Franciscus Haraeus (Latinised form of Franciscus Verhaer; also known as Frans Verhaer), [1] (Utrecht 1555? - Leuven, 11 January 1631), was a theologian, historian, and cartographer from the Low Countries. He is best known for his history of the origins of the Dutch Revolt, written from a Catholic perspective but without polemical bias. He was one of the first cartographers to make thematic maps and globes.
Haraeus first attended the Latin school of the Brethren of the Common Life in Utrecht and subsequently studied theology at the University of Louvain under Thomas Stapleton and Joannes Molanus. [2] He was ordained a Roman Catholic priest at an early age, probably in 1578. He was appointed as a professor of rhetoric at the recently established University of Douai where he also obtained a Licentiate of Theology. In 1581 he accompanied the papal legate Antonio Possevino on an embassy to John III of Sweden and Ivan the Terrible. [3] [4]
Back in the Dutch Republic he became a canon at St. John's Cathedral ('s-Hertogenbosch), later dean in Dunkirk and professor of theology at Tongerlo Abbey. In 1604-1609 he worked as a priest in Utrecht where he was in contact with Buchelius. After 1609 he moved permanently to the Spanish Netherlands where he became the rector of a nunnery in Antwerp, before becoming a canon in Namur in 1617, and after 1621 in Leuven. [2] He died in the latter city on 11 January 1631, [5] and was buried in the St. Peter Church in Leuven, near the tomb of Thomas Stapleton. [3]
Haraeus compiled a large number of hagiographies. However, his historical works of longer lasting import concerned the first part of the Eighty Years' War through which he had lived himself. He clearly took the side of king Philip II of Spain against William the Silent, giving his work a clear bias. His first publication in this field was Onpartijdighe Verklaringhe der oorsaken der Nederlantsche oorloghs sedert 't jaer 1566 tot 1608 (Antwerp 1612). [6] This provoked a critical response from the Dutch judge François Vranck. [7] Meanwhile, Haraeus had already started on his major history: Annales ducum seu principum Brabantiae totiusque Belgii tomi tres: quorum primo solius Brabantiae, secundo Belgii uniti principum res gestae, tertio Belgici tumultus usque ad inductas anno MDCIX pactas, enarrantur [8] (Antwerp 1623). This work was well received in the Spanish Netherlands where it was long a "best seller". The third volume was reworked by its author, but this version only exists in manuscript; it was never printed. [4]
Haraeus was one of several clergymen from the Netherlands who around the turn of the 17th century made important contributions to the young science of map-making (another was Petrus Plancius). [9] He was one of the three cartographers in the Spanish Netherlands who kept the craft of globe-making alive there after the exodus of many cartographers around the turn of the 17th century. [10] In 1614 he published a six-gore map entitled Novus typus orbis ipsus globus, ex Analemmate Ptolomaei diductus [11] This was one of the first instances of a thematic map as it showed the dispersion of Christianity and Islam at the time, using map symbols developed by Jodocus Hondius in his Designatio Orbis Christiani (1607) [12] [13]
In 1624 a map entitled Lumen Historiarum per Orientem [14] was published by Balthasar Moretus as part of a new edition of Ortelius' Theatrum orbis terrarum Parergon [15] which recognized Haraeus as its maker. [16] This map was part of a set of two made earlier by Haraeus and designed as a comprehensive guide to sacred geography. [17]
As a final example, Haraeus Geographica restituta per globi trientes [18] (1618) shows the world in three globe-gores, with insets showing a map representing the 2nd-century worldview of Ptolemy at lower right, and a legend for the map in the lower center, explaining symbols which identify religious populations (a cross for Christian regions, a crescent for Islam, and a slanted arrow for barbarians). [19]
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Gerardus Mercator was a Flemish geographer, cosmographer and cartographer. He is most renowned for creating the 1569 world map based on a new projection which represented sailing courses of constant bearing as straight lines—an innovation that is still employed in nautical charts.
Abraham Ortelius was a Brabantian cartographer, geographer, and cosmographer. He is recognized as the creator of the first modern atlas, the Theatrum Orbis Terrarum. Along with Gemma Frisius and Gerardus Mercator, Ortelius is generally considered one of the founders of the Netherlandish school of cartography and geography. He was a notable figure of this school in its golden age and an important geographer of Spain during the age of discovery. The publication of his atlas in 1570 is often considered as the official beginning of the Golden Age of Netherlandish cartography. He was the first person proposing that the continents were joined before drifting to their present positions.
Willem Janszoon Blaeu, also abbreviated to Willem Jansz. Blaeu, was a Dutch cartographer, atlas maker, and publisher. Along with his son Johannes Blaeu, Willem is considered one of the notable figures of the Netherlandish or Dutch school of cartography during its golden age in the 16th and 17th centuries.
Gemma Frisius was a Dutch physician, mathematician, cartographer, philosopher, and instrument maker. He created important globes, improved the mathematical instruments of his day and applied mathematics in new ways to surveying and navigation. Gemma's rings, an astronomical instrument, are named after him. Along with Gerardus Mercator and Abraham Ortelius, Frisius is often considered one of the founders of the Netherlandish school of cartography, and significantly helped lay the foundations for the school's golden age.
Gerard de Jode was a Netherlandish cartographer, engraver, and publisher who lived and worked in Antwerp.
Michael van Langren was an astronomer and cartographer of the Low Countries. Catholic, he chiefly found employment in the service of the Spanish Monarchy.
The Atlas Maior is the final version of Joan Blaeu's atlas, published in Amsterdam between 1662 and 1672, in Latin, French, Dutch, German and Spanish, containing 594 maps and around 3,000 pages of text. It was the largest and most expensive book published in the seventeenth century. Earlier, much smaller versions, titled Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, sive, Atlas Novus, were published from 1634 onwards. Like Abraham Ortelius's Theatrum Orbis Terrarum (1570), the Atlas Maior is widely considered a masterpiece of the Golden Age of Dutch/Netherlandish cartography.
Aubert le Mire, Latinized Aubertus Miraeus was an ecclesiastical historian in the Spanish Netherlands.
Frederik de Wit was a Dutch cartographer and artist.
Jacob van Langren was a Dutch cartographer and globe-maker who established a family dynasty of three generations in those professions. He was born in Gelderland but moved to the Southern Netherlands and later to Amsterdam, where his sons Arnold and Hendrik were born. From about 1586 Jacob and his son Arnold produced globes, both terrestrial and celestial, the first ever produced in the northern Low Countries. Over the next fifty years, the van Langrens continued to revise and improve their engravings; Petrus Plancius collaborated on the 1589 edition. In 1592, the States General granted the Van Langren family a monopoly in the production of globes, which led to quarrels with Jodocus Hondius. Jacob died in Alkmaar in 1610, where he is buried in the Grote Kerk.
François Vranck, was a Dutch lawyer and statesman who played an important role in the founding of the Dutch Republic.
Abraham Goos was a Dutch cartographer, publisher, and engraver. He made globes, maps of North America, a comprehensive map of European coastlines, and the first printed Hebrew language map of The Holy Land.
Nicolaes Visscher I was a Dutch engraver, cartographer and publisher. He was the son of Claes Janszoon Visscher. His son, Nicolaes Visscher II (1649–1702), also worked with him and continued the family tradition of mapmaking after his death. Visscher died in Amsterdam in 1679 and was buried in the Nieuwezijds Kapel on 11 September of that year, though a death year of 1709 is maintained by some sources.
Franciscus Monachus, was born Frans Smunck in Mechelen in the Duchy of Brabant. His Latinised name, adopted when he matriculated at the University of Louvain, is translated as simply Francis the monk. Franciscus Monachus was identified as the Latinised form of his name, Frans Smunck, in his obituary notice. He is remembered as the cartographer who created the first terrestrial globe in the Low Countries.
Gaspard van der Heyden was a goldsmith, engraver, master printer and builder of precision astronomical instruments including terrestrial and celestial globes from Leuven, Belgium. He was well known among the humanists in Leuven as well as among scientists and mathematicians.
Hendrik van Cuyk or Henricus Cuyckius (1546–1609) was the second bishop of Roermond from 1596 until his death in 1609.
Cornelis Reineri or Reyneri, Latinized Cornelius Goudanus (1525–1609) was a Dutch Catholic theologian who spent his entire adult life at the University of Leuven.
Marcel Peter René van den Broecke was a Dutch specialist in phonetics and also in cartography, more in particular the historical maps by Abraham Ortelius.
Joachim Hoppers, occasionally Latinized to Hopperus, was a jurist and professor in the Habsburg Netherlands. He was advisor on matters affecting the Netherlands to Philip II of Spain.
