Geography of the state of Hidalgo

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Location of Hidalgo in the Mexican territory Hidalgo in Mexico (zoom).svg
Location of Hidalgo in the Mexican territory
Map of the state of Hidalgo Municipios de Hidalgo.svg
Map of the state of Hidalgo

The geography of the State of Hidalgo refers to the physical geography and human geography of Hidalgo, a state in central Mexico.

Contents

Hidalgo is located in the eastern part of Mexico. To the north, it borders San Luis Potosí and Veracruz; to the east, it borders Puebla; to the south it borders Tlaxcala and the State of Mexico. [1] It is made up of 84 municipalities. [2]

According to INEGI, Hidalgo has an area of 20,813.57 km2, [3] making up 1.06% of the total area of Mexico. [note 1] [1] [5] It is the 6th smallest state by area — ahead of Querétaro, Colima, Aguascalientes, Morelos, and Tlaxcala. The largest municipality within Hidalgo is Zimapán (with an area of 872.24 km2), [note 2] and its smallest municipality is Tlahuelilpan (with an area of 28.18 km2). [note 3] [3] [10]

Geographical regions

Characteristics

Geographical regions of the state of Hidalgo Regiones Geograficas de Hidalgo 01.png
Geographical regions of the state of Hidalgo

The state of Hidalgo has significant geographical diversity, featuring an extensive variety of flora and fauna and a wide range of climatic and geomorphological conditions. [11] From north to south, the state is split into three distinct regions: the Northern Gulf Coastal Plain, which has the lowest altitude, the Eastern Mother Sierra, which has a medium altitude, and the Neovolcanic Axis, which has the highest altitude in the state. [12]

The state has been divided into ten cultural regions that group similar municipalities. The cultural characteristics of each region are influenced by its geographical features, which directly affect the social and economic situation of its inhabitants. [11] [13]

The Huasteca region is located in the coastal plains in the northwestern portion of the state. [11] The Huasteca is a long and narrow strip of abundant vegetation, with mostly flat terrain except for some small hills. [14]

The Sierra Madre Oriental is a mountainous region that runs through the center of the state, in a southeast–northwest direction. Municipalities in this central area are grouped into four cultural regions: Sierra Gorda, Sierra Alta, Sierra Baja, and Sierra de Tenango. The Sierra Alta and Sierra Gorda are known for their very rugged landscape and sharp mountain peaks, compared to the relatively smaller elevations of the Sierra de Tenango (also called Sierra Otomí-Tepehua). [14] The Sierra Baja has plains that seem to sink through its canyons and ravines. [14]

In the southern Neovolcanic Axis lies the central Mining Valley, the Tulancingo Valley and the Altiplanicie pulquera to the southeast, the Mezquital Valley to the west, and the Cuenca de México to the south. The Mining Region is an area rich in deposits of metals such as lead, gold and silver. [12] The Tulancingo Valley is a large valley that may have formerly been the basin of a lake, and is characterized by the presence of volcanic rock formations. [15] [16] The Altiplanicie pulquera, also known as the plains of Apan, is a highland with three lake areas, called the lagoons of Tochac-Atocha and Apan. [17] The area is known for its agriculture, and produces a popular agave wine called maguey pulque. [12] The Basin of Mexico, also called the Pachuca-Tizayuca Valley, is a semi-arid plain protected by a chain of hills on each side. [15] [12] The Mezquital Valley is an extremely arid region, made up of valleys and plains with isolated volcanic mountains and basaltic spills. [12] [15]

Delimitation

The number of regions that make up the state of Hidalgo is a matter of some debate. Some sources combine the Sierra Alta and the Sierra Baja into a single region called the Sierra Hidalguense. [18] [. 1] [. 2] [. 3] Likewise, the Tulancingo Valley, the Mining Region, the Altiplanicie pulquera, and the Basin of Mexico are sometimes combined into a single region called the Altiplano Hidalguense. [15] [. 4] [. 5] The Sierra de Tenango can be confused with the slopes that go down to the Huasteca; [12] sometimes it is referred to as part of the Sierra Norte de Puebla and other times as part of the Sierra de Huayacocotla. [12] The Acaxochitlán is sometimes named as part of the Totonacapan region. [19] [20] [21]

The Huasteca is a multicultural region that includes the southern part of the state of Tamaulipas, the north of Veracruz, the east of San Luis Potosí, the north of Hidalgo, and the north of Querétaro. [22] Within Hidalgo the Huasteca comprises the municipalities in the northwest of the state. Some sources extend the borders of the region south, to include the municipalities of Molango de Escamilla, Metztitlán, Zacualtipán de Ángeles, parts of the municipality of Huasca de Ocampo, [23] and the norther portion of Sierra de Tenango [24] [19] up to Puebla. [22] . [24] [19]

The Basin of Mexico is an endorheic basin formed by a large system of lakes: Chalco, Xochimilco, Texcoco, San Cristóbal-Xaltocan. [25] The region is made up of four valleys, the Valley of Mexico, Valley of Cuautitlán, Valley of Apan and the Pachuca-Tizayuca Valley. It comprises four federal entities: the state of Mexico, Mexico City, Hidalgo and Tlaxcala.

The Sierra Gorda originates in Hidalgo as a branch of the Sierra Madre Oriental and extends to San Luis Potosí, after crossing Querétaro and Guanajuato. [14]

The Mezquital Valley extends to the northern part of the state of Mexico and a limited area of the southeast of the state of Querétaro. [26] [27]

Climatology

Climate

Sunset in Xihuingo, municipality of Tepeapulco Xihuingo Esperanto Naturo1.jpg
Sunset in Xihuingo, municipality of Tepeapulco

Hidalgo has three well-defined climatic zones: a warm or semi-warm zone, a temperate zone, and a dry or semi-dry zone. [28] [29] [30] Some areas of higher altitude have a semi-cold climate. [28] [30]

Average annual climate parameters of Hidalgo (1951–2010)
Stational lapMunicipalityAltitude
(m. s. n. m.)		Temperature (°C)Precipitation
(mm)
Minimum
(average)		Median
Maximum
(average)
00013011 Huejutla de Reyes 150.017.323.730.11469.7
00013038 Tlanchinol 1365.013.417.621.82416.2
00013034 Tenango de Doria 1666.011.617.022.51733.7
00013074 Ixmiquilpan 1700.08.817.726.6342.4
00013050 Zacualtipán de Ángeles 1980.08.513.618.81287.3
00013056 Pachuca de Soto 2368.06.614.021.4411.9
00013115 Mineral del Monte 2812.07.513.018.5870.7
Fuente: Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37]
Sunrise in Huitzila, municipality of Tizayuca Amanecer en Huitzila, Mexico, 2013-10-10, DD 01.JPG
Sunrise in Huitzila, municipality of Tizayuca

See also

References

Notes

  1. ↑ According to the Government of Hidalgo its area is 20,987 km2. [4]
  2. ↑ According to the Government of Hidalgo its area is 860.9 km2; [4] [6] and according to the SEDESOL it is 874,682 km2. [7]
  3. ↑ According to the Government of Hidalgo its area is 31.3 km2; [4] according to the INAFED is 28.60 km2; [8] and according to the SEDESOL it is 28,265 km2. [9]

Citations

  1. 1 2 Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal (2010). "Encyclopedia of the Municipalities and Delegations of Mexico: Physical environment of the state of Hidalgo". Secretariat of the Interior . Government of Mexico. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
  2. ↑ INEGI. "Hidalgo Municipal Division". Tell me about Mexico. Retrieved July 20, 2010.
  3. 1 2 National Institute for Federalism and Municipal Development. "National Municipal Information System". Secretariat of the Interior . Gobierno de México . Retrieved March 20, 2018. To see information about Hidalgo, first select the type of information you want, then the state of Hidalgo in the "Federative Entity" field.
  4. 1 2 3 COESPO (2015). "Hidalgo. Total population and population density by municipality, 2015" (PDF). State Population Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 22, 2017. Retrieved March 25, 2018.
  5. ↑ INEGI. "Area of Hidalgo". Tell me about Mexico. Retrieved July 20, 2010.
  6. ↑ National Institute for Federalism and Municipal Development (2010). "Encyclopedia of the Municipalities and Delegations of Mexico: Zimapán, Hidalgo". Ministry of the Interior . Archived from the original on March 28, 2018. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
  7. ↑ Municipal Information Cards. "Zimapán, Hidalgo". Secretariat of Social Development . Archived from the original on September 29, 2017. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
  8. ↑ National Institute for Federalism and Municipal Development (2010). "Encyclopedia of the Municipalities and Delegations of Mexico: Tlahuelilpan, Hidalgo". Ministry of the Interior . Archived from the original on February 3, 2019. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
  9. ↑ Municipal Information Cards. "Tlahuelilpan, Hidalgo". Secretariat of Social Development . Archived from the original on September 29, 2017. Retrieved March 22, 2017.
  10. ↑ INEGI. "Hidalgo" (PDF). Municipal geographic information record of the United Mexican States. National Institute of Statistics and Geography . Retrieved March 22, 2017.
  11. 1 2 3 INEGI 2004 , p. 5
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal (2010). "Enciclopedia de los Municipios y Delegaciones de México: Regionalización del estado de Hidalgo". Secretaría de Gobernación . Gobierno de México. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
  13. ↑ "Regiones Geoculturales del Estado de Hidalgo". Secretaría de Cultura del Estado de Hidalgo. Gobierno del Estado de Hidalgo. 2019. Archived from the original on 23 February 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  14. 1 2 3 4 INEGI 2004 , p. 6
  15. 1 2 3 4 INEGI 2004 , p. 7
  16. ↑ Pacheco Medina, María Esther (22 September 2019). "El Valle de Tulancingo". Periódico El Independiente de Hidalgo. Archived from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  17. ↑ Legorreta, Jorge (2013). "Los ríos de la Ciudad de México: pasado, presente y futuro". Ciencias. 18 (32). Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México: 107–108. ISSN   0187-6376. Archived from the original on 23 February 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2020.
  18. ↑ Redacción (18 April 2018). "Lo delicioso de la Sierra Hidalguense". Periódico Criterio de Hidalgo. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  19. 1 2 3 Serrano Carreto, Enrique [Coordinador] (2006). Regiones indígenas de México (PDF) (Primera ed.). Delegación Álvaro Obregón, Ciudad de México: Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas, Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo. pp. 42–47. Retrieved 3 September 2019.
  20. ↑ INAH. "El totonacapan". Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia . Archived from the original on 2 April 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  21. ↑ Zúñiga Bravo, Federico Gerardo (2014). "Las transformaciones del territorio y el patrimonio cultural en el Totonacapan veracruzano, México, basadas en la actividad turística como estrategia de desarrollo regional". Cuadernos de Turismo (34). Murcia, España: Universidad de Murcia: 351–372. ISSN   1139-7861 . Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  22. 1 2 INAH (14 July 2008). "La Huasteca: región multicultural". National Institute of Anthropology and History . Archived from the original on 2 December 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  23. ↑ Sagaón Velázquez, José Nabor (19 September 2012). "Territorio Huasteco". Escuela Normal de Las Huastecas . Retrieved 3 September 2019.
  24. 1 2 "La Huasteca: región multicultural". Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia . 14 July 2008. Archived from the original on 2 December 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2019.
  25. ↑ Dirección General de Divulgación de la Ciencia (30 May 2016). "a historia hidrológica de la Cuenca de México". Fundación UNAM. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  26. ↑ López Aguilar, Fernando (1997). "Las distinciones y las diferencias en la historia colonial del Valle del Mezquital" (PDF). Dimensión Antropológica. 9–10 (4). Ciudad de México, México: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia: 27–70. ISSN   1405-776X.
  27. ↑ López Aguilar, Fernando (2015). "El paleoclima y el paleopaisaje del valle del Mezquital. Una lectura múltiple". Cambio climático Índice y procesos culturales Vol. 2. Ciudad de México, México: Academia Mexicana de Ciencias Antropológicas: 75–133. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-05-27. Retrieved 2024-01-06.
  28. 1 2 INEGI 1992 , p. 9
  29. ↑ SAGARPA (2010). "Resultados del Estudio del Diagnóstico del Sector Agropecuario en el estado de Hidalgo" (PDF). Secretaría de Agricultura, Ganadería, Desarrollo Rural, Pesca y Alimentación . Gobierno de Mexico. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 27 December 2015.
  30. 1 2 Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias. "Datos climatologícos de Hidalgo". Secretaría de Agricultura, Ganadería, Desarrollo Rural, Pesca y Alimentación . Gobierno de Mexico. Archived from the original on 23 April 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  31. ↑ Comisión Nacional del Agua (2010). "Servicio Meteorológico Nacional: Normales Climatológicas de Huejutla". Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales . Gobierno de México. Archived from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
  32. ↑ Comisión Nacional del Agua (2010). "Servicio Meteorológico Nacional: Normales Climatológicas de Tlanchinol". Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales . Gobierno de México . Retrieved 30 August 2012.
  33. ↑ Comisión Nacional del Agua (2010). "Servicio Meteorológico Nacional: Normales Climatológicas de Tenango de Doria". Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales . Gobierno de México. Archived from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
  34. ↑ Comisión Nacional del Agua (2010). "Servicio Meteorológico Nacional: Normales Climatológicas de Ixmiquilpan". Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales . Gobierno de México . Retrieved 30 August 2012.
  35. ↑ Comisión Nacional del Agua (2010). "Servicio Meteorológico Nacional: Normales Climatológicas de Zacualtipán". Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales . Gobierno de México . Retrieved 30 August 2012.
  36. ↑ Comisión Nacional del Agua (2010). "Servicio Meteorológico Nacional: Normales Climatológicas de Pachuca". Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales . Gobierno de México . Retrieved 30 August 2012.
  37. ↑ Comisión Nacional del Agua (2010). "Servicio Meteorológico Nacional: Normales Climatológicas de Real del Monte". Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales . Gobierno de México . Retrieved 30 August 2012.

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