IBM Quantum Platform

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IBM Quantum Platform
IBM Quantum Platform logo.svg
Type of site
 Cloud-based quantum computing
Owner IBM
URL quantum-computing.ibm.com
RegistrationRequired
LaunchedMay 2016;7 years ago (2016-05)
Current statusActive

IBM Quantum Platform (previously as IBM Quantum Experience) is an online platform allowing public and premium access to cloud-based quantum computing services provided by IBM. This includes access to a set of IBM's prototype quantum processors, a set of tutorials on quantum computation, and access to an interactive textbook. As of February 2021, there are over 20 devices on the service, six of which are freely available for the public. This service can be used to run algorithms and experiments, and explore tutorials and simulations around what might be possible with quantum computing.

Contents

IBM's quantum processors are made up of superconducting transmon qubits, located in dilution refrigerators at the IBM Research headquarters at the Thomas J. Watson Research Center. Users interact with a quantum processor through the quantum circuit model of computation. Circuits can be created either using graphically with the Quantum Composer, or programmatically within the Jupyter notebooks of the Quantum Lab. Circuits are created using Qiskit and can be compiled down to OpenQASM for execution on real quantum systems.

History

IBM Quantum Composer

Screenshot showing the result of running a GHZ state experiment using the IBM Quantum Composer GHZstate IBMQExperience results.png
Screenshot showing the result of running a GHZ state experiment using the IBM Quantum Composer

The Quantum Composer is a graphic user interface (GUI) designed by IBM to allow users to construct various quantum algorithms or run other quantum experiments. Users may see the results of their quantum algorithms by either running it on a real quantum processor or by using a simulator. Algorithms developed in the Quantum Composer are referred to as a "quantum score", in reference to the Quantum Composer resembling a musical sheet. [8]

The composer can also be used in scripting mode, where the user can write programs in the OpenQASM-language instead. Below is an example of a very small program, built for IBMs 5-qubit computer. The program instructs the computer to generate a quantum state , a 3-qubit GHZ state, which can be thought of as a variant of the Bell state, but with three qubits instead of two. It then measures the state, forcing it to collapse to one of the two possible outcomes, or .

include"qelib1.inc"qregq[5];// allocate 5 qubits (set automatically to |00000>)cregc[5];// allocate 5 classical bitshq[0];// Hadamard-transform qubit 0cxq[0],q[1];// conditional pauli X-transform (ie. "CNOT") of qubits 0 and 1// At this point we have a 2-qubit Bell state (|00> + |11>)/sqrt(2)cxq[1],q[2];// this expands entanglement to the 3rd qubitmeasureq[0]->c[0];// this measurement collapses the entire 3-qubit statemeasureq[1]->c[1];// therefore qubit 1 and 2 read the same value as qubit 0measureq[2]->c[2];

Every instruction in the QASM language is the application of a quantum gate, initialization of the chips registers to zero or measurement of these registers.

Usage

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Quantum computing</span> Technology that uses quantum mechanics

A quantum computer is a computer that takes advantage of quantum mechanical phenomena.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Qubit</span> Basic unit of quantum information

In quantum computing, a qubit or quantum bit is a basic unit of quantum information—the quantum version of the classic binary bit physically realized with a two-state device. A qubit is a two-state quantum-mechanical system, one of the simplest quantum systems displaying the peculiarity of quantum mechanics. Examples include the spin of the electron in which the two levels can be taken as spin up and spin down; or the polarization of a single photon in which the two spin states can also be measured as horizontal and vertical linear polarization. In a classical system, a bit would have to be in one state or the other. However, quantum mechanics allows the qubit to be in a coherent superposition of both states simultaneously, a property that is fundamental to quantum mechanics and quantum computing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Quantum entanglement</span> Correlation between quantum systems

Quantum entanglement is the phenomenon that occurs when a duet of particles are generated, interact, or share spatial proximity in such a way that the quantum state of each particle of the group cannot be described independently of the state of the others, including when the particles are separated by a large distance. The topic of quantum entanglement is at the heart of the disparity between classical and quantum physics: entanglement is a primary feature of quantum mechanics not present in classical mechanics.

Shor's algorithm is a quantum algorithm for finding the prime factors of an integer. It was developed in 1994 by the American mathematician Peter Shor. It is one of the few known quantum algorithms with compelling potential applications and strong evidence of superpolynomial speedup compared to best known classical algorithms. On the other hand, factoring numbers of practical significance requires far more qubits than available in the near future. Another concern is that noise in quantum circuits may undermine results, requiring additional qubits for quantum error correction.

This is a timeline of quantum computing.

Superconducting quantum computing is a branch of solid state quantum computing that implements superconducting electronic circuits using superconducting qubits as artificial atoms, or quantum dots. For superconducting qubits, the two logic states are the ground state and the excited state, denoted respectively. Research in superconducting quantum computing is conducted by companies such as Google, IBM, IMEC, BBN Technologies, Rigetti, and Intel. Many recently developed QPUs use superconducting architecture.

Quantum programming is the process of designing or assembling sequences of instructions, called quantum circuits, using gates, switches, and operators to manipulate a quantum system for a desired outcome or results of a given experiment. Quantum circuit algorithms can be implemented on integrated circuits, conducted with instrumentation, or written in a programming language for use with a quantum computer or a quantum processor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">One-way quantum computer</span> Method of quantum computing

The one-way or measurement-based quantum computer (MBQC) is a method of quantum computing that first prepares an entangled resource state, usually a cluster state or graph state, then performs single qubit measurements on it. It is "one-way" because the resource state is destroyed by the measurements.

In quantum information and quantum computing, a cluster state is a type of highly entangled state of multiple qubits. Cluster states are generated in lattices of qubits with Ising type interactions. A cluster C is a connected subset of a d-dimensional lattice, and a cluster state is a pure state of the qubits located on C. They are different from other types of entangled states such as GHZ states or W states in that it is more difficult to eliminate quantum entanglement in the case of cluster states. Another way of thinking of cluster states is as a particular instance of graph states, where the underlying graph is a connected subset of a d-dimensional lattice. Cluster states are especially useful in the context of the one-way quantum computer. For a comprehensible introduction to the topic see.

D-Wave Two is the second commercially available quantum computer, and the successor to the first commercially available quantum computer, D-Wave One. Both computers were developed by Canadian company D-Wave Systems. The computers are not general purpose, but rather are designed for quantum annealing. Specifically, the computers are designed to use quantum annealing to solve a single type of problem known as quadratic unconstrained binary optimization. As of 2015, it was still debated whether large-scale entanglement takes place in D-Wave Two, and whether current or future generations of D-Wave computers will have any advantage over classical computers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Quantum machine learning</span> Interdisciplinary research area at the intersection of quantum physics and machine learning

Quantum machine learning is the integration of quantum algorithms within machine learning programs.

Cloud-based quantum computing is the invocation of quantum emulators, simulators or processors through the cloud. Increasingly, cloud services are being looked on as the method for providing access to quantum processing. Quantum computers achieve their massive computing power by initiating quantum physics into processing power and when users are allowed access to these quantum-powered computers through the internet it is known as quantum computing within the cloud.

In quantum computing, quantum supremacy or quantum advantage is the goal of demonstrating that a programmable quantum computer can solve a problem that no classical computer can solve in any feasible amount of time, irrespective of the usefulness of the problem. The term was coined by John Preskill in 2012, but the concept dates back to Yuri Manin's 1980 and Richard Feynman's 1981 proposals of quantum computing.

In quantum computing, a qubit is a unit of information analogous to a bit in classical computing, but it is affected by quantum mechanical properties such as superposition and entanglement which allow qubits to be in some ways more powerful than classical bits for some tasks. Qubits are used in quantum circuits and quantum algorithms composed of quantum logic gates to solve computational problems, where they are used for input/output and intermediate computations.

Quantum volume is a metric that measures the capabilities and error rates of a quantum computer. It expresses the maximum size of square quantum circuits that can be implemented successfully by the computer. The form of the circuits is independent from the quantum computer architecture, but compiler can transform and optimize it to take advantage of the computer's features. Thus, quantum volumes for different architectures can be compared.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Qiskit</span> Open-source software development kit

Qiskit is an open-source software development kit (SDK) for working with quantum computers at the level of circuits, pulses, and algorithms. It provides tools for creating and manipulating quantum programs and running them on prototype quantum devices on IBM Quantum Platform or on simulators on a local computer. It follows the circuit model for universal quantum computation, and can be used for any quantum hardware that follows this model.

Magic state distillation is a method for creating more accurate quantum states from multiple noisy ones, which is important for building fault tolerant quantum computers. It has also been linked to quantum contextuality, a concept thought to contribute to quantum computers' power.

This glossary of quantum computing is a list of definitions of terms and concepts used in quantum computing, its sub-disciplines, and related fields.

References

  1. ↑ "IBM Makes Quantum Computing Available on IBM Cloud to Accelerate Innovation". 2016-05-04.
  2. ↑ "IBM Quantum Experience Update". Archived from the original on 2019-01-29. Retrieved 2017-04-06.
  3. ↑ "Quantum computing gets an API and SDK". 2017-03-06.
  4. ↑ "Beta access our upgrade to the IBM QX". Archived from the original on 2019-01-31. Retrieved 2017-05-19.
  5. ↑ "Now Open: Get quantum ready with new scientific prizes for professors, students and developers". IBM . 2018-01-14.
  6. ↑ "IBM Unveils Beta of Next Generation Quantum Development Platform". IBM . 2021-02-10.
  7. ↑ "Announcement of IBM Quantum Composer and Lab". 2021-03-02.
  8. ↑ "IBM Quantum experience". Quantum Experience. IBM. Archived from the original on 25 May 2018. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
  9. ↑ "IBM Collaborating With Top Startups to Accelerate Quantum Computing". IBM . 2018-04-05.
  10. ↑ "QX Community papers". Archived from the original on 2019-03-22. Retrieved 2018-05-24.
  11. ↑ "Research of the IBM Quantum Hub at the University of Melbourne". 20 April 2021.
  12. ↑ Rundle, R. P.; Tilma, T.; Samson, J. H.; Everitt, M. J. (2017). "Quantum state reconstruction made easy: a direct method for tomography". Physical Review A. 96 (2): 022117. arXiv: 1605.08922 . Bibcode:2017PhRvA..96b2117R. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.96.022117.
  13. ↑ Corbett Moran, Christine (29 June 2016). "Quintuple: a Python 5-qubit quantum computer simulator to facilitate cloud quantum computing". arXiv: 1606.09225 [quant-ph].
  14. ↑ Huffman, Emilie; Mizel, Ari (29 March 2017). "Violation of noninvasive macrorealism by a superconducting qubit: Implementation of a Leggett-Garg test that addresses the clumsiness loophole". Physical Review A. 95 (3): 032131. arXiv: 1609.05957 . Bibcode:2017PhRvA..95c2131H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.95.032131.
  15. ↑ Deffner, Sebastian (23 September 2016). "Demonstration of entanglement assisted invariance on IBM's Quantum Experience". Heliyon. 3 (11): e00444. arXiv: 1609.07459 . doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00444. PMC   5683883 . PMID   29159322.
  16. ↑ Huang, He-Liang; Zhao, You-Wei; Li, Tan; Li, Feng-Guang; Du, Yu-Tao; Fu, Xiang-Qun; Zhang, Shuo; Wang, Xiang; Bao, Wan-Su (9 December 2016). "Homomorphic Encryption Experiments on IBM's Cloud Quantum Computing Platform". Frontiers of Physics. 12 (1): 120305. arXiv: 1612.02886 . Bibcode:2017FrPhy..12l0305H. doi:10.1007/s11467-016-0643-9. S2CID   17770053.
  17. ↑ Wootton, James R (1 March 2017). "Demonstrating non-Abelian braiding of surface code defects in a five qubit experiment". Quantum Science and Technology. 2 (1): 015006. arXiv: 1609.07774 . Bibcode:2017QS&T....2a5006W. doi:10.1088/2058-9565/aa5c73. S2CID   44370109.
  18. ↑ Fedortchenko, Serguei (8 July 2016). "A quantum teleportation experiment for undergraduate students". arXiv: 1607.02398 [quant-ph].
  19. ↑ Berta, Mario; Wehner, Stephanie; Wilde, Mark M (6 July 2016). "Entropic uncertainty and measurement reversibility". New Journal of Physics. 18 (7): 073004. arXiv: 1511.00267 . Bibcode:2016NJPh...18g3004B. doi:10.1088/1367-2630/18/7/073004. S2CID   119186679.
  20. ↑ Li, Rui; Alvarez-Rodriguez, Unai; Lamata, Lucas; Solano, Enrique (23 November 2016). "Approximate Quantum Adders with Genetic Algorithms: An IBM Quantum Experience". Quantum Measurements and Quantum Metrology. 4 (1): 1–7. arXiv: 1611.07851 . Bibcode:2017QMQM....4....1L. doi:10.1515/qmetro-2017-0001. S2CID   108291239.
  21. ↑ Hebenstreit, M.; Alsina, D.; Latorre, J. I.; Kraus, B. (11 January 2017). "Compressed quantum computation using the IBM Quantum Experience". Phys. Rev. A. 95 (5): 052339. arXiv: 1701.02970 . doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.95.052339. S2CID   118958024.
  22. ↑ Alsina, Daniel; Latorre, José Ignacio (11 July 2016). "Experimental test of Mermin inequalities on a five-qubit quantum computer". Physical Review A. 94 (1): 012314. arXiv: 1605.04220 . Bibcode:2016PhRvA..94a2314A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.94.012314. S2CID   119189277.
  23. ↑ Linke, Norbert M.; Maslov, Dmitri; Roetteler, Martin; Debnath, Shantanu; Figgatt, Caroline; Landsman, Kevin A.; Wright, Kenneth; Monroe, Christopher (28 March 2017). "Experimental comparison of two quantum computing architectures". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (13): 3305–3310. arXiv: 1702.01852 . Bibcode:2017PNAS..114.3305L. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1618020114 . PMC   5380037 . PMID   28325879.
  24. ↑ Devitt, Simon J. (29 September 2016). "Performing quantum computing experiments in the cloud". Physical Review A. 94 (3): 032329. arXiv: 1605.05709 . Bibcode:2016PhRvA..94c2329D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.94.032329. S2CID   119217150.
  25. ↑ Steiger, Damian; Haner, Thomas; Troyer, Matthias (2018). "ProjectQ: An Open Source Software Framework for Quantum Computing". Quantum. 2: 49. arXiv: 1612.08091 . Bibcode:2018Quant...2...49S. doi:10.22331/q-2018-01-31-49. S2CID   6758479.
  26. ↑ Santos, Alan C. (2017). "O Computador Quântico da IBM e o IBM Quantum Experience". Revista Brasileira de Ensino de Física. 39 (1). arXiv: 1610.06980 . doi:10.1590/1806-9126-RBEF-2016-0155.
  27. ↑ Caicedo-Ortiz, H. E.; Santiago-Cortés, E. (2017). "Construyendo compuertas cuánticas con IBM's cloud quantum computer" [Building quantum gates with IBM’s cloud quantum computer](PDF). Journal de Ciencia e Ingeniería (in Spanish). 9: 42–56. doi: 10.46571/JCI.2017.1.7 .
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