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Waste management or waste disposal includes the processes and actions required to manage waste from its inception to its final disposal. This includes the collection,transport,treatment,and disposal of waste,together with monitoring and regulation of the waste management process and waste-related laws,technologies,and economic mechanisms.
Anaerobic respiration is respiration using electron acceptors other than molecular oxygen (O2). Although oxygen is not the final electron acceptor,the process still uses a respiratory electron transport chain.
Wastewater treatment is a process which removes and eliminates contaminants from wastewater. It thus converts it into an effluent that can be returned to the water cycle. Once back in the water cycle,the effluent creates an acceptable impact on the environment. It is also possible to reuse it. This process is called water reclamation. The treatment process takes place in a wastewater treatment plant. There are several kinds of wastewater which are treated at the appropriate type of wastewater treatment plant. For domestic wastewater the treatment plant is called a Sewage Treatment. Municipal wastewater or sewage are other names for domestic wastewater. For industrial wastewater,treatment takes place in a separate Industrial wastewater treatment,or in a sewage treatment plant. In the latter case it usually follows pre-treatment. Further types of wastewater treatment plants include Agricultural wastewater treatment and leachate treatment plants.
Waste stabilization ponds are ponds designed and built for wastewater treatment to reduce the organic content and remove pathogens from wastewater. They are man-made depressions confined by earthen structures. Wastewater or "influent" enters on one side of the waste stabilization pond and exits on the other side as "effluent",after spending several days in the pond,during which treatment processes take place.
Anaerobic digestion is a sequence of processes by which microorganisms break down biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen. The process is used for industrial or domestic purposes to manage waste or to produce fuels. Much of the fermentation used industrially to produce food and drink products,as well as home fermentation,uses anaerobic digestion.
Industrial wastewater treatment describes the processes used for treating wastewater that is produced by industries as an undesirable by-product. After treatment,the treated industrial wastewater may be reused or released to a sanitary sewer or to a surface water in the environment. Some industrial facilities generate wastewater that can be treated in sewage treatment plants. Most industrial processes,such as petroleum refineries,chemical and petrochemical plants have their own specialized facilities to treat their wastewaters so that the pollutant concentrations in the treated wastewater comply with the regulations regarding disposal of wastewaters into sewers or into rivers,lakes or oceans. This applies to industries that generate wastewater with high concentrations of organic matter,toxic pollutants or nutrients such as ammonia. Some industries install a pre-treatment system to remove some pollutants,and then discharge the partially treated wastewater to the municipal sewer system.
Articles related to waste management include:
An anaerobic lagoon or manure lagoon is a man-made outdoor earthen basin filled with animal waste that undergoes anaerobic respiration as part of a system designed to manage and treat refuse created by concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs). Anaerobic lagoons are created from a manure slurry,which is washed out from underneath the animal pens and then piped into the lagoon. Sometimes the slurry is placed in an intermediate holding tank under or next to the barns before it is deposited in a lagoon. Once in the lagoon,the manure settles into two layers:a solid or sludge layer and a liquid layer. The manure then undergoes the process of anaerobic respiration,whereby the volatile organic compounds are converted into carbon dioxide and methane. Anaerobic lagoons are usually used to pretreat high strength industrial wastewaters and municipal wastewaters. This allows for preliminary sedimentation of suspended solids as a pretreatment process.
Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) technology,normally referred to as UASB reactor,is a form of anaerobic digester that is used for wastewater treatment.
Secondary treatment is the removal of biodegradable organic matter from sewage or similar kinds of wastewater. The aim is to achieve a certain degree of effluent quality in a sewage treatment plant suitable for the intended disposal or reuse option. A "primary treatment" step often precedes secondary treatment,whereby physical phase separation is used to remove settleable solids. During secondary treatment,biological processes are used to remove dissolved and suspended organic matter measured as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). These processes are performed by microorganisms in a managed aerobic or anaerobic process depending on the treatment technology. Bacteria and protozoa consume biodegradable soluble organic contaminants while reproducing to form cells of biological solids. Secondary treatment is widely used in sewage treatment and is also applicable to many agricultural and industrial wastewaters.
Sewage sludge treatment describes the processes used to manage and dispose of sewage sludge produced during sewage treatment. Sludge treatment is focused on reducing sludge weight and volume to reduce transportation and disposal costs,and on reducing potential health risks of disposal options. Water removal is the primary means of weight and volume reduction,while pathogen destruction is frequently accomplished through heating during thermophilic digestion,composting,or incineration. The choice of a sludge treatment method depends on the volume of sludge generated,and comparison of treatment costs required for available disposal options. Air-drying and composting may be attractive to rural communities,while limited land availability may make aerobic digestion and mechanical dewatering preferable for cities,and economies of scale may encourage energy recovery alternatives in metropolitan areas.
Biogenic sulfide corrosion is a bacterially mediated process of forming hydrogen sulfide gas and the subsequent conversion to sulfuric acid that attacks concrete and steel within wastewater environments. The hydrogen sulfide gas is biochemically oxidized in the presence of moisture to form sulfuric acid. The effect of sulfuric acid on concrete and steel surfaces exposed to severe wastewater environments can be devastating. In the USA alone,corrosion causes sewer asset losses estimated at $14 billion per year. This cost is expected to increase as the aging infrastructure continues to fail.
A grease trap is a plumbing device designed to intercept most greases and solids before they enter a wastewater disposal system. Common wastewater contains small amounts of oils which enter into septic tanks and treatment facilities to form a floating scum layer. This scum layer is very slowly digested and broken down by microorganisms in the anaerobic digestion process. Large amounts of oil from food preparation in restaurants can overwhelm a septic tank or treatment facility,causing the release of untreated sewage into the environment. High-viscosity fats and cooking grease such as lard solidify when cooled,and can combine with other disposed solids to block drain pipes.
In treatment of sewage one process used is the activated sludge process in which air is passed through a mixture of sewage and old sludge to allow the micro-organisms to break down the organic components of the sewage. Sludge is continually drawn off as new sewage enters the tank and this sludge must then be settled so that the supernatant can be separated to pass on to further stages of treatment.
Aerobic digestion is a process in sewage treatment designed to reduce the volume of sewage sludge and make it suitable for subsequent use. More recently,technology has been developed that allows the treatment and reduction of other organic waste,such as food,cardboard and horticultural waste. It is a bacterial process occurring in the presence of oxygen. Bacteria rapidly consume organic matter and convert it into carbon dioxide,water and a range of lower molecular weight organic compounds. As there is no new supply of organic material from sewage,the activated sludge biota begin to die and are used as food by saprotrophic bacteria. This stage of the process is known as endogenous respiration and it is process that reduces the solid concentration in the sludge.
Sewage treatment is a type of wastewater treatment which aims to remove contaminants from sewage to produce an effluent that is suitable to discharge to the surrounding environment or an intended reuse application,thereby preventing water pollution from raw sewage discharges. Sewage contains wastewater from households and businesses and possibly pre-treated industrial wastewater. There are a high number of sewage treatment processes to choose from. These can range from decentralized systems to large centralized systems involving a network of pipes and pump stations which convey the sewage to a treatment plant. For cities that have a combined sewer,the sewers will also carry urban runoff (stormwater) to the sewage treatment plant. Sewage treatment often involves two main stages,called primary and secondary treatment,while advanced treatment also incorporates a tertiary treatment stage with polishing processes and nutrient removal. Secondary treatment can reduce organic matter from sewage, using aerobic or anaerobic biological processes. A so-called quarternary treatment step can also be added for the removal of organic micropollutants,such as pharmaceuticals. This has been implemented in full-scale for example in Sweden.
Facultative lagoons are a type of waste stabilization pond used for biological treatment of industrial and domestic wastewater. Sewage or organic waste from food or fiber processing may be catabolized in a system of constructed ponds where adequate space is available to provide an average waste retention time exceeding a month. A series of ponds prevents mixing of untreated waste with treated wastewater and allows better control of waste residence time for uniform treatment efficiency.
Resource recovery is using wastes as an input material to create valuable products as new outputs. The aim is to reduce the amount of waste generated,thereby reducing the need for landfill space,and optimising the values created from waste. Resource recovery delays the need to use raw materials in the manufacturing process. Materials found in municipal solid waste,construction and demolition waste,commercial waste and industrial wastes can be used to recover resources for the manufacturing of new materials and products. Plastic,paper,aluminium,glass and metal are examples of where value can be found in waste.
Fecal sludge management (FSM) is the storage,collection,transport,treatment and safe end use or disposal of fecal sludge. Together,the collection,transport,treatment and end use of fecal sludge constitute the "value chain" or "service chain" of fecal sludge management. Fecal sludge is defined very broadly as what accumulates in onsite sanitation systems and specifically is not transported through a sewer. It is composed of human excreta,but also anything else that may go into an onsite containment technology,such as flushwater,cleansing materials,menstrual hygiene products,grey water,and solid waste. Fecal sludge that is removed from septic tanks is called septage.
References
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- ↑ He, Xia; Iasmin, Mahbuba; Dean, Lisa O.; Lappi, Simon E.; Ducoste, Joel J.; De Los Reyes, Francis L. (2011). "Evidence for Fat, Oil, and Grease (FOG) Deposit Formation Mechanisms in Sewer Lines". Environmental Science & Technology. 45 (10): 4385–4391. doi:10.1021/es2001997. PMID 21510691.
- ↑ Long, J. Hunter; Aziz, Tarek N.; de los Reyes III, Francis L.; Ducoste, Joel J. (May 2012). "Anaerobic co-digestion of fat, oil, and grease (FOG): A review of gas production and process limitations". Process Safety and Environmental Protection. Special Issue on Energy from Waste. 90 (3): 231–245. doi:10.1016/j.psep.2011.10.001.
- ↑ Wang, Ling; Aziz, Tarek N.; de los Reyes III, Francis L. (July 2013). "Determining the limits of anaerobic co-digestion of thickened waste activated sludge with grease interceptor waste". Water Research. 47 (11): 3835–3844. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2013.04.003.
- ↑ He, Xia; De Los Reyes, Francis L.; Ducoste, Joel J. (2017). "A critical review of fat, oil, and grease (FOG) in sewer collection systems: Challenges and control". Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology. 47 (13): 1191–1217. doi:10.1080/10643389.2017.1382282.
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- ↑ "Award Recipients – Jackson Rigney Award".
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