First Kazakh-Dzungar War

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First Kazakh-Dzungar War
Part of Kazakh–Dzungar Wars
Date1635-1658 [1]
Location
Ili River, Jetisu, Orbulaq river gorge, Dzungarian Alatau, Syr Darya, Chu river, Talas River, Kazakhstan
Result

Dzungar victory

  • Salqam took as POW, [2] later killed in battle. [3]
  • Dzungars halt Uzbek relief forces [4]
  • Dzungars subjugate the Kyrgyz and the Kazakh Juz [5] [6]
Territorial
changes		 Dzungars occupy and annex the Dzungarian Alatau [7]
Belligerents
Kazakh Khanate
Supported by:
Khanate of Bukhara [8] 		Oirat Mongol Dalkha Banner.png Dzungar Khanate
Commanders and leaders
Salqam Jangir Khan  (POW), [9]   † [10]
Supported by:
Yalangtoʻsh Bakhodir
Abushuker noyan  † [11]
Abd al-'Azīz
'Abd al-Raḥmān BI		 Erdeni Batur
Galdamba batur
Strength
22,600 [12] to approx. 60,000) [13] 15,000 [14] -53,000 [15] [16]
Casualties and losses
30,000 to 70,000 (captured & dead). [17] 10,000 killed [18]
1,000 captured [19] [20] [21]
The 60,000 in strength 1 (or of Kazakhs) is added with 38,000 from Abushuker's forces [22]

The First Kazakh-Dzungar War or Erdeni's campaigns against Kazakhs is a military conflict by the Erdeni Batur of Dzungar Khanate, against the Jangir Khan of Kazakh Khanate supported by the Khanate of Bukhara, effectively killing Jangir and occupying the Alatau of Dzungaria from 1635 to 1658. [23]

Contents

Background

The first conflict ever between Oirats and Kazakhs happened during the 16th to the early 17th century, [24] with Kazakhs attempting to subjugate the Oirats, though it failed with Oirats counterattacking and declaring independence. [25]

However, the real conflict started in 1635, Shortly after Erdeni Batur had established the Dzungar Khanate around the on the upper Emil River and south of Tarbaghatai mountains, [26] He saw an opportunity against the Kazakhs, with the Kazakhs were politically divided, and he decided to launch a major punitive campaign. [27]

Conflict

Erdeni batur mobilized in 1634 or 1635, with his 15,000 men, [28] clashing with the army of Jangir at Urmity, The Kazakh forces were defeated. The most significant outcome of the battle was the capture of Jangir Khan himself by the Dzungars. His captivity lasted for a considerable period, during which he was held as a political hostage. [29] It is not clear from the evidence available whether he was captured in 1634 or in 1635. [30]

Later Jangir khan was escaped or was released, [29] whilst the Dzungars aggressively attacked the Kazakhs, capturing around several of the towns including Turkistan and Tashkent. [31] 'Abd al-'Azīz was sent with an army to counterattack, however he was defeated and escaped to Samarkand. [32] Later, Jangir also asked Yalangto'sh Bakhodir for assisstance against the Dzungars, with them having established friendly relations before. [33] With this alliance, they fought the Dzungar army at Orbulaq river, using Volleys of musket fire cut down the advancing Dzungars, while archers and warriors with melee weapons repelled any who managed to get close. The terrain and fortifications allowed the Kazakhs to inflict massive casualties while minimizing their own losses. [33]

Later, Erdeni batur continued his campaigns in 1646, counterattacking Jangir's liberation forces and capturing Sairam and Turkistan; forcing subjugation to the Kazakhs. [34] Later Jangir asked Bukharan assistance once more. They repelled the Dzungar army, leaving Erdeni disappointed by Abd al-'Azīz's claims. [35] Erdeni later seeked assistance from the Khoshut soldier, Galdamba batur to defeat the Kazakhs in 1652. [36] The seventeen your old Galdamba moved with around 3,000 Uuld and Khoshut army he battled Jangir khan and effectively killed him in battle of Turkistan, and in from towards that he campaigned around the Alatau, [1] Hearing the Kazakh defeat, an Uzbek relief force of Abushuker noyan was sent at Chu river and battling to the Talas river, where he was killed in battle and his force of 38,000 men were defeated. [37]

Aftermath

Although the Dzungars have won the war, Erdeni batur died in 1652, With his son Sengge setsen tayishi succeeding him in 1653 against his half brothers of Chechen taiyshi and Zotov Batur, With the support of Ochirtu Khan of the Khoshut Khanate and his brother Galdan, this strife ended with Sengge's victory in 1661. [38]

The conflict between the Dzungars and Kazakhs had paused in a peace until Galdan's invasion of Yarkend Khanate [39] and his campaign to expand his empire westward, directly confronting the Kazakh Khanate. [40]

Bibliography

Books

Adle, Chahryar (2003). History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Vol. 5: Development in Contrast: From the Sixteenth to the Mid-Nineteenth Century. Paris: UNESCO Publishing. ISBN   92-3-103876-1.

Altangerel, Chulunbatyn. Дэлхийн талыг эзгэн үе эрхшээсэн түүхт Монголын зэвсэг, дайн, хил хамгаалалтын толь[A Look at the Weapons, Warfare, and Border Defenses of the Historical Mongols, Who Conquered Half the World] (in Mongolian). Chulunbatyn Altangerel.

Avery, Martha (2003). The Tea Road: China and Russia Meet Across the Steppe. Beijing: China Intercontinental Press. ISBN   7-5085-0380-5.

Baytasov, Rakhmetolla (2022). Notes on Ancient and Modern Ethnic Groups. Litres. ISBN   978-5-04-441122-7.

Burton, Audrey (1997). The Bukharans: A Dynastic, Diplomatic and Commercial History 1550–1702. ISBN   978-0-7007-0417-0.

Howorth, Henry H. (1876). History of the Mongols: From the 9th to the 19th Century. Part I: The Mongols Proper and the Kalmuks. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.

Khodarkovsky, Mikhail (2002). Russia's Steppe Frontier: The Making of a Colonial Empire, 1500–1800. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN   0-253-21770-9.

Golden, Peter B. (2011). Central Asia in World History. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-533819-5. Articles / chapters Mokeyev, Anvarbek (2010). "Этапы этнической и политической истории кыргызского народа во второй пол. ІХ-сер. ХVІІІ вв" [Stages of the Ethnic and Political History of the Kyrgyz People in the Second Half of the 9th – Mid-18th Centuries]. Серия научных исследований, Издания Кыргызско-Турецкого университета «Манас» (in Russian) (134). Bishkek.

Thesis

Genina, Anna (2015). Claiming Ancestral Homelands: Mongolian Kazakh Migration in Inner Asia (PDF) (PhD dissertation). University of Michigan. Retrieved 2024-01-19.

Online sources / archival documents

"Submission from the Tobolsk governor G.S. Kurakin to the Siberian order about the stay of the Tobolsk servicemen G. Ilyin and K. Kucheev in the Erdeni Batur-huntaiji ulus, about the arrival of the Dzungar ambassadors Dolgi and Urgudai with letters to Tobolsk and about permission to release the Oirat ambassadors to Moscow". Vostlit.info (in Russian). Retrieved 2024-02-12.

Collective works

Материалы по истории русско-монгольских отношений. 1636–1654. Том II[Materials on the History of Russian-Mongolian Relations. 1636–1654. Volume II] (in Russian). Москва: Издательство Академии наук СССР. 1959.

Левшин, А. И. (1832). Описание киргиз-казачьих или киргиз-кайсацких орд и степей. Том II[Description of the Kirghiz-Kazakh or Kirghiz-Kaisak Hordes and Steppes. Volume II] (in Russian). Санкт-Петербург.

Чулошников, А. П. (1924). Очерки по истории казах-киргизского народа в связи с общими историческими судьбами других тюркских племен[Essays on the History of the Kazakh-Kirghiz People in Connection with the General Historical Fate of Other Turkic Tribes] (in Russian). Оренбург: Kyrgyz State Publishing House.

Златкин, И. Я. (1964). История Джунгарского ханства (1635–1758)[History of the Dzungar Khanate (1635–1758)] (in Russian). Москва: Наука.

Ремилева, Е. (2005). Ойрат-монголы: Обзор истории европейских калмыков[Oirat-Mongols: A Review of the History of the European Kalmyks] (in Russian).

Позднеев, А. М. (1880). Образцы народной литературы монгольских племён. Выпуск I[Samples of Folk Literature of Mongolian Tribes. Issue I] (in Russian). Санкт-Петербург: Printing House of the Imperial Academy of Sciences.

References

  1. 1 2 Altangerel, Chulunbatyn. Дэлхийн талыг эзгэн үе эрхшээсэн түүхт Монголын зэвсэг, дайн, хил хамгаалалтын толь[A look at the weapons, warfare, and border defenses of the historical Mongols, who conquered half the world] (in Mongolian). Chulunbatyn Altangerel. p. 107.
  2. ↑ Khodarkovsky, Mikhail. Russia's Steppe Frontier. Indiana University Press, 2002, p. 123.
  3. ↑ Altangerel, Chulunbatyn. Дэлхийн талыг эзгэн үе эрхшээсэн түүхт Монголын зэвсэг, дайн, хил хамгаалалтын толь[A look at the weapons, warfare, and border defenses of the historical Mongols, who conquered half the world] (in Mongolian). Chulunbatyn Altangerel. p. 107.
  4. ↑ Pozdneev, A. M. (1880). Позднеев А. М. Образцы народной литературы монгольских племён. Вып. I, СПб., 1880, с. 148[Examples of Folk Literature of the Mongolian Tribes. Issue 1, St. Petersburg, 1880] (in Russian) (1st ed.). Pozdneev A. M. p. 148.
  5. ↑ Burton, Audrey (1997). The Bukharans;A Dynastic, Diplomatic and Commercial History 1550-1702. Audrey Burton. p. 219. ISBN   978-0-7007-0417-0.
  6. ↑ Burton, Audrey (1997). The Bukharans;A Dynastic, Diplomatic and Commercial History 1550-1702. Audrey Burton. p. 244. ISBN   978-0-7007-0417-0.
  7. ↑ MOKEYEV, ANVARBEK (2010). Издания Кыргызско-Турецкого университета «Манас»: 134 Серия научных исследований(Этапы этнической и политической истории кыргызского народа во второй пол. ІХ-сер. ХVІІІ вв.)[Publications of the Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University: 134 Scientific research series (Stages of the ethnic and political history of the Kyrgyz people in the second half of the 9th - mid-18th centuries)] (in Russian) (13th ed.). Bishkek: ANVARBEK MOKEYEV.
  8. ↑ Burton, Audrey (1997). The Bukharans;A Dynastic, Diplomatic and Commercial History 1550-1702. Audrey Burton. p. 244. ISBN   978-0-7007-0417-0.
  9. ↑ Khodarkovsky, Mikhail. Russia's Steppe Frontier. Indiana University Press, 2002, p. 123.
  10. ↑ Altangerel, Chulunbatyn. Дэлхийн талыг эзгэн үе эрхшээсэн түүхт Монголын зэвсэг, дайн, хил хамгаалалтын толь[A look at the weapons, warfare, and border defenses of the historical Mongols, who conquered half the world] (in Mongolian). Chulunbatyn Altangerel. p. 107.
  11. ↑ Pozdneev, A. M. (1880). Позднеев А. М. Образцы народной литературы монгольских племён. Вып. I, СПб., 1880, с. 148[Examples of Folk Literature of the Mongolian Tribes. Issue 1, St. Petersburg, 1880] (in Russian) (1st ed.). Pozdneev A. M. p. 148.
  12. ↑ Baytasov, Rakhmetolla (2022-05-11). Notes on ancient and modern ethnic groups. Litres. ISBN   978-5-04-441122-7.
  13. ↑ Материалы по истории русско-монгольских отношений. Том II[Materials on the History of Russian-Mongolian Relations. Volume II] (in Russian). Москва: Издательство Академии наук СССР. 1959. pp. 234, 237, 239.
  14. ↑ "Submission from the Tobolsk governor G.S. Kurakin to the Siberian order about the stay of the Tobolsk servicemen G. Ilyin and K. Kucheev in the Erdeni Batur-huntaiji ulus, about the arrival of the Dzungar ambassadors Dolgi and Urgudai with letters to Tobolsk and about permission to release the Oirat ambassadors to Moscow". www.vostlit.info. Retrieved 2024-02-12..
  15. ↑ Zlatkin, I. Ya. (1964). История Джунгарского ханства (1635–1758)[History of the Dzungar Khanate (1635–1758)] (in Russian). Москва: Наука. p. 197.
  16. ↑ Златкин, И. Я. (1964). История Джунгарского ханства (1635–1758)[History of the Dzungar Khanate (1635–1758)] (in Russian). Москва: Наука. p. 197.
  17. ↑ Burton, Audrey (1997). The Bukharans;A Dynastic, Diplomatic and Commercial History 1550-1702. Audrey Burton. p. 219. ISBN   978-0-7007-0417-0.
  18. ↑ "Submission from the Tobolsk governor G.S. Kurakin to the Siberian order about the stay of the Tobolsk servicemen G. Ilyin and K. Kucheev in the Erdeni Batur-huntaiji ulus, about the arrival of the Dzungar ambassadors Dolgi and Urgudai with letters to Tobolsk and about permission to release the Oirat ambassadors to Moscow". www.vostlit.info. Retrieved 2024-02-12..
  19. ↑ Материалы по истории русско-монгольских отношений. 1636–1654. Том II[Materials on the History of Russian-Mongolian Relations. 1636–1654. Volume II] (in Russian). Москва: Издательство Академии наук СССР. 1959. pp. 234, 237, 239.
  20. ↑ Левшин, А. И. (1832). Описание киргиз-казачьих или киргиз-кайсацких орд и степей. Том II[Description of the Kirghiz-Kazakh or Kirghiz-Kaisak Hordes and Steppes. Volume II] (in Russian). Санкт-Петербург: Printing House of Karl Kray. pp. 58–60.
  21. ↑ Чулошников, А. П. (1924). Очерки по истории казах-киргизского народа в связи с общими историческими судьбами других тюркских племен[Essays on the History of the Kazakh-Kirghiz People in Connection with the General Historical Fate of Other Turkic Tribes] (in Russian). Оренбург: Kyrgyz State Publishing House. p. 155.
  22. ↑ Материалы по истории русско-монгольских отношений. Том II[Materials on the History of Russian-Mongolian Relations. Volume II] (in Russian). Москва: Издательство Академии наук СССР. 1959. pp. 234, 237, 239.
  23. ↑ MOKEYEV, ANVARBEK (2010). Издания Кыргызско-Турецкого университета «Манас»: 134 Серия научных исследований(Этапы этнической и политической истории кыргызского народа во второй пол. ІХ-сер. ХVІІІ вв.)[Publications of the Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University: 134 Scientific research series (Stages of the ethnic and political history of the Kyrgyz people in the second half of the 9th - mid-18th centuries)] (in Russian) (13th ed.). Bishkek: ANVARBEK MOKEYEV.
  24. ↑ Ремилева, Е. (2005). Ойрат-монголы: Обзор истории европейских калмыков[Oirat-Mongols: A Review of the History of the European Kalmyks] (in Russian). Е. Ремилева.
  25. ↑ MOKEYEV, ANVARBEK (2010). Издания Кыргызско-Турецкого университета «Манас»: 134 Серия научных исследований(Этапы этнической и политической истории кыргызского народа во второй пол. ІХ-сер. ХVІІІ вв.)[Publications of the Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University: 134 Scientific research series (Stages of the ethnic and political history of the Kyrgyz people in the second half of the 9th - mid-18th centuries)] (in Russian) (13th ed.). Bishkek: ANVARBEK MOKEYEV.
  26. ↑ Adle, Chahryar (2003). History of Civilizations of Central Asia 5 (5 ed.). Adle Chahrayar. p. 146. ISBN   9231038761.
  27. ↑ Genina, Anna (2015). Claiming Ancestral Homelands: Mongolian Kazakh Migration in Inner Asia (PDF) (PhD dissertation). University of Michigan. p. 113. Retrieved 2024-01-19.
  28. ↑ "Submission from the Tobolsk governor G.S. Kurakin to the Siberian order about the stay of the Tobolsk servicemen G. Ilyin and K. Kucheev in the Erdeni Batur-huntaiji ulus, about the arrival of the Dzungar ambassadors Dolgi and Urgudai with letters to Tobolsk and about permission to release the Oirat ambassadors to Moscow". www.vostlit.info. Retrieved 2024-02-12..
  29. 1 2 Khodarkovsky, Mikhail (2002). Russia's Steppe Frontier: The Making of a Colonial Empire, 1500–1800. Indiana University Press. p. 123. ISBN   0-253-21770-9.
  30. ↑ Материалы по истории русско-монгольских отношений. 1636–1654. Том II[Materials on the History of Russian-Mongolian Relations. 1636–1654. Volume II] (in Russian). Москва: Издательство Академии наук СССР. 1959. pp. 278, 280, 301.
  31. ↑ ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd Lāhaurī, Pādshāh-nāmah, Vol. II (Calcutta: Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1867), p. 438; Материалы по истории русско-монгольских отношений. 1636–1654. Том II (Москва: Издательство Академии наук СССР, 1959), p. 237.
  32. ↑ Template:Cite archival
  33. 1 2 Материалы по истории русско-монгольских отношений. Том II[Materials on the History of Russian-Mongolian Relations. Volume II] (in Russian). Москва: Издательство Академии наук СССР. 1959. pp. 234, 237, 239.
  34. ↑ Материалы по истории русско-монгольских отношений. 1636–1654. Том II[Materials on the History of Russian-Mongolian Relations. 1636–1654. Volume II] (in Russian). Москва: Издательство Академии наук СССР. 1959. p. 276.
  35. ↑ Burton, Audrey (1997). The Bukharans;A Dynastic, Diplomatic and Commercial History 1550-1702. Audrey Burton. p. 244. ISBN   978-0-7007-0417-0.
  36. ↑ Altangerel, Chulunbatyn. Дэлхийн талыг эзгэн үе эрхшээсэн түүхт Монголын зэвсэг, дайн, хил хамгаалалтын толь[A look at the weapons, warfare, and border defenses of the historical Mongols, who conquered half the world] (in Mongolian). Chulunbatyn Altangerel. p. 107.
  37. ↑ Материалы по истории русско-монгольских отношений. Том II[Materials on the History of Russian-Mongolian Relations. Volume II] (in Russian). Москва: Издательство Академии наук СССР. 1959. pp. 234, 237, 239.
  38. ↑ Adle, Chahryar (2003). History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Vol. 5: Development in Contrast: From the Sixteenth to the Mid-Nineteenth Century. UNESCO Publishing. p. 159. ISBN   92-3-103876-1.
  39. ↑ Avery, Martha (2003). The Tea Road: China and Russia Meet Across the Steppe. Beijing: China Intercontinental Press. p. 104. ISBN   7-5085-0380-5.
  40. ↑ Adle, Chahryar (2003). History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Vol. 5: Development in Contrast: From the Sixteenth to the Mid-Nineteenth Century. UNESCO Publishing. p. 159. ISBN   92-3-103876-1.
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