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The United Kingdom has three distinctly different legal systems,each of which derives from a particular geographical area for a variety of historical reasons:English law,Scots law,Northern Ireland law,and,since 2007,calls for a fourth type,that of purely Welsh law as a result of Welsh devolution,with further calls for a Welsh justice system.
The Courts of England and Wales,supported administratively by His Majesty's Courts and Tribunals Service,are the civil and criminal courts responsible for the administration of justice in England and Wales.
Sir Garfield Edward John Barwick was an Australian judge who was the seventh and longest serving Chief Justice of Australia,in office from 1964 to 1981. He had earlier been a Liberal Party politician,serving as a minister in the Menzies government from 1958 to 1964.
The courts of Scotland are responsible for administration of justice in Scotland,under statutory,common law and equitable provisions within Scots law. The courts are presided over by the judiciary of Scotland,who are the various judicial office holders responsible for issuing judgments,ensuring fair trials,and deciding on sentencing. The Court of Session is the supreme civil court of Scotland,subject to appeals to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom,and the High Court of Justiciary is the supreme criminal court,which is only subject to the authority of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom on devolution issues and human rights compatibility issues.
A Lord Justice of Appeal or Lady Justice of Appeal is a judge of the Court of Appeal of England and Wales,the court that hears appeals from the High Court of Justice,the Crown Court and other courts and tribunals. A Lord Justice of Appeal is the second highest level of judge in the courts of England and Wales. Despite the title,and unlike the former Lords of Appeal in Ordinary,they are not peers.
There are various levels of judiciary in England and Wales—different types of courts have different styles of judges. They also form a strict hierarchy of importance,in line with the order of the courts in which they sit,so that judges of the Court of Appeal of England and Wales are given more weight than district judges sitting in county courts and magistrates' courts. On 1 April 2020 there were 3,174 judges in post in England and Wales. Some judges with United Kingdom-wide jurisdiction also sit in England and Wales,particularly Justices of the United Kingdom Supreme Court and members of the tribunals judiciary.
A justice of the High Court,commonly known as a High Court judge,is a judge of the High Court of Justice of England and Wales,and represents the third-highest level of judge in the courts of England and Wales. High Court judges are referred to as puisne justices and wear red and black robes.
The judiciaries of the United Kingdom are the separate judiciaries of the three legal systems in England and Wales,Northern Ireland and Scotland. The judges of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom,the Special Immigration Appeals Commission,Employment Tribunals,Employment Appeal Tribunal and the UK tribunals system do have a United Kingdom-wide jurisdiction but judgments only apply directly to the jurisdiction from which a case originates as the same case points and principles do not inevitably apply in the other jurisdictions. In employment law,employment tribunals and the Employment Appeal Tribunal have jurisdiction in the whole of Great Britain.
Sir Stephen Price Richards is a former Lord Justice of Appeal.
Shambo was a black Friesian bull living in the interfaith Skanda Vale Temple near Llanpumsaint in Wales who had been adopted by the local Hindu community as a sacred animal. He came to public attention in April 2007,when a routine skin test for bovine tuberculosis tested positive,indicating he may have been in contact with the bacterium that causes the disease. As a result,the Welsh Government required that the bull be slaughtered. Skanda Vale disputed this and campaigned for a reprieve,expressing their belief that the sanctity of all life is the cornerstone of Hinduism. They were backed in this stance by the Hindu religious community at large. Farmers supported the Welsh Government's policy that cattle which tested positive to the skin test be destroyed in the interests of other local cattle.
Robert John Reed,Baron Reed of Allermuir,is a Scottish judge who has been President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom since January 2020. He was the principal judge in the Commercial Court in Scotland before being promoted to the Inner House of the Court of Session in 2008. He is an authority on human rights law in Scotland and elsewhere;he served as one of the UK's ad hoc judges at the European Court of Human Rights. He was also a Non-Permanent Judge of the Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong.
The High Court of Justice in London,known properly as His Majesty's High Court of Justice in England,together with the Court of Appeal and the Crown Court,are the Senior Courts of England and Wales. Its name is abbreviated as EWHC for legal citation purposes.
Roger John Laugharne Thomas,Baron Thomas of Cwmgiedd,FLSW is a British judge. He served as Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales from 2013 to 2017.
The judiciary of Scotland are the judicial office holders who sit in the courts of Scotland and make decisions in both civil and criminal cases. Judges make sure that cases and verdicts are within the parameters set by Scots law,and they must hand down appropriate judgments and sentences. Judicial independence is guaranteed in law,with a legal duty on Scottish Ministers,the Lord Advocate and the Members of the Scottish Parliament to uphold judicial independence,and barring them from influencing the judges through any form of special access.
Sir Wyn Lewis Williams is a British judge who served as President of Welsh Tribunals from 2017 to 2023. He had been a High Court judge from 2007 to 2017.
Dame Nicola Velfor Davies,DBE is British barrister and judge who is currently a Lady Justice of Appeal,to which she was appointed in 2018. At the Bar she practised in medical law. She is referred to as Rt Hon Lady Justice Nicola Davies.
Sir Stephen John Irwin,is a retired British judge and barrister. From September 2016 until October 2020,he was a Lord Justice of Appeal. From May 2006 to 2016,he served as a judge of the High Court of England and Wales.
The President of Welsh Tribunals is a senior judge in Wales who presides over the Welsh tribunal system. The position was established by the Wales Act 2017 and is the first senior judicial role relating solely to Wales. The President of the Welsh Tribunals is not a devolved subject matter,however the Senedd may create additional Welsh tribunals.
Sir Peter Donald Fraser PC,styled The Right Honourable Lord Justice Fraser,is a Judge of the Court of Appeal of England and Wales.
The King's Bench Division of the High Court of Justice deals with a wide range of common law cases and has supervisory responsibility over certain lower courts.
References
- 1 2 "Judicial Appointments". nds.coi.gov.uk. Ministry of Justice. 19 September 2008. Archived from the original on 18 December 2008.
- 1 2 "England and Wales High Court (Administrative Court) Decisions: Between "The Queen on the application of Swami Suryananda as a representative of the community of the many names of God" (Claimant) and "The Welsh Ministers" (Defendants)". bailii.org. British and Irish Legal Information Institute (BAILII). 16 July 2007.
- ↑ Prime Minister's Office, 10 Downing Street (21 April 2017). "Privy Council appointment: Sir Gary Hickinbottom". gov.uk. GOV.UK.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ Tilbrook, Richard (3 May 2017). List of business: Sir Gary Hickinbottom sworn in (PDF). Privy Council Office.
- ↑ "Court of Appeal: Retirement of Lord Justice Hickinbottom". Courts and Tribunals Judiciary. gov.uk. 19 January 2021. Archived from the original on 10 February 2024. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
- ↑ "Sir Gary Hickinbottom : President of Welsh Tribunals | GOV.WALES". www.gov.wales. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
- ↑ "Coronation order of service in full". BBC News. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
- ↑ "First minister joins fight to save Cardiff Chinese restaurant". 21 January 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
- ↑ "Cardiff Chinese restaurant in court battle with judge neighbour". 13 February 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
- ↑ Lewis, Ffion (13 November 2020). "Case dropped against restaurant under threat of closure over smell". Wales Online. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
- ↑ "England and Wales High Court (Administrative Court) Decisions: Between "Suryananda" (Claimant) and "The Welsh Ministers" (Defendants)". bailii.org. British and Irish Legal Information Institute (BAILII). 23 July 2007.
- ↑ Herbert, Tom (13 July 2018). "Ex-Tory Party consultant fined £6,000 for protesting against male circumcision". Metro . Retrieved 19 July 2018.
- ↑ "'Head coach wants to play': the US drug sting that led to BVI premier's arrest". the Guardian. 29 April 2022. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
- ↑ "British Virgin Islands: UK decides against direct rule of territory". BBC News. 8 June 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2022.