IEX

Last updated

Investors Exchange
IEX Group Logo.svg
Type Stock exchange
Location New York, New York (office),
Weehawken, New Jersey (matching engine), United States
Founded2012
OwnerIEX Group, Inc.
Key people Brad Katsuyama (CEO)
Ronan Ryan (president)
Currency USD
Volume334 million shares/day, market share 2.4% (February 24, 2021)
Website iextrading.com

Investors Exchange (IEX) is a stock exchange in the United States. It was founded in 2012 in order to mitigate the effects of high-frequency trading. [1] IEX was launched as a national securities exchange in September 2016. On October 24, 2017, it received regulatory approval from the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to list companies. IEX listed its first public company, Interactive Brokers, on October 5, 2018. The exchange said that companies would be able to list for free for the first five years, before a flat annual rate of $50,000. [2] On September 23, 2019, it announced it was leaving its listing business. [3]

Contents

In September 2019, IEX announced that its co-founder and COO, John Schwall, would retire from the company by the end of 2019. [4]

The genesis and early days of the exchange are chronicled in the 2014 book Flash Boys: A Wall Street Revolt by Michael Lewis. [5]

History

Founding and first trading

Founded in 2012 [2] and started by Brad Katsuyama and Ronan Ryan, IEX opened for trading on October 25, 2013. The company’s offices are located at 3 World Trade Center in New York City. The matching engine is located across the Hudson River in Weehawken, New Jersey, and the initial point of presence is located in a data center in Secaucus, New Jersey. [1] IEX's main innovation is a 38-mile (61 km) coil of optical fiber placed in front of its trading engine. This additional length of cable results in a 350 microsecond delay, referred to as a "speed bump". [6] The round-trip delay of 0.0007 seconds is designed to negate the certain speed advantages utilized by some high-frequency traders. [7] This method was subsequently implemented by competing stock exchange NYSE American in response to the SEC approval of IEX. [6] [8] [9]

In 2020, Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec made a strategic investment in IEX Group. [10]

Federal approvals

The SEC approved IEX to be an official exchange on June 17, 2016. [11] In late 2016, IEX hired Sara Furber to lead its listing effort. A former managing director at Morgan Stanley, [2] [12] she reported to Katsuyama. The company aimed to start listing companies in 2017. [12]

After a 13-month wait, on October 24, 2017, IEX Group Inc. received regulatory approval from the SEC to list companies. IEX said it would begin listings in early 2018, with a focus on having companies switch over from other stock exchanges by undercutting the listing fees of rivals. The exchange said that companies would be able to list for free for the first five years, before a flat annual rate of $50,000. In comparison, NYSE had annual listing fees as high as $500,000 and Nasdaq up to $155,000. [2] The Wall Street Journal wrote that the approval paved "the way for the first competition to the New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq Inc. in nearly a decade... Companies seeking to list their shares on a U.S. exchange haven’t had a choice besides NYSE or Nasdaq since 2008, when the American Stock Exchange was acquired by NYSE." Only Wynn Resorts Ltd. said publicly that it was considering a listing on IEX at the time of the approval announcement, with IEX not releasing more details on listings. [2]

Exchange features

Operating principles

IEX was created in response to questionable trading practices that had become widely used across traditional public Wall Street exchanges as well as dark pools and other alternative trading systems. The IEX exchange aims to attract investors by promising to "play fair" by operating in a transparent and straightforward manner, while also helping to level the playing field for traders. Strategies to achieve those goals include: [13]

These strategies are intended to ensure the trustworthiness of the exchange. A few dark pools are owned by trading companies that pay for certain types of orders to allow them to fill orders within the pool, rather than routing orders to public exchanges. IEX offers no rebates for orders, [14] and only charges a flat fee of $0.0009 per share on trades executed within the dark pool (or 0.30% with shares worth less than $1.00). Trades forwarded to other trading venues are charged a lower rate. [15]

IEX has five order types: market, limit, primary peg (pegged to national best bid/offer), midpoint peg and patent-pending discretionary peg. [16] IEX discretionary peg is a primary peg that may execute at up to midpoint price when the quote is stable. [17] A few optional parameters can be attached to the orders, leaving IEX with many fewer order types than most other exchanges. [18]


IEX delays the flow of data from the exchange and ensures that it arrives simultaneously at two points of presence in New Jersey. Traders are not allowed to co-locate equipment adjacent to IEX's own servers, unlike many other trading platforms. IEX has its own low-latency links to other trading venues in the New York region, which it can use to execute trades for customers in under 320 microseconds. The point-of-presence links for traders to gain access to IEX have a built-in, round-trip delay of 700 microseconds from a 38-mile coil of fiber, so traders cannot beat IEX's own computers as orders propagate outward. [7] The data delay prevents many predatory behaviors. [19] It deters the practice of liquidity fading, where they peer into various trading venues and try to detect orders as they propagate from a broker's order router, and use this information to withdraw liquidity ahead of toxic order flow. [20]

Market share (in percent)


0.5
1
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2014
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2015
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2016
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2017
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(Source: IEX)

Broker priority

Before becoming an exchange, IEX operated a dark pool which did not adhere entirely to priority by price then time, unlike other U.S. trading venues. Instead, the IEX prioritized orders by price, followed by broker and, lastly, time. Katsuyama argues that this arrangement advantages regular investors contrarily to high frequency trading (HFT) firms, by preventing, for instance, HFT firms from jumping to the top of the order queue and front running normal investors. [21]

When IEX applied for exchange status, it dropped the broker-based priority mechanism and as an exchange it gives priority to the best price first followed by the time of order submittal (as do other exchanges).

Liquidity

Michael Lewis' book, Flash Boys, [5] focused on the new trading platform, arguing that it was better than other dark pools since it created an equal playing field for investors by slowing down trading and preventing HFT firms from front running orders. An advocacy group for high-frequency traders countered that liquidity-provider firms need speed and direct market connectivity to manage risk, [22] and a market that limits speed, such as IEX, would be illiquid and expensive for price discovery. [23]

IEX Cloud

IEX also offers an API service, allowing developers to query US and Canadian stock data. [24]

Key people

See also

Related Research Articles

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NYSE American, formerly known as the American Stock Exchange (AMEX), and more recently as NYSE MKT, is an American stock exchange situated in New York City. AMEX was previously a mutual organization, owned by its members. Until 1953, it was known as the New York Curb Exchange.

The Nasdaq Stock Market is an American stock exchange based in New York City. It is the most active stock trading venue in the US by volume, and ranked second on the list of stock exchanges by market capitalization of shares traded, behind the New York Stock Exchange. The exchange platform is owned by Nasdaq, Inc., which also owns the Nasdaq Nordic stock market network and several U.S.-based stock and options exchanges.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New York Stock Exchange</span> American stock exchange

The New York Stock Exchange is an American stock exchange in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City. It is the largest stock exchange in the world by market capitalization.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stock exchange</span> Organization that provides services for stock brokers and traders to trade securities

A stock exchange, securities exchange, or bourse is an exchange where stockbrokers and traders can buy and sell securities, such as shares of stock, bonds and other financial instruments. Stock exchanges may also provide facilities for the issue and redemption of such securities and instruments and capital events including the payment of income and dividends. Securities traded on a stock exchange include stock issued by listed companies, unit trusts, derivatives, pooled investment products and bonds. Stock exchanges often function as "continuous auction" markets with buyers and sellers consummating transactions via open outcry at a central location such as the floor of the exchange or by using an electronic trading platform.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Day trading</span> Buying and selling financial instruments within the same trading day

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An electronic communication network (ECN) is a type of computerized forum or network that facilitates the trading of financial products outside traditional stock exchanges. An ECN is generally an electronic system that widely disseminates orders entered by market makers to third parties and permits the orders to be executed against in whole or in part. The primary products that are traded on ECNs are stocks and currencies. ECNs are generally passive computer-driven networks that internally match limit orders and charge a very small per share transaction fee.

Front running, also known as tailgating, is the practice of entering into an equity (stock) trade, option, futures contract, derivative, or security-based swap to capitalize on advance, nonpublic knowledge of a large ("block") pending transaction that will influence the price of the underlying security. In essence, it means the practice of engaging in a personal or proprietary securities transaction in advance of a transaction in the same security for a client's account. Front running is considered a form of market manipulation in many markets. Cases typically involve individual brokers or brokerage firms trading stock in and out of undisclosed, unmonitored accounts of relatives or confederates. Institutional and individual investors may also commit a front running violation when they are privy to inside information. A front running firm either buys for its own account before filling customer buy orders that drive up the price, or sells for its own account before filling customer sell orders that drive down the price. Front running is prohibited since the front-runner profits come from nonpublic information, at the expense of its own customers, the block trade, or the public market.

Algorithmic trading is a method of executing orders using automated pre-programmed trading instructions accounting for variables such as time, price, and volume. This type of trading attempts to leverage the speed and computational resources of computers relative to human traders. In the twenty-first century, algorithmic trading has been gaining traction with both retail and institutional traders. A study in 2019 showed that around 92% of trading in the Forex market was performed by trading algorithms rather than humans.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dark pool</span> Institutional share trading syndicate not accessible to general public

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High-frequency trading (HFT) is a type of algorithmic trading in finance characterized by high speeds, high turnover rates, and high order-to-trade ratios that leverages high-frequency financial data and electronic trading tools. While there is no single definition of HFT, among its key attributes are highly sophisticated algorithms, co-location, and very short-term investment horizons in trading securities. HFT uses proprietary trading strategies carried out by computers to move in and out of positions in seconds or fractions of a second.

Flash trading, otherwise known as a flash order, is a marketable order sent to a market center that is not quoting the industry's best price or that cannot fill that order in its entirety. The order is then flashed to recipients of the venue's proprietary data feed to see if any of those firms wants to take the other side of the order.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2010 flash crash</span> U.S. stock market crash lasting 36 minutes in May 6, 2010

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<i>Flash Boys</i> 2014 book by Michael Lewis

Flash Boys: A Wall Street Revolt is a book by the American writer Michael Lewis, published by W. W. Norton & Company on March 31, 2014. The book is a non-fiction investigation into the phenomenon of high-frequency trading (HFT) in the US financial market, with the author interviewing and collecting the experiences of several individuals working on Wall Street. Lewis concludes that HFT is used as a method to front run orders placed by investors. He goes further to suggest that broad technological changes and unethical trading practices have transformed the U.S. stock market from "the world's most public, most democratic, financial market" into a "rigged" market.

Bradley Toshio Katsuyama is a Canadian financial services executive. He is the CEO and co-founder of the IEX, the Investors Exchange. He left RBC in 2012 to co-found IEX under the premise that it would be a fairer stock trading venue than other exchanges.

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A securities information processor (SIP) is a part of the infrastructure of public market data providers in the United States that process, consolidate, and disseminate quotes and trade data from different US securities exchanges and market centers. An important purpose of the SIPs for US securities is to publish the prevailing National Best Bid Offer (NBBO).

References

  1. 1 2 Foxman, Simone (October 25, 2013). "How the 'Navy SEALs' of Trading Are Taking on Wall Street's Predatory Robots". Quartz.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Osipovich, Alexander (October 26, 2017). "Startup Exchange Cleared to Take on NYSE, Nasdaq for Stock Listings" . Wall Street Journal . New York. Retrieved October 26, 2017.
  3. ↑ "Why we chose to exit the corporate listings business" (Press release). IEX. September 23, 2019. Retrieved September 9, 2022.
  4. ↑ "IEX Co-Founder and Chief Operating Officer John Schwall to Retire". Bloomberg. September 12, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
  5. 1 2 Lewis, Michael M. (2014). Flash Boys: A Wall Street Revolt (First ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN   9780393244663. LCCN   2014003208.
  6. 1 2 Matt, Turner (January 25, 2017). "The New York Stock Exchange Is Slowing Down Trading for a Key Market". Business Insider . Axel Springer SE . Retrieved November 2, 2022.
  7. 1 2 Lewis, Michael (March 31, 2014). "The Wolf Hunters of Wall Street" . The New York Times.
  8. ↑ Massa, Annie (July 24, 2017). "NYSE American Opens to Take on Upstart Exchange IEX". Bloomberg News . Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved November 2, 2022.
  9. ↑ Frank, Chaparro (July 25, 2017). "The New York Stock Exchange is out to crush America's newest stock exchange". Business Insider . Axel Springer SE . Retrieved November 2, 2022.
  10. ↑ "CDPQ Makes Strategic Investment in IEX Group". Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute. December 3, 2020.
  11. ↑ Matt, Levine (September 16, 2015). "The 'Flash Boys' Exchange Is Growing Up". Bloomberg. Retrieved September 16, 2015.
    - Popper, Nathaniel (June 18, 2016). "IEX Group, Critical of Wall St., Gains Approval for Stock Exchange" . The New York Times . Retrieved June 18, 2016.
    - Bullock, Nicole (June 17, 2016). "IEX trading venue wins battle to become an exchange" . Financial Times . Retrieved October 28, 2017.
  12. 1 2 Osipovich, Alexander (November 14, 2016). "IEX Looks to Snatch NYSE, Nasdaq Listings With New Hire" . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 26, 2017.
  13. ↑ Picardo, Elvis (April 23, 2014). "How IEX Is Combating Predatory Types of High-Frequency Traders". Forbes Investopedia . Archived from the original on April 26, 2014. Retrieved September 9, 2022.
  14. ↑ "About Us". IEX. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
  15. ↑ ""Flash Boys" Boosts IEX Trades 40%" . Barron's. April 9, 2014.
  16. ↑ "IEX ATS Subscriber Manual v2.7" (PDF). IEX. January 27, 2016. Retrieved May 11, 2016.
  17. ↑ "Discretionary Peg Order". IEX. Retrieved May 11, 2016.
  18. ↑ Securities and Exchange Commission (June 17, 2016). "In the Matter of the Application of Investors' Exchange, LLC for Registration as a National Securities Exchange: Findings, Opinion, and Order of the Commission" (PDF). sec.gov. p. 35. Release No. 34-78101. Retrieved July 13, 2023.
  19. ↑ "On a 'Rigged' Wall Street, Milliseconds Make All the Difference". Fresh Air. Philadelphia. April 1, 2014. WHYY. Transcript.
    - Mamudi, Sam (March 31, 2014). "IEX Welcomes High-Speed Traders, as Long as They Behave". Bloomberg.
  20. ↑ Kroft, Steve (March 30, 2014). "Is the U.S. Stock Market Rigged?". CBS News.
  21. ↑ Katsuyama, Brad (May 29, 2013). "IEX President Katsuyama Addresses 'Broker Priority'". CNBC.
  22. ↑ Larry, Tabb (March 31, 2014). "No, Michael Lewis, the US Equities Market Is not Rigged". Tabb Forum. Retrieved September 7, 2014.
  23. ↑ "Opinions published in response to Michael Lewis' Flash Boys and recent comments" (PDF). Futures Industry Association. Retrieved September 7, 2014.
  24. ↑ Mayela_g (April 9, 2019). "IEX Cloud". ProgrammableWeb. Retrieved April 25, 2019.
  25. 1 2 "Executive Team". IEX. Retrieved October 26, 2017.
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