Flash Boys

Last updated

Flash Boys: A Wall Street Revolt
Flash-boys-jkt 1.jpg
Hardcover edition
Author Michael Lewis
LanguageEnglish
Subject High-frequency trading
Genrenon-fiction
Publisher W. W. Norton & Company
Publication date
March 31, 2014
Publication placeUnited States
Media typePrint, e-book. audiobook
Pages288 pp.
ISBN 9780393244663
Preceded by Boomerang  

Flash Boys: A Wall Street Revolt is a book by the American writer Michael Lewis, [1] published by W. W. Norton & Company on March 31, 2014. The book is a non-fiction investigation into the phenomenon of high-frequency trading (HFT) in the US financial market, with the author interviewing and collecting the experiences of several individuals working on Wall Street. [2] Lewis concludes that HFT is used as a method to front run orders placed by investors. He goes further to suggest that broad technological changes and unethical trading practices have transformed the U.S. stock market from "the world's most public, most democratic, financial market" into a "rigged" market. [3]

Contents

Synopsis

Flash Boys maintains a primary focus on Brad Katsuyama and other central figures in the genesis and early days of IEX, the Investors' Exchange. Sergey Aleynikov, a former programmer for Goldman Sachs, serves as a secondary focus. [2] [3] [4] [5]

The introduction begins by naming Aleynikov and describing his arrest, along with the author's personal history on Wall Street, as the impetus for writing the book. The first chapter tells the story of a $300 million project from Spread Networks that was underway in mid-2009—the construction of an 827-mile (1,331 km) fiber-optic cable that cuts straight through mountains and rivers from Chicago to New Jersey—with the sole goal of reducing the transmission time for data from 17 to 13 milliseconds. [6] (The construction of the line was dramatized in the 2018 film The Hummingbird Project .)

Lewis goes on to describe the modern world of electronic trading and how it differs from the past—when trading was mostly performed in open outcry pits on physical trading floors—and how that change has impacted the market. [7] The speed of data is a major theme in the book; the faster a market participant's computer system can receive and act on data, the better their edge, and opportunity to profit, with even nanoseconds making a difference.

The central story details financial executive Brad Katsuyama's discovery of how access to this fiber-optic cable—as well as other technologies and special arrangements between HFT firms, exchanges, and large Wall Street banks—presents an opportunity for those insider institutions to profit at the expense of retail investors. To counter this, Katsuyama bands together a team that sets out to develop a new exchange, called IEX, designed specifically to prevent the unfair advantage enjoyed by HFT firms in the rest of the market. [8]

The final chapter is dedicated to the tribulation of Sergey Aleynikov, a former Goldman Sachs programmer twice prosecuted and twice acquitted for a single act of allegedly copying proprietary computer source code from his employer before joining a competing firm. [9] [10]

The epilogue details the author's bicycle journey to observe a string of microwave towers along the same stretch as Spread Networks' fiber-optic line. Lewis notes that the time to send a signal from Chicago to New York and back by microwave signal is about 4.5 milliseconds less than to send it by optical fiber but, when Spread Networks was laying its line, the conventional wisdom was that microwave transmission's data capacity was too limited and unreliable due to sensitivity to inclement weather. "But what if microwave technology improved?," the author wondered. The story ends as the author climbs up a mountain summit where one of the towers is stationed. He notes the tower showed signs of age, and could have been erected some time ago, for some other purpose, but the ancillary equipment including a generator, a concrete bunker, and repeaters that amplify financial signals, were all new.

Critical response

The book has drawn criticism from some academics and industry experts, particularly on Lewis's views on HFT and other claimed factual inaccuracies in its description of trading strategies. [11] [12] [13] Other critics have praised Lewis's explanations of trading concepts and concurred in his criticisms of HFT. However, it is suggested that he neglected to pay attention to the larger issue of financial regulation, and excessively simplified the relationships between institutions in the financial market. [11] [14] [15] Some industry executives have dismissed the book as "closer to fiction". [16] Michael Lewis responded that those who said he "got it wrong" have a financial stake in the existing system. [17]

Manoj Narang, CEO of high-frequency trading firm Tradeworx, argued that Lewis' book is more "fiction than fact," claiming Lewis needs a primer in HFT. [16] A review by academic blogger Scott Locklin notes that Lewis had never spoken to, nor cited, a single high-frequency trader in the book. [18] Andrew Ross, writing in The Guardian , praised the book as an "effective exposé" but criticizes the author for arguing for the "heroism" of one group of financial insiders over another. [15] A month later, an article in The Economist noted that Lewis's book had generated "vigorous criticism", but that there may be some merits in its liquidity concerns. [13]

A Financial Post reviewer suggested that Lewis intentionally omitted details that point to market-stabilizing benefits of HFT: "Ironically, the Flash Crash itself was just glossed over. Could that be because the primary cause of that momentary blip lay in a confluence of regulatory mistakes and that it was many of the demonized HFTs who actually stood fast throughout and thereby ensured that the damage was a fraction of what it could have been had only the shell-shocked, traditional participants been left to respond?" [19]

An Oxford University Press handbook chapter authored by Andreas Fleckner calls Flash Boys a readable and mostly accurate introduction into such topics as dark pools, front-running, or kickbacks. However, the article suggests that on-site trading practices are too technical for laymen, market observers, or even regulators to fully understand. The author recommends providing incentives for self-regulation rather than SEC regulation. [12]

Felix Salmon, a financial columnist for Slate , asserted that the negative impact of high-frequency trading was restricted to "very rich" financial intermediaries, such as hedge funds. He noted that Lewis's story "needs victims" and that he portrayed several billionaire characters as victims "by pulling out every rhetorical device he can muster." In a crucial part of the book's narrative, a mutual fund manager named Rich Gates was "shocked" to find out he was paying 0.04% per trade due to his fund's dependence on an HFT front. The reviewer noted that Gates' own mutual fund charged an average of 2.41% for "expenses" to retail investors. [14]

Impact and aftermath

In April 2014 the book reached No. 1 on The New York Times Best Seller list, remaining on the top for three weeks, before being overtaken by Capital in the Twenty-First Century on May 18, 2014. [20]

Jonathan Weil at Bloomberg suggests that the FBI's investigation into high frequency trading, a day after the book's release, was directly motivated by the book's claims. [21] [22]

Lewis's phrase "The market is rigged" was often referenced. [23] The chairwoman of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), Mary Jo White, stated in Congressional testimony on April 29, 2014, that U.S. financial markets "are not rigged" in response to a direct question on claims in Lewis's book. [24]

Former New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg disputed claims made in Lewis' book on May 2, 2014, stating in a CNBC interview that "the system isn’t rigged." [25] Arthur Levitt, adviser to high-frequency firm KCG Holdings and former SEC chairman, commented that variation exists within the group of high-speed traders that Lewis’ book describes, saying "What is missed in the book and in the general discussion of HFT is there are some HFT traders who respect the sanctity of the investor, and some who don’t." [26]

Finance journalist Matt Levine criticised an emerging pattern of commentators using the regulatory term front-running incorrectly to refer to price discovery. [27]

Film

In April 2014, Sony Pictures acquired the film rights to the book. In June that year, it was announced that Flash Boys was to be adapted into a major motion picture, with acclaimed screenwriter/producer Aaron Sorkin penning the screenplay, and Scott Rudin and Eli Bush producing the film. The project would be a second collaboration between Sorkin and Rudin on a Lewis book adaptation, as the pair also filled the same respective roles on Moneyball . [28] [29] [30]

By September 2017, the project had not appeared to make any progress, seemingly stuck in development hell. Lewis commented his thoughts as to the stumbling block to a book-to-movie adaptation during a session at the National Book Festival in Washington, D.C. During a conversation with Washington Post journalist Joel Aschenbach, Lewis stated the trouble was Hollywood won't cast "a movie with an Asian lead." (The real-life main character in Flash Boys, IEX founder Brad Katsuyama, is of Asian heritage.) Lewis stated that private emails leaked in the 2014 Sony Pictures hack revealed studio apprehension with having an Asian lead actor, as well as with an Asian character portrayed by a White actor. [31]

In May 2018 it was announced that Sony Pictures' option for the screenplay had expired and film rights were acquired by Netflix. Ben Jacoby was named as the new screenwriter. [32] [33]

Related Research Articles

Algorithmic trading is a method of executing orders using automated pre-programmed trading instructions accounting for variables such as time, price, and volume. This type of trading attempts to leverage the speed and computational resources of computers relative to human traders. In the twenty-first century, algorithmic trading has been gaining traction with both retail and institutional traders. A study in 2019 showed that around 92% of trading in the Forex market was performed by trading algorithms rather than humans.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Citadel LLC</span> American hedge fund and financial services provider

Citadel LLC is an American multinational hedge fund and financial services company. Founded in 1990 by Ken Griffin, it has more than $63 billion in assets under management as of June 2024. The company has over 2,800 employees, with corporate headquarters in Miami, Florida, and offices throughout North America, Asia, and Europe. Founder, CEO and Co-CIO Griffin owns approximately 85% of the firm. As of December 2022, Citadel is one of the most profitable hedge funds in the world, posting $74 billion in net gains since its inception in 1990, making it the most successful hedge fund in history, according to CNBC.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Michael Lewis</span> American writer (born 1960)

Michael Monroe Lewis is an American author and financial journalist. He has also been a contributing editor to Vanity Fair since 2009, writing mostly on business, finance, and economics. He is known for his nonfiction work, particularly his coverage of financial crises and behavioral finance.

In finance, a dark pool is a private forum for trading securities, derivatives, and other financial instruments. Liquidity on these markets is called dark pool liquidity. The bulk of dark pool trades represent large trades by financial institutions that are offered away from public exchanges like the New York Stock Exchange and the NASDAQ, so that such trades remain confidential and outside the purview of the general investing public. The fragmentation of electronic trading platforms has allowed dark pools to be created, and they are normally accessed through crossing networks or directly among market participants via private contractual arrangements. Generally, dark pools are not available to the public, but in some cases, they may be accessed indirectly by retail investors and traders via retail brokers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">BATS Global Markets</span> Global stock exchange

BATS Global Markets is a global stock exchange operator founded in Lenexa, Kansas, with additional offices in London, New York, Chicago, and Singapore. BATS was founded in June 2005, became an operator of a licensed U.S. stock exchange in 2008 and opened its pan-European stock market in October 2008. As of February 2016, it operated four U.S. stock exchanges, two U.S. equity options exchanges, the pan-European stock market, and a global market for the trading of foreign exchange products. BATS was acquired by Cboe Global Markets in 2017.

High-frequency trading (HFT) is a type of algorithmic trading in finance characterized by high speeds, high turnover rates, and high order-to-trade ratios that leverages high-frequency financial data and electronic trading tools. While there is no single definition of HFT, among its key attributes are highly sophisticated algorithms, co-location, and very short-term investment horizons in trading securities. HFT uses proprietary trading strategies carried out by computers to move in and out of positions in seconds or fractions of a second.

Sergey Aleynikov is a former Goldman Sachs computer programmer. Between 2009 and 2016, he was prosecuted by NY Federal and State jurisdictions for the same conduct of allegedly copying proprietary computer source code from his employer, Goldman Sachs, before joining a competing firm. His first prosecution in federal court in New York ultimately resulted in acquittal by the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. The outcome of his second prosecution and trial in New York state court was a split verdict dismissed by court, which acquitted him on all counts. One count in that order of dismissal was later overturned by New York Court of Appeals, which took a very broad interpretation of the statute, and on recommendation of prosecutors he was sentenced to time served without punishment. The same New York Court of Appeals denied his petition to appeal on double jeopardy grounds. His story inspired Michael Lewis's bestseller Flash Boys.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zero Hedge</span> Far-right libertarian financial blog

Zero Hedge is a far-right libertarian financial blog and news aggregator. Zero Hedge is bearish in its investment outlook and analysis, often deriving from a strict adherence to the Austrian School of economics and credit cycles. It has been described as a financial "permabear".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2010 flash crash</span> U.S. stock market crash lasting 36 minutes in May 6, 2010

The May 6, 2010, flash crash, also known as the crash of 2:45 or simply the flash crash, was a United States trillion-dollar flash crash which started at 2:32 p.m. EDT and lasted for approximately 36 minutes.

Scott Patterson is an American financial journalist and bestselling author. He is a staff reporter at The Wall Street Journal and author of Dark Pools: High-Speed Traders, A.I. Bandits, and the Threat to the Global Financial System and The New York Times bestselling bookThe Quants.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Virtu Financial</span> Financial services company

Virtu Financial is an American company that provides financial services, trading products and market making services. Virtu provides product suite including offerings in execution, liquidity sourcing, analytics, broker-neutral, multi-dealer platforms in workflow technology and two-sided quotations and trades in equities, commodities, currencies, options, fixed income, and other securities on over 230 exchanges, markets, and dark pools. Virtu uses proprietary technology to trade large volumes of securities. The company went public on the Nasdaq in 2015.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Edgar Perez</span> American-Peruvian business author (born 1974)

Edgar Perez is an American-Peruvian business author, keynote speaker and corporate trainer who has spoken at a number of academic and professional institutions. He is the author of The Speed Traders and Knightmare on Wall Street, and has been interviewed internationally on the topics of artificial intelligence and deep learning, quantum computing, cybersecurity and high-frequency trading. He currently lives in New York City.

Nanex is a Chicago-based firm that offers streaming market data services, and real-time analysis and visualization tools. They offer data on all market transactions to their clients who are typically traders and other financial analysis firms. "The company can analyse millions of trades per second."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">IEX</span> U.S.-based stock exchange

Investors Exchange (IEX) is a stock exchange in the United States. It was founded in 2012 in order to mitigate the effects of high-frequency trading. IEX was launched as a national securities exchange in September 2016. On October 24, 2017, it received regulatory approval from the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to list companies. IEX listed its first public company, Interactive Brokers, on October 5, 2018. The exchange said that companies would be able to list for free for the first five years, before a flat annual rate of $50,000. On September 23, 2019, it announced it was leaving its listing business.

Bradley Toshio Katsuyama is a Canadian financial services executive. He is the CEO and co-founder of the IEX, the Investors Exchange. He left RBC in 2012 to co-found IEX under the premise that it would be a fairer stock trading venue than other exchanges.

In finance, quote stuffing refers to a form of market manipulation employed by high-frequency traders (HFT) that involves quickly entering and withdrawing a large number of orders in an attempt to flood the market. This can create confusion in the market and trading opportunities for high-speed algorithmic traders. The term is relatively new to the financial market lexicon and was coined by Nanex in studies on HFT behavior during the 2010 Flash Crash.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ronan Ryan</span> Irish-American businessperson (born 1974)

Ronan Ryan is an Irish-American businessperson. He is the president of IEX, the Investor's Exchange, and an electronic trading expert. As a founding member of IEX, Ryan was a central character featured in Michael Lewis’ Flash Boys: A Wall Street Revolt. Irish America magazine named Ryan to its 2014 and 2015 Wall Street 50 list.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hudson River Trading</span> Quantitative trading firm based in NYC

Hudson River Trading is a quantitative trading firm headquartered in New York City and founded in 2002. In 2014, it accounted for about 5% of all trading in the United States. Hudson River Trading employs over 800 people in offices around the world, including New York, Chicago, Austin, Boulder, London, Singapore, Shanghai, Mumbai and Dublin. The firm focuses on research and development of automated trading algorithms using mathematical techniques, and trades on over 100 markets worldwide.

Spoofing is a disruptive algorithmic trading activity employed by traders to outpace other market participants and to manipulate markets. Spoofers feign interest in trading futures, stocks, and other products in financial markets creating an illusion of the demand and supply of the traded asset. In an order driven market, spoofers post a relatively large number of limit orders on one side of the limit order book to make other market participants believe that there is pressure to sell or to buy the asset.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">DRW Trading Group</span> Proprietary electronic trading firm

DRW Holdings, LLC, typically referred to as DRW, is a proprietary trading firm based in Chicago. The firm was founded in 1992 by Don Wilson, an options trader at the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, and was named after his initials: DRW. The firm trades various financial instruments, including fixed income, options and derivatives, energy and agriculture, and cryptocurrency. DRW has offices in Amsterdam, Austin, Greenwich, Tel Aviv, Chicago, New York City, Houston, London, Montreal, and Singapore. DRW is one of the largest trading firms in the world.

References

  1. ↑ "Michael Lewis author page". Simon & Schuster . Retrieved February 22, 2015.
  2. 1 2 Massoudi, Arash; Tracy Alloway (March 28, 2014). "'Flash Boys' starts Wall St soul searching". Financial Times . Retrieved March 31, 2014.
  3. 1 2 "Michael Lewis 60 Minutes Interview on HFT [VIDEO]". Value Walk. March 30, 2014. Retrieved March 31, 2014.
  4. ↑ Ahmed, Azam (March 18, 2011). "Former Goldman Programmer Gets 8-year Jail Term for Code Theft". The New York Times.
  5. ↑ Michael Lewis (September 2013). "Michael Lewis: Did Goldman Sachs Overstep in Criminally Charging Its Ex-Programmer?". Vanity Fair. Retrieved June 18, 2018.
  6. ↑ Tovey, Alan (April 2, 2014). "High-frequency trading: when milliseconds mean millions". The Telegraph. In his new book Flash Boys, author Michael Lewis looks at the extraordinary lengths high-frequency traders go to to beat the competition
  7. ↑ Maslin, Janet (March 31, 2014). "Hobbling Wall Street Cowboys". The New York Times. Retrieved June 26, 2014.
  8. ↑ Gapper, John. "'Flash Boys' by Michael Lewis". 21 March 2014. Financial Times. Retrieved June 26, 2014.
  9. ↑ Brown, Tom (May 1, 2015). "Split verdict for Sergey Aleynikov ends a tumultuous trial but leaves open the chance the years long saga could continue". Reuters . Retrieved June 18, 2018.
  10. ↑ Matthews, Christopher M. (May 1, 2015). "Ex-Goldman Programmer Guilty of Stealing Code: Split verdict for Sergey Aleynikov ends a tumultuous trial but leaves open the chance the years long saga could continue". The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 18, 2018.
  11. 1 2 Smith, Noah (April 15, 2014). "Book Review: Flash Boys" . Retrieved April 19, 2017.
  12. 1 2 Fleckner, Andreas Martin (April 23, 2015). "Section 4 and Footnote 56, Regulating Trading Practices, The Oxford Handbook of Financial Regulation". Oxford University Press. ISBN   9780199687206. SSRN   2476950.
  13. 1 2 Coggan, Philip (May 7, 2014). "HFT: the backlash continues". The Economist .
  14. 1 2 Salmon, Felix (April 7, 2014). "The Lewis Effect". Slate . Archived from the original on April 14, 2019. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
  15. 1 2 Ross, Andrew (May 16, 2014). "Flash Boys by Michael Lewis – review". The Guardian. Retrieved June 26, 2014.
  16. 1 2 Narang, Manoj (April 4, 2014). "A Much-Needed HFT Primer for 'Flash Boys' Author Michael Lewis". Institutional Investor. Retrieved June 26, 2014.
  17. ↑ Lewis, Michael (March 23, 2015). Wall Street reforms after rigged trading revealed (Television production). New York City: CBS This Morning. Event occurs at 0:37. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
  18. ↑ Locklin, Scott (April 4, 2014). "Michael Lewis: shilling for the buyside". Scott Locklin. Retrieved June 26, 2014.
  19. ↑ Bandeen, Ian (May 29, 2014). "Flash ... or Fiction? Hit book on high-frequency trading lets the real villains off the hook". Financial Post. Retrieved June 26, 2014.
  20. ↑ "Best Sellers, Hardcover Non-fiction". The New York Times. April 20, 2014. Retrieved November 1, 2014.
  21. ↑ Weil, Jonathan (April 1, 2014). "Weil on Finance: FBI Hops on Michael Lewis Bandwagon". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on April 25, 2015. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
  22. ↑ Bradford, Harry (April 1, 2014). "FBI Investigating High-Frequency Traders: WSJ". Huffington Post. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
  23. ↑ Rubenstein, Ari (April 30, 2014). "Thank you, Michael Lewis". CNBC. Retrieved May 1, 2014.
  24. ↑ Bartash, Jeffry (April 29, 2014). "U.S. markets 'not rigged,' SEC boss says, White downplays 'flash boy' charges in new Michael Lewis book". MarketWatch. Dow Jones. Retrieved May 1, 2014.
  25. ↑ Fox, Michelle (May 2, 2014). "System isn't 'Rigged'-Bloomberg defends HFT". CNBC. Retrieved June 16, 2014.
  26. ↑ Mamudi, Sam (April 1, 2014). "Not Every High-Frequency Trader Is Predatory, Levitt Says". Bloomberg News. Retrieved October 30, 2014.
  27. ↑ Levine, Matt (February 12, 2016). "Matt Levine's Money Stuff: Economic Worries and Payday Loans" . Retrieved November 25, 2024.
  28. ↑ Siegel, Tatiana (June 20, 2014). "Aaron Sorkin to Adapt Michael Lewis' 'Flash Boys' (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 15, 2020. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
  29. ↑ White, James (June 22, 2014). "Aaron Sorkin Adapting Flash Boys". Empire . Retrieved August 19, 2020.
  30. ↑ Han, Angie (June 20, 2014). "Aaron Sorkin May Write 'Flash Boys', From 'Moneyball' Author and Producer". Slashfilm . Retrieved August 19, 2020.
  31. ↑ Vlessing, Etan (September 5, 2017). "Michael Lewis Says 'Flash Boys' Movie Unlikely Because Hollywood Won't Cast Asian Lead". The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 23, 2020. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
  32. ↑ Fleming, Mike Jr. (May 17, 2018). "Michael Lewis Book 'Flash Boys' Moves To Netflix; 'Newsflash's Ben Jacoby To Adapt". Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 19, 2020.
  33. ↑ McNary, Dave (May 17, 2018). "Michael Lewis' Wall Street Movie 'Flash Boys' Moves to Netflix". Variety . Retrieved August 19, 2020.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.