorunner($f,2,3);// prints 8echorunner('sum',1,2,3,4);// prints 10

Iterable

Iterable type indicate that variable can be used with foreach loop. [32] It can be any array or generator or object that implementing the special internal Traversable [33] interface.

functionprintSquares(iterable$data){foreach($dataas$value){echo($value**2)." ";}echo"\n";}// array $array=[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10];// generator $generator=function():Generator{for($i=1;$i<=10;$i++){yield$i;}};// object$arrayIterator=newArrayIterator([1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]);printSquares($array);// 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100printSquares($generator());// 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100printSquares($arrayIterator);// 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100

Union types

Union types were introduced in PHP 8.0 [34] 

functionfoo(string|int$foo):string|int{}

Functions

PHP has hundreds of base functions and thousands more from extensions. Prior to PHP version 5.3.0, functions are not first-class functions and can only be referenced by their name, whereas PHP 5.3.0 introduces closures. [35] User-defined functions can be created at any time and without being prototyped. [35] Functions can be defined inside code blocks, permitting a run-time decision as to whether or not a function should be defined. There is no concept of local functions. Function calls must use parentheses with the exception of zero argument class constructor functions called with the PHP new operator, where parentheses are optional.

An example function definition is the following:

functionhello($target='World'){echo"Hello $target!\n";}hello();// outputs "Hello World!"hello('Wikipedia');// outputs "Hello Wikipedia!"

Function calls may be made via variables, where the value of a variable contains the name of the function to call. This is illustrated in the following example:

functionhello(){return'Hello';}functionworld(){return"World!";}$function1='hello';$function2='world';echo"{$function1()}{$function2()}";

A default value for parameters can be assigned in the function definition, but prior to PHP 8.0 did not support named parameters or parameter skipping. [36] Some core PHP developers have publicly expressed disappointment with this decision. [37] Others have suggested workarounds for this limitation. [38]

Named arguments

Named arguments were introduced in PHP 8.0 

functionpower($base,$exp){return$base**$exp;}// Using positional arguments:echopower(2,3);// prints 8// Using named arguments:echopower(base:2,exp:3);// prints 8echopower(exp:3,base:2);// prints 8

Type declaration

Specifying the types of function parameters and function return values has been supported since PHP 7.0. [39]

Return type declaration:

functionsum($a,$b):float{return$a+$b;}var_dump(sum(1,2));// prints float(3)

Parameters typing:

functionsum(int$a,int$b){return$a+$b;}var_dump(sum(1,2));// prints int(3)var_dump(sum(1.6,2.3));// prints int(3)

Strict typing

Without strict typing enabled:

$f1=fn($a,$b):int=>$a+$b;$f2=fn(int$a,int$b)=>$a+$b;var_dump($f1(1.3,2.6));// prints int(3)var_dump($f1(1,'2'));// prints int(3)var_dump($f2(1.3,2.6));// prints int(3)var_dump($f2(1,'2'));// prints int(3)

With strict typing enabled:

declare(strict_types=1);$f1=fn($a,$b):int=>$a+$b;$f2=fn(int$a,int$b)=>$a+$b;var_dump($f1(1.3,2.6));// Fatal error: Return value must be of type int, float returnedvar_dump($f1(1,'2'));// prints int(3)var_dump($f2(1.3,2.6));// Fatal error: Argument #1 ($a) must be of type int, float givenvar_dump($f2(1,'2'));// Fatal error: Argument #2 ($b) must be of type int, string given

Anonymous functions

PHP supports true anonymous functions as of version 5.3. [35] In previous versions, PHP only supported quasi-anonymous functions through the create_function() function.

$x=3;$func=function($z){return$z*2;};echo$func($x);// prints 6

Since version 7.4 PHP also supports arrow functions syntax (=>). [40] 

$x=3;$func=fn($z)=>$z*2;echo$func($x);// prints 6

Closures

Сreating closures

$add=fn($x)=>fn($y)=>$y+$x;/* Equivalent to */$add=function($x){returnfunction($y)use($x){return$y+$x;};};

using 

$f=$add(5);echo$f(3);// prints 8echo$add(2)(4);// prints 6

PHP

This section is an excerpt from Variadic function § In PHP.[ edit ]

PHP does not care about types of variadic arguments unless the argument is typed.

functionsum(...$nums):int{returnarray_sum($nums);}echosum(1,2,3);// 6

And typed variadic arguments:

functionsum(int...$nums):int{returnarray_sum($nums);}echosum(1,'a',3);// TypeError: Argument 2 passed to sum() must be of the type int (since PHP 7.3)

Generators

Using generators, we can write code that uses foreach to iterate over a dataset without having to create an array in memory, which can result in memory overhead or significant processing time for generation.

Objects

Basic object-oriented programming functionality was added in PHP 3. [41] Object handling was completely rewritten for PHP 5, expanding the feature set and enhancing performance. [42] In previous versions of PHP, objects were handled like primitive types. [42] The drawback of this method was that the whole object was copied when a variable was assigned or passed as a parameter to a method. In the new approach, objects are referenced by handle, and not by value. PHP 5 introduced private and protected member variables and methods, along with abstract classes and final classes as well as abstract methods and final methods. It also introduced a standard way of declaring constructors and destructors, similar to that of other object-oriented languages such as C++, and a standard exception handling model. Furthermore PHP 5 added Interfaces and allows for multiple Interfaces to be implemented. There are special interfaces that allow objects to interact with the runtime system. Objects implementing ArrayAccess can be used with array syntax and objects implementing Iterator or IteratorAggregate can be used with the foreach language construct. The static method and class variable features in Zend Engine 2 do not work the way some would expect. There is no virtual table feature in the engine, so static variables are bound with a name instead of a reference at compile time. [43]

This example shows how to define a class, Foo, that inherits from class Bar. The method myStaticMethod is a public static method that can be called with Foo::myStaticMethod();.

classFooextendsBar{function__construct(){$doo="wah dee dee";}publicstaticfunctionmyStaticMethod(){$dee="dee dee dum";}}

If the developer creates a copy of an object using the reserved word clone, the Zend engine will check if a __clone() method has been defined or not. If not, it will call a default __clone() which will copy the object's properties. If a __clone() method is defined, then it will be responsible for setting the necessary properties in the created object. For convenience, the engine will supply a function that imports the properties of the source object, so that the programmer can start with a by-value replica of the source object and only override properties that need to be changed. [44]

Traits

This section is an excerpt from Trait (computer programming) § PHP.[ edit ]

This example uses a trait to enhance other classes:

// The templatetraitTSingleton{privatestatic$_instance=null;privatefunction__construct(){}// Must have private default constructor and be aware not to open it in the classpublicstaticfunctiongetInstance(){if(null===self::$_instance){self::$_instance=newself();}returnself::$_instance;}}classFrontController{useTSingleton;}// Can also be used in already extended classesclassWebSiteextendsSomeClass{useTSingleton;}

This allows simulating aspects of multiple inheritance:

traitTBounding{public$x,$y,$width,$height;}traitTMoveable{publicfunctionmoveTo($x,$y){// …}}traitTResizeable{publicfunctionresize($newWidth,$newHeight){// …}}classRectangle{useTBounding,TMoveable,TResizeable;publicfunctionfillColor($color){// …}}

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PHP</span> Scripting language created in 1994

PHP is a general-purpose scripting language geared towards web development. It was originally created by Danish-Canadian programmer Rasmus Lerdorf in 1993 and released in 1995. The PHP reference implementation is now produced by the PHP Group. PHP was originally an abbreviation of Personal Home Page, but it now stands for the recursive acronym PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor.

In computer programming, lazy initialization is the tactic of delaying the creation of an object, the calculation of a value, or some other expensive process until the first time it is needed. It is a kind of lazy evaluation that refers specifically to the instantiation of objects or other resources.

In computer programming, an iterator is an object that progressively provides access to each item of a collection, in order.

In mathematics and computer science, a higher-order function (HOF) is a function that does at least one of the following:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">C syntax</span> Set of rules defining correctly structured programs

The syntax of the C programming language is the set of rules governing writing of software in C. It is designed to allow for programs that are extremely terse, have a close relationship with the resulting object code, and yet provide relatively high-level data abstraction. C was the first widely successful high-level language for portable operating-system development.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">For loop</span> Control flow statement for repeated execution

In computer science, a for-loop or for loop is a control flow statement for specifying iteration. Specifically, a for-loop functions by running a section of code repeatedly until a certain condition has been satisfied.

In computer programming, a function object is a construct allowing an object to be invoked or called as if it were an ordinary function, usually with the same syntax. In some languages, particularly C++, function objects are often called functors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Foreach loop</span> Control flow statement for traversing items in a collection

In computer programming, foreach loop is a control flow statement for traversing items in a collection. foreach is usually used in place of a standard for loop statement. Unlike other for loop constructs, however, foreach loops usually maintain no explicit counter: they essentially say "do this to everything in this set", rather than "do this x times". This avoids potential off-by-one errors and makes code simpler to read. In object-oriented languages, an iterator, even if implicit, is often used as the means of traversal.

In some programming languages, eval, short for the English evaluate, is a function which evaluates a string as though it were an expression in the language, and returns a result; in others, it executes multiple lines of code as though they had been included instead of the line including the eval. The input to eval is not necessarily a string; it may be structured representation of code, such as an abstract syntax tree, or of special type such as code. The analog for a statement is exec, which executes a string as if it were a statement; in some languages, such as Python, both are present, while in other languages only one of either eval or exec is.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Java syntax</span> Set of rules defining correctly structured program

The syntax of Java is the set of rules defining how a Java program is written and interpreted.

In mathematics and in computer programming, a variadic function is a function of indefinite arity, i.e., one which accepts a variable number of arguments. Support for variadic functions differs widely among programming languages.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">JavaScript syntax</span> Set of rules defining correctly structured programs

The syntax of JavaScript is the set of rules that define a correctly structured JavaScript program.

The null coalescing operator is a binary operator that is part of the syntax for a basic conditional expression in several programming languages, such as : C# since version 2.0, Dart since version 1.12.0, PHP since version 7.0.0, Perl since version 5.10 as logical defined-or, PowerShell since 7.0.0, and Swift as nil-coalescing operator.

This article describes the syntax of the C# programming language. The features described are compatible with .NET Framework and Mono.

This comparison of programming languages (associative arrays) compares the features of associative array data structures or array-lookup processing for over 40 computer programming languages.

The computer programming language, C#, introduces several new features in version 2.0. These include:

The structure of the Perl programming language encompasses both the syntactical rules of the language and the general ways in which programs are organized. Perl's design philosophy is expressed in the commonly cited motto "there's more than one way to do it". As a multi-paradigm, dynamically typed language, Perl allows a great degree of flexibility in program design. Perl also encourages modularization; this has been attributed to the component-based design structure of its Unix roots, and is responsible for the size of the CPAN archive, a community-maintained repository of more than 100,000 modules.

Swift is a high-level general-purpose, multi-paradigm, compiled programming language created by Chris Lattner in 2010 for Apple Inc. and maintained by the open-source community. Swift compiles to machine code and uses an LLVM-based compiler. Swift was first released in June 2014 and the Swift toolchain has shipped in Xcode since Xcode version 6, released in September 2014

In object-oriented programming, the safe navigation operator is a binary operator that returns null if its first argument is null; otherwise it performs a dereferencing operation as specified by the second argument.

References

  1. ↑ PSR-Huh?
  2. ↑ PSR-1
  3. ↑ PSR-2
  4. ↑ PHP: List of Keywords - Manual
  5. ↑ "Instruction separation". The PHP Group. Retrieved 2008-03-16.
  6. ↑ "PSR-1: Basic Coding Standard - PHP-FIG".
  7. ↑ "Code injection – a simple PHP virus carried in a JPEG image".
  8. ↑ Young, Susan; Aitel, Dave (24 November 2003). The Hacker's Handbook: The Strategy Behind Breaking into and Defending Networks. ISBN   9780203490044.
  9. ↑ "Your first PHP-enabled page". The PHP Group. Retrieved 2008-02-25.
  10. ↑ Bray, Tim; et al. (26 November 2008). "Processing Instructions". Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 (Fifth Edition). W3C. Retrieved 2009-06-18.
  11. ↑ "PHP tags".
  12. ↑ "PHP: Basic syntax". The PHP Group. Retrieved 2008-02-22.
  13. ↑ "Variables". The PHP Group. Retrieved 2008-03-16.
  14. ↑ "Comments". The PHP Group. Retrieved 2008-03-16.
  15. ↑ "print". The PHP Group. Retrieved 2008-03-16.
  16. ↑ "Hello World". Code Newbie. Retrieved 2008-02-25.
  17. ↑ "PHP: Operators - Manual". The PHP Group. Retrieved 2021-01-30.
  18. ↑ "PHP: Switch - Manual".
  19. ↑ Redmond, Paul. "Match Expression is Coming to PHP 8". Laravel News. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
  20. ↑ "PHP 8.0: Match Expressions". PHP Watch. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
  21. ↑ "Match or Switch in PHP". Techsouce. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
  22. ↑ "Alternative syntax for control structures". The PHP Group. Retrieved 2010-04-16.
  23. ↑ "PHP: Exceptions - Manual". The PHP Group. Retrieved 2021-01-30.
  24. 1 2 "Types". The PHP Group. Retrieved 2008-03-16.
  25. ↑ "Booleans". The PHP Group. Retrieved 2021-01-22.
  26. ↑ PHP: Integers - Manual
  27. ↑ "Floating point numbers". The PHP Group. Retrieved 2021-01-22.
  28. ↑ "Strings". The PHP Group. Retrieved 2008-03-21.
  29. ↑ "Complex (curly) syntax". The PHP Group. Retrieved 2021-01-30.
  30. ↑ NULL
  31. ↑ "Arrays". The PHP Group. Retrieved 2021-01-22.
  32. ↑ PHP: Iterables - Manual
  33. ↑ PHP: Traversable - Manual
  34. ↑ PHP RFC: Union Types 2.0
  35. 1 2 3 "Functions". The PHP Group. Retrieved 2008-03-16.
  36. ↑ "PHP 6 Dropped Items". The PHP Group. Retrieved 2009-01-09.
  37. ↑ "Syntax I Miss in PHP". Stanislav Malyshev, Zend Technologies, Ltd. Retrieved 2009-01-09.
  38. ↑ "PHP Skipped and Named Parameters". SEO Egghead Inc. Retrieved 2009-01-09.
  39. ↑ "PHP: Type declarations - Manual". The PHP Group. Retrieved 2021-02-28.
  40. ↑ PHP RFC: Arrow Functions 2.0
  41. ↑ "History of PHP and related projects". The PHP Group. Retrieved 2008-02-25.
  42. 1 2 "PHP 5 Object References". mjtsai. Retrieved 2008-03-16.
  43. ↑ "Classes and Objects (PHP 5)". The PHP Group. Retrieved 2008-03-16.
  44. ↑ "Object cloning". The PHP Group. Retrieved 2008-03-16.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.