 | This article needs additional citations for verification .(January 2017) |
In standard Danish and Swedish, nouns have two grammatical genders, and pronouns have the same two grammatical genders in addition to two natural genders similar to English.
| | This article needs additional citations for verification .(January 2017) |
In standard Danish and Swedish, nouns have two grammatical genders, and pronouns have the same two grammatical genders in addition to two natural genders similar to English.
Historically, nouns in standard Danish and Swedish, like other Germanic languages, had one of three grammatical genders: masculine, feminine, or neuter. Over time the feminine and masculine genders merged into a common gender. A common gender is also partly used in some variants of Dutch, but in Dutch, the merger is incomplete, with some vestiges in pronouns. Swedish also has deviations from a complete common gender. Danish has no such vestiges since unlike Dutch and German, it does not use the same pronouns for objects and people, but like English, Danish has natural gender personal pronouns for people and separate grammatical gender pronouns for objects and animals.
Standard Danish and Swedish are very similar in regard to noun genders, but many dialects of those languages have different numbers of grammatical genders from one to three. Norwegian, while similar to those languages, uses three genders in its standard versions, but some dialects, like that of Bergen and the Riksmål variety of Bokmål, use two.
Around 1300 CE, Danish had three grammatical genders. Masculine nouns formed definite versions with -in (e.g.: dawin 'the day', hæstin 'the horse'), feminine with -æn (kunæn 'the woman', næsæn 'the nose'), and neuter with either -æt or -it (barnæt 'the child', skipit 'the ship'). In some dialects, like East Jutlandic, Copenhagen and Stockholm, the -in and -æn suffixes merged to -en forms thereby losing the distinction in definite endings between the two. Nonetheless, pronouns continued to distinguish between the grammatical genders for some time, as han referred to nouns of the masculine gender, and likewise hun (Da.) / hon (Swedish) was used for nouns of the feminine gender.
During the early modern period, the last distinction disappeared as well, as inanimate nouns became perceived as lacking biological gender and came to be referred to with a new pronoun den 'it', originally a demonstrative meaning 'that', and han and hun became reserved for beings perceived as having biological gender, like English he and she. [1]
Other dialects have kept the gender distinction in the definite suffixes, like Insular Danish, in which only the feminine suffix became -en while masculine form lost the n and became -i (dawi 'the day', katti 'the cat'), and Norwegian and most Swedish dialects, in which the masculine suffix became -en but the feminine suffix lost the n and became -a (mora 'the mother').
Like in English, the accusative and dative cases are merged to one objective case and is marked only for object pronouns.
| Nominative | Objective | Possessive | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Masculine (natural gender) | han | ham / honom | hans |
| Feminine (natural gender) | hun / hon | hende / henne | hendes / hennes |
| Common (grammatical gender) | den | den | dens / dess |
| Neuter (grammatical gender) | det | det | dets / dess |
North Germanic languages use a definite suffix or enclitic article instead of a definite article unless a preposition is attached to the noun, when a definite article is placed before it. Because they normally attach to common nouns, not proper nouns, they are usually not used for people. The only exceptions are as an epithet or description, when the definite article for the common gender is used.
| Indefinite article | Definite article | Definite suffix | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Common gender | en | den | -en \ -an / -en |
| Neuter | et / ett | det | -et |
Using natural genders for people causes a problem to arise in discussing a person of unknown or undefined gender. Traditionally the masculine pronouns have been used in that case,[ citation needed ] but that has caused some concern about cultural sexism. As a solution some feminists in Sweden have proposed to add a third class of gender-neutral pronouns for people. [2] It is used in some places in Sweden.
The Danish translation is added in parentheses but is not actually used and lacks objective and possessive versions. [3] In 2015, hen was introduced in Svenska Akademiens ordlista , the word list (spelling dictionary) of the Swedish Academy. [4]
| Nominative | Accusative/Dative | Possessive | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Neutral (natural gender) | hen (høn) | hen/henom ( - ) | hens ( - ) |