The Freedmen's Cemetery was a cemetery in St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana,[1] where formerly enslaved men, women and children were buried following the end of the American Civil War. Established in 1867 as a four-acre civilian cemetery by the U.S. Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, also known as the Freedmen's Bureau, it was located near the historic African American community of Fazendeville, Louisiana and adjacent to Monument Cemetery (now known as the Chalmette National Cemetery), where the U.S. government had begun burying deceased Union soldiers in 1864, many of whom had been involved in the Red River campaign.[2]
Adding new burials until May 1869, the cemetery quickly became overgrown after its management was abandoned by the Freedmen's Bureau when it ended its operations in Louisiana in 1872 and transferred its management authority over the cemetery to the city government in New Orleans, Louisiana.[3]
This Freedmen's Cemetery site is considered to be one of the Historic Cemeteries of New Orleans, and has been memorialized by a historical marker, which is located near the entrance to Chalmette National Cemetery.[4][5]
History
The Freedmen's Bureau, officially known as the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, was created by an act of Congress on March 3, 1865 as a unit of the United States Department of War, and "was responsible for the supervision and management of all matters relating to the refugees and freedmen and lands abandoned or seized during the Civil War, duties previously shared by military commanders and US Treasury Department officials."[6] Established to help people with the transition from enslavement to freedom, the bureau's various branch offices attempted to provide educational, housing and medical assistance to their clients, but faced many obstacles due to a "lack of funding, coupled with the politics of race and Reconstruction."[7]
Chalmette National Cemetery, which had been established roughly a year earlier by the U.S. government to bury Union sailors and soldiers who had died from disease or battle wounds while stationed in Louisiana,[8] was created from land that had initially been used during the war as "a refugee camp for freed slaves and later a burial ground for former slaves, black hospital patients, and both Union and Confederate troops," according to historians at the National Park Service. Within two years of the City of New Orleans' donation of this land to the federal government, however, civilian burials began outpacing the interments of federal soldiers. In response, federal officials obtained a four-acre parcel of land next to the national cemetery, ordered the exhumation of roughly two to four thousand civilians at Chalmette, and then orchestrated the reinterment of those civilian remains at the new site in 1867. That new site, which was located near the historic African American community of Fazendeville, Louisiana, was designated as the Freedmen's Cemetery.[9][10]
New burials at the Freedmen's Cemetery came mainly from referrals by the Freedmen's Hospitals in Louisiana with approximately 716 interments made between 1867 and 1869. Well maintained at first, the cemetery's new graves were marked with wooden headboards; most of the names and causes of death for the deceased were also recorded in ledgers maintained by cemetery officials. Those original records are now maintained by the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration with digital copies available via various family history research websites.[11][12][13]
Over time, Freedmen's Hospital branches[14][15] were shuttered, including the Freedmen's Hospital in New Orleans, which closed its doors on January 1, 1869. As a result, new burials ceased at this Freedmen's Cemetery, effective May 1869.[16]
By 1872, the entire Freedmen's Bureau was disabled. In 1873, a memo from the U.S. Quartermaster's Office documented that the Freedmen's Cemetery initiative at Chalmette had been abandoned.[17][18]
Deciding that the U.S. government had no desire to acquire or maintain the property adjacent to the national cemetery, federal officials ordered construction of a brick wall in 1874 to separate the cemeteries,[19] and transferred ownership of the Freedmen's Cemetery land back to the City of New Orleans,[20] which then sold the land in 1875 to Louisiana's Agricultural & Mechanical College. The Chairman of the Board of the college made attempts to have the national cemetery take over the cemetery as he saw evidence of U.S. Colored Troops buried there and could still see some markers, but no movement was made by the federal government.
Over the years, the river nearby flooded and frequently spilled over the knee-high levee, gradually depositing more and more dirt on top of the existing soil of the cemetery grounds, further obscuring evidence of the burials that had been made there. Today, the cemetery is situated within the Chalmette Battlefield, which is part of the Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve.[21] There have been ground penetrating radar studies done to try to find evidence of individual graves, but the results were deemed inconclusive due to the burial depths of the bodies.[22]
Interments
More than eighty men, women, and children who died at the Freedmen's Bureau Hospital in New Orleans between May and July 1867 were interred at the Freedmen's Cemetery. Their names, causes and dates of death, and burial plot numbers were documented in Freedmen's Bureau records, which are available at the National Archives. Causes of death included: age-related debility, anasarca, apoplexy, brain inflammation, cholera, dropsy, dysentery, edema, epilepsy, gangrene, hepatitis, lung inflammation, paralysis, phthisis, pleurisy, pneumonia, rheumatic fever, rheumatism, scrofula, smallpox, and tetanus.[23]
Additionally, Freedmen's Cemetery interments were reported in death notices and other news coverage of New Orleans area newspapers, including that of Eliza Blondeau. Also known as Mary Johnson, Blondeau was a November 1867 homicide victim of Jefferson Lewis, whose 1868 trial was covered by the New Orleans Republican.[24]
Jean Lafitte was a French pirate and privateer who operated in the Gulf of Mexico in the early 19th century. He and his older brother Pierre spelled their last name Laffite, but English language documents of the time used "Lafitte". This has become the common spelling in the United States, including places named after him.
St. Bernard Parish is a parish in the U.S. state of Louisiana. The parish seat and largest community is Chalmette. The parish was formed in 1807. St. Bernard Parish is part of the New Orleans–Metairie metropolitan statistical area; the parish is located southeast of the city of New Orleans and comprises the Chandeleur Islands and Chandeleur Sound in the east.
Barataria is a census-designated place (CDP) in Jefferson Parish, Louisiana, United States. The population was 1,057 in 2020. It is part of the New Orleans–Metairie–Kenner metropolitan statistical area.
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Chalmette is a census-designated place (CDP) in, and the parish seat of, St. Bernard Parish in southeastern Louisiana, United States. The 2010 census reported that Chalmette had 16,751 people; 2011 population was listed as 17,119; however, the pre-Katrina population was 32,069 at the 2000 census. At the 2020 U.S. census, its population rebounded to 21,562. Chalmette is part of the New Orleans–Metairie–Kenner metropolitan statistical area. Chalmette is located east of downtown New Orleans and south of Arabi, towards Lake Borgne.
Saint Louis Cemetery is the name of three Catholic cemeteries in New Orleans, Louisiana. Most of the graves are above-ground vaults constructed in the 18th and 19th centuries.
Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve protects the natural and cultural resources of Louisiana's Mississippi River Delta region. It is named after French pirate Jean Lafitte and consists of six separate sites and a park headquarters.
New Orleans Jazz National Historical Park is a U.S. National Historical Park in the Tremé neighborhood of New Orleans, near the French Quarter. It was created in 1994 to celebrate the origins and evolution of jazz.
Chalmette National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery located within Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve in Chalmette, Louisiana. The cemetery is a 17.5-acre (7.1 ha) graveyard adjacent to the site that was once the battleground of the Battle of New Orleans, which took place at the end of the War of 1812. Despite its proximity to the site of the Battle of New Orleans in the War of 1812, the majority of the interments are of soldiers who were casualties or veterans of the American Civil War, the Spanish-American War, World War I, World War II, the Korean War, or the Vietnam War. The cemetery was subsequently closed to new interments.
Destrehan Plantation is an antebellum mansion, in the French Colonial style, modified with Greek Revival architectural elements. It is located in southeast Louisiana, near the town of the same name, Destrehan.
Louisiana Highway 45 (LA 45) is a state highway located in Jefferson Parish, Louisiana. It runs 22.08 miles (35.53 km) in a north–south direction from a dead end at Bayou Barataria in Lafitte to a junction with LA 18 in Marrero.
Fazendeville was a small, historic, African American community in St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana, United States. Located near the Freedmen's Cemetery in the parish, this village was razed during the 1960s as part of an expansion of the Chalmette National Battlefield in the Jean Lafitte National Historic Park and Preserve.
Lafitte may refer to:
Camp Parapet was a Civil War fortification at Shrewsbury, Jefferson Parish, Louisiana, a bit more than a mile upriver from the current city limits of New Orleans.
The Malus-Beauregard House, previously known as the Rene Beauregard house, is a home built in 1832-1833 and significantly altered in 1850's to a Greek Revival style overlooking the Battle of New Orleans battlefield. Located in St. Bernard Parish about 6 miles east of the City of New Orleans and adjoining the field of Chalmette where the Battle of New Orleans was fought in 1815. The house is named after its first and last owners and served as a country residence for several wealthy families during the 19th century. Its latest use was the Visitor's Center for the Chalmette Battlefield but has been closed since Hurricane Katrina due to its poor condition. It is not considered of historical importance due to it being located on the famous battlefield but unrelated and built after the event. No restoration efforts are planned.
Rodriguez Canal was a ditch that cut across the battlefield during the Battle of New Orleans in 1815. Andrew Jackson arranged his defensive line behind it.
The Historic Cemeteries of New Orleans, New Orleans, United States, are a group of forty-two cemeteries that are historically and culturally significant. These are distinct from most cemeteries commonly located in the United States in that they are an amalgam of the French, Spanish, and Caribbean historical influences on the city of New Orleans in addition to limitations resulting from the city's high water table. The cemeteries reflect the ethnic, religious, and socio-economic heritages of the city. Architecturally, they are predominantly above ground tombs, family tombs, civic association tombs, and wall vaults, often in neo-classical design and laid out in regular patterns similar to city streets. They are at times referred to colloquially as “Cities of the Dead”, and some of the historic cemeteries are tourist destinations.
Joyce Marie Jackson is the James J. Parsons Endowed Professor and chair of the department of geography and anthropology at Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. A cultural anthropologist, ethnomusicologist and folklorist, she was also the director of the university's African and African American studies program from 2010 to 2016.
↑ Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve: Chalmette Unit: Cultural Landscape Report], pp. 45–47, 53–54, Illustration 3.3, 168, 173, and Illustration 5.1, Cultural Resources, Partnerships and Science Directorate, Southeast Regional Office, National Park Service, May 2022.
↑ "Freedmen's Cemetery sign," in Louisiana Sea Grant Digital Images Collection, in Louisiana Digital Library. New Orleans, Louisiana: Louisiana Digital Consortium, retrieved online September 19, 2022.
↑ Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve: Chalmette Unit: Cultural Landscape Report, pp. 3, 5, 45–47, 53–54, 88, Illustration 3.3, 168, 173, 200, 239–240, 243, 248, and Illustration 5.1, Cultural Resources, Partnerships and Science Directorate, Southeast Regional Office, National Park Service, May 2022.
↑ "The Freedmen's Bureau," in "African American Heritage." Washington, D.C.: U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, retrieved online September 19, 2022.
↑ "Freedmen's Bureau," on History.com. New York, New York: A&E Television Networks, October 3, 2018 (retrieved online September 19, 2022).
↑ "Chalmette National Cemetery, Chalmette, Louisiana," in "Civil War Era National Cemeteries: Honoring Those Who Served." Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, retrieved online September 19, 2022.
↑ Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve: Chalmette Unit: Cultural Landscape Report, pp. 3, 5, 45–47, 53–54, 88, Illustration 3.3, 168, 173, 200, 239–240, 243, and Illustration 5.1, Cultural Resources, Partnerships and Science Directorate, Southeast Regional Office, National Park Service, May 2022.
↑ "The Freedmen's Bureau," U.S. National Archives and Records Administration.
↑ "United States Freedmen's Bureau, Records of Freedmen, 1865–1872, " in Records of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, 1861–1880, RG 105, U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. Salt Lake City, Utah: FamilySearch, retrieved online September 19, 2022.
↑ Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve: Chalmette Unit: Cultural Landscape Report, pp. 4547, 53–54, Illustration 3.3, 168, 239–240, 243, and Illustration 5.1, Cultural Resources, Partnerships and Science Directorate, Southeast Regional Office, National Park Service, May 2022.
↑ "Freedmen's Bureau in Louisiana and Medical Education in New Orleans," in "History of Medicine and the Civil War: A Guide—Exhibit to accompany Binding Wounds, Pushing Boundaries: African Americans in Civil War Medicine," in "Matas Library Subject Guides." New Orleans, Louisiana: Tulane University Libraries, 2018 (retrieved online September 20, 2022.
↑ Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve: Chalmette Unit: Cultural Landscape Report, pp. 3, 45–47, Illustration 3.3, 168, 173, and Illustration 5.1, Cultural Resources, Partnerships and Science Directorate, Southeast Regional Office, National Park Service, May 2022.
↑ Memorandum from Captain Charles Barnard to Colonel Charles Folsom, 20 May 1867, in "Records of the Office of the Quartermaster General" (Record Group 92). Washington, D.C.: U.S. National Archives and Records Administration.
↑ Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve: Chalmette Unit: Cultural Landscape Report, pp. 45–47, 53–54, Cultural Resources, Partnerships and Science Directorate, Southeast Regional Office, National Park Service, May 2022.
↑ "Chalmette National Cemetery," National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior."
↑ Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve: Chalmette Unit: Cultural Landscape Report, pp. 3, 45–47, 53–54, Illustration 3.3, Cultural Resources, Partnerships and Science Directorate, Southeast Regional Office, National Park Service, May 2022.
↑ Blythe, Administrative History of Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve, pp. 32–36.
↑ Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve: Chalmette Unit: Cultural Landscape Report, pp. 3, 88, Illustration 3.3, 239–240, 243, 248, 265, and Illustration 5.1. Atlanta, Georgia: Cultural Resources, Partnerships and Science Directorate, Southeast Regional Office, National Park Service, May 2022.
↑ "First District Court – Judge Howe," in "Local Intelligence." New Orleans, Louisiana: New Orleans Republican, January 15, 1868, front page (subscription required).
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