IBM Z

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A single-frame IBM z15 mainframe. Larger capacity models can have up to four total frames. This model has blue accents, as compared with the LinuxONE III model with orange highlights. IBM Z15 mainframe.jpg
A single-frame IBM z15 mainframe. Larger capacity models can have up to four total frames. This model has blue accents, as compared with the LinuxONE III model with orange highlights.
An IBM z14 mainframe. It is distinguished from the LinuxONE model by the blue accents on the doors. IBM Z14 (36084219181).jpg
An IBM z14 mainframe. It is distinguished from the LinuxONE model by the blue accents on the doors.
A pair of IBM mainframes. On the left is the IBM z13 (while the naming was changed, the z13 line had a zSystems label on doors). On the right is the IBM LinuxONE Rockhopper. IBM z13 and LinuxONE Rockhopper.jpg
A pair of IBM mainframes. On the left is the IBM z13 (while the naming was changed, the z13 line had a zSystems label on doors). On the right is the IBM LinuxONE Rockhopper.

IBM Z [1] is a family name used by IBM for all of its z/Architecture mainframe computers. In July 2017, with another generation of products, the official family was changed to IBM Z from IBM z Systems; the IBM Z family now includes the newest model, the IBM z16, as well as the z15, the z14, and the z13 (released under the IBM z Systems/IBM System z names), the IBM zEnterprise models (in common use the zEC12 and z196), the IBM System z10 models (in common use the z10 EC), the IBM System z9 models (in common use the z9EC) and IBM eServer zSeries models (in common use refers only to the z900 and z990 generations of mainframe).

Contents

Architecture

The zSeries,zEnterprise,System z and IBM Z families were named for their availability – z stands for zero downtime. The systems are built with spare components capable of hot failovers to ensure continuous operations. [2]

The IBM Z family maintains full backward compatibility. In effect, current systems are the direct, lineal descendants of the System/360, announced in 1964, and the System/370 from the 1970s. Many applications written for these systems can still run unmodified on the newest IBM Z system over five decades later. [3]

Virtualization

Virtualization is required by default on IBM Z systems. First layer virtualization is provided by the Processor Resource and System Manager (PR/SM) to deploy one or more Logical Partitions (LPARs). Each LPAR supports a variety of operating systems. A hypervisor called z/VM can also be run as the second layer virtualization in LPARs to create as many virtual machines (VMs) as there are resources assigned to the LPARs to support them. The first layer of IBM Z virtualization (PR/SM) allows a z machine to run a limited number of LPARs (up to 80 on the IBM z13). These can be considered virtual "bare metal" servers because PR/SM allows CPUs to be dedicated to individual LPARs. z/VM LPARs allocated within PR/SM LPARs can run a very large number of virtual machines as long as there are adequate CPU, memory, and I/O resources configured with the system for the desired performance, capacity, and throughput.[ citation needed ]

IBM Z's PR/SM and hardware attributes allow compute resources to be dynamically changed to meet workload demands. CPU and memory resources can be non-disruptively added to the system and dynamically assigned, recognized, and used by LPARs. I/O resources such as IP and SAN ports can also be added dynamically. They are virtualized and shared across all LPARs. The hardware component that provides this capability is called the Channel Subsystem. Each LPAR can be configured to either "see" or "not see" the virtualized I/O ports to establish desired "shareness" or isolation. This virtualization capability allows significant reduction in I/O resources because of its ability to share them and drive up utilization.[ citation needed ]

PR/SM on IBM Z has earned Common Criteria Evaluation Assurance Level (EAL) 5+ security certification, [4] and z/VM has earned Common Criteria EAL4+ certification. [5]

The KVM hypervisor from Linux has also been ported. [6]

List of models (reverse chronological order)

Since the move away from the System/390 name, a number of IBM Z models have been released. These can be grouped into families with similar architectural characteristics.

IBM z16

The IBM z16 [7] mainframe, based on the Telum processor, was introduced on April 5, 2022. [8] The instructions for AI and neural nets are described in a new edition [9] of the z/Architecture Principles of Operation.

IBM z15

IBM z14

The dual frame z14, launched in July 2017, [13] and the single frame launched in April 2018, [14] are based on the z14 chip, a 5.2 GHz 10-core processor. [15] [16] A z14 system can have a maximum of 240 Processing Unit (PU) cores, 170 of which can be configured to the customer's specification to run applications and operating systems, and up to 32 TB usable redundant array of independent memory (RAIM), some of which can be configured as Virtual Flash Memory (VFM). Each PU can be characterized as a Central Processor (CP), Integrated Firmware Processor (IFP), Integrated Facility for Linux (IFL) processor, Integrated Information Processor (zIIP), Internal Coupling Facility (ICF) processor, additional System Assist Processor (SAP) or as a spare. The focus of the IBM Z systems are pervasive encryption as the z14 processor has plenty of hardware assisted cryptography features (AES, DES, TDES, SHA, Random number generator). [16]

IBM z13

Launched on January 13, 2015, [17] [18] the z13 is based on the z13 chip, a 5 GHz 8-core processor. A z13 system can have a maximum of 168 Processing Unit (PU) cores, 141 of which can be configured to the customer's specification to run applications and operating systems, and up to 10.144 TiB (usable) of redundant array of independent memory (RAIM). Each PU can be characterized as a Central Processor (CP), Integrated Firmware Processor (IFP), Integrated Facility for Linux (IFL) processor, z Integrated Information Processor (zIIP), Internal Coupling Facility (ICF) processor, additional System Assist Processor (SAP) or as a spare. The z Application Assist Processor (zAAP) feature of previous zArchitecture processors is now an integrated part of the z13's zIIP. [19]

The z Systems z13s (2965 series) was introduced on February 17, 2016 [20]

The z13 and z13s introduce a new vector architecture and are the last z Systems servers to support running an operating system in ESA/390 architecture mode. [21]

IBM zEnterprise System

A trio of IBM zEnterprise mainframe computers. From left to right: EC12, BC12, Bladecenter Extension. System z Frames.JPG
A trio of IBM zEnterprise mainframe computers. From left to right: EC12, BC12, Bladecenter Extension.

This line has two generations: first generation, released in 2010/2011 with 114 single-rack ("business class") and 196 ("Enterprise class") models; and released in 2012/2013 second generation, branded as generation 12 of main line, and released with two model lines: single-rack zBC12 and dual-rack zEC12.

zEnterprise gen2 (zBC12 and zEC12)

An IBM zEnterprise EC12 with the cover removed. The interior is lit to better see the various internal parts. Glowing IBM zEnterprise EC12.JPG
An IBM zEnterprise EC12 with the cover removed. The interior is lit to better see the various internal parts.

On April 8, 2014, in honor of the 50th anniversary of the System/360 mainframe, IBM announced [22] the release of its first converged infrastructure solution based on mainframe technology. Dubbed the IBM Enterprise Cloud System, [23] this new offering combines IBM mainframe hardware, software, and storage into a single system and is designed to compete with competitive offerings from VCE, HP, and Oracle. According to IBM, it is the most scalable Linux server available with support for up to 6,000 [22] virtual machines in a single-footprint. In June 2014, IBM announced [24] it had shipped its first Enterprise Cloud System to Vissensa, a UK-based managed service provider.

zEnterprise Business Class 12 - The zBC12 is an entry-level single-rack solution, was introduced in July 2013 and is available in two hardware models, the H06 and the H13. It's designed to serve the mid-range business segment and can be configured to be a Linux virtualization server, in a version called the Enterprise Linux Server. The H13 has 18 processor cores, with up to 13 configurable. The H06 has nine, with up to six configurable.

zBC12 models
ModelCPsIFLszAAPs / zIIPsICFsSAPsIFPsSpareszBXMemory (GB)
H060–60–60–4 / 0–40–62100–18–240
H130–60–130–8 / 0–80–132120–116–496

Introduced in July 2013, the zEnterprise BC12 is based on an upscaled z114, running 18 zEC12 processors at 4.2 GHz and up to 489 GB RAM. It is available in two models, the H06 and the H13 with one and two processing drawers respectively. The zBC12 can connect to the zBX expansion system. IBM is offering a special version of the zBC12 called the Enterprise Linux Server, [25] running only Linux hosts on top of its z/VM hypervisor, targeting large migrations from x86-based Linux installations.

zEnterprise Enterprise Class 12 - The zEC12 is a high-end dual-rack solution, and available in five hardware models: H20, H43, H66, H89 and HA1. [26] The model number is based on the number of cores available for customer workloads. Additional cores are reserved as spares, SAPs and IFPs.

zEC12 models
ModelCPsIFLszAAPs / zIIPsICFsSAPsIFPsSparesMemory (GB)
H201–200–200–10 / 0–100–204–812–2032–704
H431–430–430–21 / 0–210–438–1612–4332–1392
H661–660–660–33 / 0–330–6612–2412–6632–2272
H891–890–890–44 / 0–440–8916–3212–8932–3040
HA11–1010–1010–50 / 0–500–10116–3212–10132–3040

Introduced in August 2012, the zEnterprise EC12 is based on the zEC12 chip, a 5.5 GHz 8-core out-of-order CISC-based zArchitecture processor. The zEC12 can have a maximum of 120 cores, 101 of which are customer configurable to run operating systems and applications. [27] The maximum number of cores available in a particular model of the zEC12 is denoted by the model name. For example, the H20 has up to 20 cores orderable for direct customer use, plus spare and a special I/O processor core type, the System Assist Processor. Each core can be characterized as a Central Processor (CP), Integrated Facility for Linux (IFL) processor, z Application Assist Processor (zAAP), z10 Integrated Information Processor (zIIP), Internal Coupling Facility (ICF) processor, or additional System Assist Processor (SAP). The zEnterprise EC12 allows up to 3 TB (usable) of redundant array of independent memory (RAIM).

The EC12 has 50% higher total capacity than the z196 (up to 78,000 MIPS), and supports Transactional Execution and Flash Express – integrated SSDs which improve paging and certain other I/O performance.

zEnterprise gen1 (114 and 196)

zEnterprise, announced in July 2010, with the z196 model, was designed to offer both mainframe and distributed server technologies in an integrated system. The zEnterprise System consists of three components: [28]

  • First is a System z server.
  • Second is the IBM zEnterprise BladeCenter Extension (zBX).
  • Last is the management layer, IBM zEnterprise Unified Resource Manager (zManager), which provides a single management view of zEnterprise resources.

The zEnterprise is designed to extend mainframe capabilities – management efficiency, dynamic resource allocation, serviceability – to other systems and workloads running on AIX on POWER7, and Microsoft Windows or Linux on x86. [29]

The zEnterprise BladeCenter Extension (zBX) is an infrastructure component that hosts both general purpose IBM BladeCenter servers and appliance-like workload optimizers which can all be managed as if they were a single mainframe. The zBX supports a private high speed internal network that connects it to the central processing complex, which reduces the need for networking hardware and provides inherently high security.

The IBM zEnterprise Unified Resource Manager integrates the System z and zBX resources as a single virtualized system and provides unified and integrated management across the zEnterprise System. It can identify system bottlenecks or failures among disparate systems and if a failure occurs it can dynamically reallocate system resources to prevent or reduce application problems. The Unified Resource Manager provides energy monitoring and management, resource management, increased security, virtual networking, and information management from a single user interface.

zEnterprise 114 - The z114 is a entry-level single-rack solution, available in two hardware models: M05 and M10. Introduced in July, 2011, this system is designed to extend the benefits of the zEnterprise System to the mid-range business segment. Like the z196, the z114 is fully compatible with the zBX and the URM and also features the mission-critical server design elements. The z114 features up to 14 cores (up to 10 configurable) with a clock speed of 3.8 GHz. The z114 is physically approximately half the size of the z196.

z114 models
ModelCPsIFLszAAPs / zIIPsICFsSAPsSpareszBXMemory (GB)
M050–50–50–2 / 0–20–52–400–18–120
M100–50–100–5 / 0–50–102–420–116–248

This model can contains up to 14 z196 out-of-order CISC-based zArchitecture processors running at 3.8 GHz. The z114 offers 130 capacity settings across two models and is designed to offer the hybrid capabilities of the zEnterprise System with a lower capacity, a lower energy usage, and lower price. [30] Each core can be characterized as a Central Processor (CP), Integrated Facility for Linux (IFL) processor, z Application Assist Processor (zAAP), z10 Integrated Information Processor (zIIP), Internal Coupling Facility (ICF) processor, or additional System Assist Processor (SAP). The z114 supports up to 248 GB (usable) of redundant array of independent memory (RAIM).

zEnterprise 196 - The z196 is a high-end dual-rack solution, and available in five hardware models: M15, M32, M49, M66 and M80. The model number is based on the number of cores available for customer workloads. [31] Additional cores are reserved as spares and as SAPs.

z196 models
ModelCPsIFLszAAPs / zIIPsICFsSAPsSpareszBXMemory (GB)
M150–150–150–7 / 0–70–1532–150–132–752
M320–320–320–16 / 0–160–1662–320–132–1520
M490–490–490–24 / 0–240–1692–490–132–2288
M660–660–660–33 / 0–330–16122–660–132–3056
M800–800–800–40 / 0–400–16142–800–132–3056

The 196's microprocessor is the z196 chip, a 5.2 GHz quad-core out-of-order CISC-based z/Architecture processor. The z196 can have a maximum of 24 processors giving a total of 96 cores, 80 of which are directly available to run operating systems and applications. [32] The number of cores available in a particular model of the z196 is denoted by the model name. For example, the M15 has 15 cores available for direct customer use, plus spare and service processor cores. Each core can be characterized as a Central Processor (CP), Integrated Facility for Linux (IFL) processor, z Application Assist Processor (zAAP), z10 Integrated Information Processor (zIIP), Internal Coupling Facility (ICF) processor, or additional System Assist Processor (SAP). The zEnterprise also supports x86 or Power ISA blades attached via the zEnterprise BladeCenter Extension (zBX). The zEnterprise 196 allows up to 3 TB (usable) of redundant array of independent memory (RAIM).

The zEnterprise z196 has twice the memory capacity of the z10, and 60% higher total capacity than the z10 (up to 52 GIPS). It supports the BladeCenter Extension (zBX) and Unified Resource Manager.

IBM System z10

IBM System z10 IBM System z10.jpg
IBM System z10

This generation of Z servers supported more memory than previous generation systems and can have up to 64 central processors (CPs) per frame. The full speed z10 processor's uniprocessor performance was up to 62% faster than that of the z9 server, according to IBM's z10 announcement, and included these other features:

Specific models from this family include:

IBM System z9

IBM System z9 IBM System Z9 (type 2094 front).jpg
IBM System z9

In July 2005, IBM announced a new family of servers – the System z9 family – with the IBM System z9 Enterprise Class (z9 EC) and the IBM System z9 Business Class (z9 BC) servers. The System z9 servers offered:

Specific models from this family include:

IBM zSeries family

An IBM zSeries 800 (foreground, left) running Linux Z800 2066 JKU.jpeg
An IBM zSeries 800 (foreground, left) running Linux

Announced on October 3, 2000, and available on December 18, the eServer zSeries 900 (z900 for short) was the first to feature the 64-bit z/Architecture extension of the S/360 architecture, still retaining the support for the 31-bit and 24-bit addressing programs back to 1964.

The system's 12 or 20 Blue Flame [34] processors, of which up to 16 could be used as Central Processors, are contained in a multi-chip module with 101 glass-ceramic layers and 4226 I/O pins. Each processor has 47 million transistors across 177 mm2. Compared to the preceding S/390 G6, the Blue Flame's L1 cache is doubled by splitting it 256+256 KB I+D and the L2 cache is doubled to 32 MB. The peripheral I/O bandwidth has been tripled to 24 GB/s, while the main memory has the bandwidth of 70 GB/s, a 150 ns latency and up to 64 GB capacity. [35] Featuring a 7-stage pipeline, the Blue Flame initially attained 769 MHz with a bulk 180 nm process, and upon the change to silicon on insulator in May 2002 reached 917 MHz, at which it consumes 38 Watts. [36] [37]

In 2002, IBM launched the z800, a lower-end mainframe featuring five Blue Flames clocked at 625 MHz, of which up to four can be Central Processors, all sharing an 8 MB L2 cache. The I/O bandwidth is 6 GB/s and the memory capacity is up to 32 GB. [38]

The fully redesigned z990 mainframes for the mid-range and high-end became available in June and October 2003, respectively. [39] Featuring IBM's first superscalar CMOS mainframe processors, a dual-core chip contained 121 million transistors across 266 mm2, and was manufactured in a 130 nm process, drawing 55 Watts at 1.2 GHz in the z990. [40] Each core contained a cryptographic coprocessor supporting the Data Encryption Standard and SHA-1. [41] [40]

The z990 contained up to 48 cores, of which up to 32 were enabled as Central Processors. To support this increase, the z990 was the first IBM mainframe with a non-uniform memory access, as its processors and memory were grouped into up to four "book"-modules, each book also containing a 32 MB L2 cache. [42] It was also the first to be capable of speculative memory disambiguation. [40] The maximum I/O bandwidth and memory capacity were both quadrupled, to 96 GB/s and 256 GB respectively, as was the number of I/O channels through the introduction of the quad-Logical Channel SubSystems (LCSS). Each instance of an OS can access no more than one LCSS, thus preserving the limit of 256 channels per an OS. [43] The number of logical partitions was doubled to 30, and the maximum distance of Parallel Sysplex rose to 100 km. It took some time for a single OS to fully utilize the z990, as the z/OS and z/VM only gained support for 24 processors in September 2004, and for 32 processors in June 2005 for the z/OS and June 2007 for the z/VM. [44] [45]

In May 2004, the z800 was succeeded by the z890. The memory capacity and the core count were left unchanged from the z800, but the processors were the same as in the z990 except clocked at 1.0 GHz. The L2 cache's size was 32 MB, and the I/O subsystem supported two LCSSs and 16 GB/s of bandwidth. [38]

In 2004, IBM extended the idea of lower-cost restricted processors (first introduced in 2000 in the form of IFL, for use by Linux on IBM Z only) that are not permitted to run the traditional mainframe OSes (z/OS, z/VM, z/VSE, and z/TPF), by the addition of z Application Assist Processor dedicated to Java and XML processing. The IFL and zAAP are physically the same as the Central Processors, but IBM charges lower fees for their use. In 2006 another restricted processor type, the z Integrated Information Processor, was added in the System z9.

Features

Processors and memory

The IBM zSeries systems were based on the z/Architecture chips - the out-of-order CISC-based zArchitecture multi-core processors. The maximum number of cores available in a particular model of the zEC12 is denoted by the model name. For example, the H20 has up to 20 cores orderable for direct customer use, plus spare and a special I/O processor core type, the System Assist Processor. Each core can be characterized as a Central Processor (CP), Integrated Facility for Linux (IFL) processor, z Application Assist Processor (zAAP), z10 Integrated Information Processor (zIIP), Internal Coupling Facility (ICF) processor, or additional System Assist Processor (SAP).

Processor book

A processor book is a modular card in IBM mainframes that contains processors, memory, and I/O connections. [46] [47] A multi-chip module is welded onto each processor book for the z196 model. [48]

The computing power ordering

The typical ordering process of modern IBM Z mainframe looks like a buying of service [49] or looks like a leasing; [50] the mainframe is a program/hardware complex with rent for a system workload, and (in the most cases) additional system capabilities can be unlocked after additional payment.

Operating systems

The z15, z14, z13, zEC12, zBC12, z114 and z196 support the IBM operating systems: z/OS, z/VM, z/VSE, and z/TPF. Other operating systems available include Linux on IBM Z, such as Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 and SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 11. [51] In November, 2011, IBM introduced Microsoft Windows Server 2008 support via x86 processor-based blades that plug into IBM's zEnterprise BladeCenter Extension (zBX). The zBX also supports the IBM WebSphere DataPower Integrated Appliance XI50 for zEnterprise (DataPower XI50z).

BladeCenter Extension (zBX)

zBX extension CeBIT 2011 Samstag PD 11.JPG
zBX extension

The zEnterprise System supports an optional zEnterprise BladeCenter Extension (zBX). This add-on infrastructure supports redundant top-of-Rack switches, redundant power supplies, extra blowers, and IBM BladeCenter chassis. This add-on chassis allows POWER7 and x86 blade servers to be integrated with and managed from the mainframe. [52] A gameframe installation at Hoplon Infotainment is an example of a hybrid mainframe.

The zBX supports up to 112 blade modules. [53] The zBX and the System Z server are connected by a redundant, secure 10 Gigabit Ethernet connection, providing a private data network. There is also a 1 Gigabit Ethernet connection for management.

Unified Resource Manager

The zEnterprise Unified Resource Manager (zManager) allows the supported zBX platforms to be virtualized into a single system for management. It also allows for the prioritization of certain workloads in the system. The Resource Manager can monitor the various platforms for signs of bottlenecks or faults and modify the overall system to recover, maintaining a specified quality of service level. [54]

Liquid cooling

The zEC12 and z196 support external liquid cooling. Customers have the option of purchasing their mainframe with a water-cooled heat exchanger. [55]

PU characterization

Each purchased PU (processor unit) is characterized as one of a variety of types:

Also it's possible to run a zAAP-eligible workload on zIIPs if no zAAPs are enabled. IBM does not impose any software charges on work that is dispatched on zAAP and zIIP processors.

The addition of IFLs, zAAPs, zIIPs, ICFs, SAPs or IFPs does not change the system capacity setting or its MSU rating, only CPs do.

See also

Related Research Articles

IBM mainframes are large computer systems produced by IBM since 1952. During the 1960s and 1970s, IBM dominated the computer market with the 7000 series and the later System/360, followed by the System/370. Current mainframe computers in IBM's line of business computers are developments of the basic design of the System/360.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mainframe computer</span> Large computer

A mainframe computer, informally called a mainframe or big iron, is a computer used primarily by large organizations for critical applications like bulk data processing for tasks such as censuses, industry and consumer statistics, enterprise resource planning, and large-scale transaction processing. A mainframe computer is large but not as large as a supercomputer and has more processing power than some other classes of computers, such as minicomputers, servers, workstations, and personal computers. Most large-scale computer-system architectures were established in the 1960s, but they continue to evolve. Mainframe computers are often used as servers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">VSE (operating system)</span>

VSEn is an operating system for IBM mainframe computers, the latest one in the DOS/360 lineage, which originated in 1965. It is less common than z/OS and is mostly used on smaller machines.

z/OS 64-bit operating system for IBM mainframes

z/OS is a 64-bit operating system for IBM z/Architecture mainframes, introduced by IBM in October 2000. It derives from and is the successor to OS/390, which in turn was preceded by a string of MVS versions. Like OS/390, z/OS combines a number of formerly separate, related products, some of which are still optional. z/OS has the attributes of modern operating systems but also retains much of the older functionality originated in the 1960s and still in regular use—z/OS is designed for backward compatibility.

The IBM System z Application Assist Processor (zAAP), previously known as the zSeries Application Assist Processor, is a mainframe processor introduced by IBM in 2004. zAAP engines are dedicated to running specific Java and XML workloads under z/OS, accelerating performance. zAAPs are available for zSeries 990 and 890 servers and later zSeries and zEnterprise models. Beginning with the IBM z13, the zAAP functionality is integrated with zIIP processors.

The Integrated Facility for Linux (IFL) is an IBM mainframe and Power Systems processor dedicated to running the Linux operating system. On IBM Z and IBM LinuxONE machines, IFLs can be used with or without hypervisors such as z/VM and KVM. IFLs are one of three most common types of "specialty" IBM mainframe processors that give software vendors more granular control over software licensing and maintenance costs.. Microcode restricts IFLs to Linux workload by omitting some processor instructions not used by the Linux kernel, but the underlying processors are physically identical to general purpose processors (CPs). When IBM adds features and performance improvements to its mainframes' general purpose main processors, those features and improvements nearly always apply equally to IFLs. In fact, in recent IBM Z machines IFLs support simultaneous multithreading, a feature not available for general purpose processors.

A hypervisor, also known as a virtual machine monitor (VMM) or virtualizer, is a type of computer software, firmware or hardware that creates and runs virtual machines. A computer on which a hypervisor runs one or more virtual machines is called a host machine, and each virtual machine is called a guest machine. The hypervisor presents the guest operating systems with a virtual operating platform and manages the execution of the guest operating systems. Unlike an emulator, the guest executes most instructions on the native hardware. Multiple instances of a variety of operating systems may share the virtualized hardware resources: for example, Linux, Windows, and macOS instances can all run on a single physical x86 machine. This contrasts with operating-system–level virtualization, where all instances must share a single kernel, though the guest operating systems can differ in user space, such as different Linux distributions with the same kernel.

z/Architecture, initially and briefly called ESA Modal Extensions (ESAME), is IBM's 64-bit complex instruction set computer (CISC) instruction set architecture, implemented by its mainframe computers. IBM introduced its first z/Architecture-based system, the z900, in late 2000. Later z/Architecture systems include the IBM z800, z990, z890, System z9, System z10, zEnterprise 196, zEnterprise 114, zEC12, zBC12, z13, z14, z15 and z16.

In computing, a Parallel Sysplex is a cluster of IBM mainframes acting together as a single system image with z/OS. Used for disaster recovery, Parallel Sysplex combines data sharing and parallel computing to allow a cluster of up to 32 systems to share a workload for high performance and high availability.

A logical partition (LPAR) is a subset of a computer's hardware resources, virtualized as a separate computer. In effect, a physical machine can be partitioned into multiple logical partitions, each hosting a separate instance of an operating system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">IBM System z9</span> Line of mainframe computers

IBM System z9 is a line of IBM mainframe computers. The first models were available on September 16, 2005. The System z9 also marks the end of the previously used eServer zSeries naming convention. It was also the last mainframe computer that NASA ever used.

IBM S/390 Multiprise was a short-lived series of small, compact, entry-level mainframes.

In IBM System z9 and successor mainframes, the System z Integrated Information Processor (zIIP) is a special purpose processor. It was initially introduced to relieve the general mainframe central processors (CPs) of specific Db2 processing loads, but currently is used to offload other z/OS workloads as described below. The idea originated with previous special purpose processors, the zAAP, which offloads Java processing, and the IFL, which runs Linux and z/VM but not other IBM operating systems such as z/OS, DOS/VSE and TPF. A System z PU is "characterized" as one of these processor types, or as a CP, or SAP. These processors do not contain microcode or hardware features that accelerate their designated workloads. Instead, by relieving the general CP of particular workloads, they often lead to a higher workload throughput at reduced license fees.

OpenSolaris for System z is a discontinued port of the OpenSolaris operating system to the IBM System z line of mainframe computers.

On IBM mainframes running the z/OS operating system, Intelligent Resource Director (IRD) is software that automates the management of CPU resources and certain I/O resources.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">IBM System z10</span> Line of mainframe computers

IBM System z10 is a line of IBM mainframes. The z10 Enterprise Class (EC) was announced on February 26, 2008. On October 21, 2008, IBM announced the z10 Business Class (BC), a scaled-down version of the z10 EC. The System z10 represents the first model family powered by the z10 quad core processing engine. Its successors are the zEnterprise System models introduced in 2010 and 2012.

HiperDispatch is a workload dispatching feature found in recent IBM mainframe models running recent releases of z/OS. HiperDispatch was introduced in February 2008. Support was added to z/VM in its V6R3 release on July 26, 2013.

HiperSockets is an IBM technology for high-speed communications between partitions on a server with a hypervisor. The term is most commonly associated with System z9 and later IBM Z mainframes which can provide in-memory TCP/IP connections between and among LPARs running several different operating systems, including z/OS, z/VM, and Linux on IBM Z.

Linux on IBM Z or Linux on zSystems is the collective term for the Linux operating system compiled to run on IBM mainframes, especially IBM Z / IBM zSystems and IBM LinuxONE servers. Similar terms which imply the same meaning are Linux/390, Linux/390x, etc. The three Linux distributions certified for usage on the IBM Z hardware platform are Red Hat Enterprise Linux, SUSE Linux Enterprise Server, and Ubuntu.

IBM Secure Service Container is the trusted execution environment available for IBM Z and IBM LinuxONE servers.

References

  1. ↑ IBM Mainframes - IBM Z, IBM, retrieved 2015-04-20
  2. ↑ Selecting System z operating environments: Linux or z/OS?
  3. ↑ "Mainframe strength: Continuing compatibility". z/OS basic skills information center. IBM. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
  4. ↑ Bannan, Karen. "The zEnterprise EC12 Raises Enterprise Security While Boosting Analytics and Cloud Performance". IBM Systems Magazine. MSP Communications. Archived from the original on July 3, 2017. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
  5. ↑ "z/VM provides proven system integrity, security, availability, and reliability". IBM. 30 September 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2023.
  6. ↑ "IBM - KVM for IBM z Systems". IBM. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
  7. ↑ Octavian Lascu; Bill White; Ewerson Palacio; John Troy; Jannie Houlbjerg; Martijn Raave; Kazuhiro Nakajima; Paul Schouten; André Spahni; Anna Shugol; Gerard Laumay; Hervey Kamga; Bo Xu; Slav Martinski; Markus Ertl; Octavian Lascu (September 2022). IBM z16 (3931) Technical Guide (PDF) (First ed.). IBM. SG24-8951-0. Retrieved December 23, 2022.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  8. ↑ IBM. "Announcing IBM z16: Real-time AI for Transaction Processing at Scale and Industry's First Quantum-Safe System". IBM Newsroom (Press release). Retrieved Apr 5, 2022.
  9. ↑ z/Architecture Principles of Operation (PDF) (Fourteenth ed.). IBM. May 2022. SA22-7832-13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2022-12-23.
  10. ↑ "IBM Unveils z15 With Industry-First Data Privacy Capabilities" (Press release). IBM. September 12, 2019.
  11. ↑ Bill White; Octavian Lascu; John Troy; Jannie Houlbjerg; Frank Packheiser; Paul Schouten; Kazuhiro Nakajima; Anna Shugol; Hervey Kamga (May 2021). IBM z15 Technical Introduction (Third ed.). IBM. ISBN   978-0738459172. SG24-8850-02. Retrieved 2022-12-08.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  12. ↑ Octavian Lascu; Bill White; John Troy; Jannie Houlbjerg; Kazuhiro Nakajima; Paul Schouten; Anna Shugol; Frank Packheiser; Hervey Kamga; Bo Xu (January 17, 2020). IBM z15 (8561) Technical Guide (First ed.). IBM. ISBN   978-0738458120. SG24-8851-00. Retrieved 2022-12-08.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  13. ↑ "IBM Mainframe Ushers in New Era of Data Protection" (Press release). IBM. July 17, 2017.
  14. ↑ "IBM unveils new cloud-ready mainframe based on single-frame design - IBM IT Infrastructure Blog". IBM IT Infrastructure Blog. 2018-04-10. Retrieved 2018-04-13.
  15. ↑ "The enterprise mainframe server – the core of trusted digital experiences". IBM . 9 November 2020.
  16. 1 2 Octavian Lascu; Hervey Kamga; Esra Ufacik; Bo Xu; John Troy; Frank Packheiser; Michal Kordyzon (October 2018). IBM z14 (3906) Technical Guide (PDF) (Second ed.). IBM. ISBN   978-0738457253. SG24-8451-01. Retrieved 2022-12-08.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  17. ↑ "IBM Launches z13 Mainframe". IBM (Press release). Retrieved 20 April 2015.
  18. ↑ Niccolai, James (January 13, 2015). "IBM's new z13 mainframe eats mobile app data for lunch". Computerworld .
  19. ↑ IBM z13 and IBM z13s Technical Introduction (PDF). p. 21. Retrieved 2018-11-11.
  20. ↑ "IBM Unveils New Mainframe for Encrypted Hybrid Clouds" (Press release). IBM. February 16, 2016.
  21. ↑ Accommodate functions for the z13 server to be discontinued on future servers
  22. 1 2 "IBM Brings New Cloud Offerings, Research Projects and Pricing Plans to the Mainframe". IBM News Room (Press release). IBM. 8 April 2014. Retrieved 2014-07-18.
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  24. ↑ Taft, Darryl (2014-06-27). "IBM Ships Its First Enterprise Cloud System to Vissensa". eWeek. Retrieved 2023-01-14.
  25. ↑ "IBM unveils new "mainframe for the rest of us"". Ars Technica . 23 July 2013.
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  28. ↑ "1.3 Introducing the zEnterprise System". IBM zEnterprise System Technical Introduction (PDF). IBM. August 2011. SG24-7832-01. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  29. ↑ "IBM's mainframe-blade hybrid to do Windows". The Register. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
  30. ↑ "IBM zEnterprise 114 Technical Guide" (PDF). IBM. February 27, 2012. Retrieved October 1, 2012.
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  32. ↑ Morgan, Timothy Prickett (July 19, 2010). "IBM zEnterprise 196 mainframe due July 22". The Register. Retrieved September 1, 2010.
  33. ↑ "7.3.10 Capacity Provisioning Manager". IBM System z10 Business Class Technical Overview. IBM. November 2009. ISBN   9780738433769. SG24-7632-01. Retrieved 2020-01-19.
  34. ↑ Vance, Ashlee (October 16, 2000). "IBM shows chip road map for eServer". InfoWorld . p. 20.
  35. ↑ "IBM eServer zSeries 900: A Multipurpose Server for Enterprise-Class e-business". IBM. October 3, 2000.
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  37. ↑ Hubert J. Harrer et al. Harrer, H.; Pross, H.; Winkel, T.-M.; Becker, W. D.; Stoller, H. I.; Yamamoto, M.; Abe, S.; Chamberlin, B. J.; Katopis, G. A. (July 2002). "First- and second-level packaging for the IBM eServer z900". IBM Journal of Research and Development. 46 (4/5): 397–420. doi:10.1147/rd.464.0397.
  38. 1 2 "IBM System z9 109 Technical Introduction" (PDF). pp. 4–5 (16–17 of pdf).
  39. ↑ "Family 2084+01 IBM z990 Family of Servers". IBM. 12 March 2019.
  40. 1 2 3 Slegel, Timothy J.; Pfeffer, Erwin; Magee, Jeffrey A. (May 2004). "The IBM eServer z990 microprocessor" (PDF). IBM Journal of Research and Development. 48 (3/4): 295–309. doi:10.1147/rd.483.0295. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2004-12-24. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
  41. ↑ Magee, Jeffrey A. et al. "Integrated Cryptographic Hardware Engines on the zSeries Microprocessor" (PDF). Hot Chips . August 19, 2002.
  42. ↑ Siegel, Ira G.; Glendening, Beth A.; Kubala, Jeffrey P. (May 2004). "Logical partition mode physical resource management on the IBM eServer z990" (PDF). IBM Journal of Research and Development. 48 (3/4): 535–541. doi:10.1147/rd.483.0535. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-03-12. Retrieved 2023-01-04. additional latencies and bandwidth constraints exist when a CPU accesses memory on a nonlocal book. This is understood by applications that were designed for a nonuniform memory access (NUMA) environment
  43. ↑ Ng, Dennis (October 2004). "zSeries FICON Express Updates for FC and FCP" (PDF). IBM.
  44. ↑ "32 way CP Support Now Available in z/OS V1.6 and z/OS V1.7" (PDF). IBM. July 29, 2005.
  45. ↑ "Improved Processor Scalability". IBM. 23 July 2009.
  46. ↑ Introduction to the New Mainframe. IBM Corporation. March 2011. p. 6.[ dead link ]
  47. ↑ "Multichip Module Packaging and Its Impact on Architecture" (PDF).
  48. ↑ "IBM's z12 mainframe engine makes each clock count". The Register . Retrieved 14 April 2017.
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  50. ↑ Stephen Swoyer. "Leasing IT's Mainframe Future -- With an Option to Buy". esj.com.
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  52. ↑ Dignan, Larry (July 21, 2010). "IBM unveils hybrid mainframe; 'System of system' eyes data center consolidation". ZDNet. Retrieved September 1, 2010.
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  54. ↑ Taft, Darryl (July 22, 2010). "IBM Unveils New zEnterprise Mainframe". eWeek.com. Retrieved January 14, 2023.
  55. ↑ Thibodeau, Patrick (September 1, 2010). "Water cooling returns to IBM mainframe". Computer World. Retrieved September 1, 2010.

Further reading

IBM mainframes
Preceded by IBM Z
2000 - current
IBM eServer zSeries IBM System z9
2005/2006		 IBM System z10
2008		 IBM zEnterprise IBM z13
2015/2016		 IBM z14
2017/2018		 IBM z15
2019/2020
z800, z900
2000/2002		z890, z990
2003/2004		z114, z196
2010/2011		zBC12, zEC12
2012/2013
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