Gia (protein)

Last updated
methuselah-like 5
Identifiers
Organism Drosophila melanogaster
Symbolmthl5
Alt. symbolsGia
Entrez 41438
HomoloGene 80839
RefSeq (mRNA) NM_141869.3
RefSeq (Prot) NP_650126.2
UniProt Q9VGG8
Other data
Chromosome 3R: 11.88 - 11.89 Mb
Search for
Structures Swiss-model
Domains InterPro

Methuselah-like 5 is a protein that in Drosophila is encoded by the Mthl5 (also known as Gia) gene.

Methuselah-like 5 is a G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) that is essential for cardiac development in Drosophila. [1] Deletion of this gene interferes with cardioblast junction proteins, resulting in a broken hearted phenotype similar to other heterotrimeric cardiac G protein mutants. [1] Gia is expressed at stage 13 within bilateral rows of cardioblasts, but during stages 13–15 anterior cardioblasts demonstrate increasing expression while posterior cardioblast expression decreases. [1] By stage 16, Gia expression occurs only in aortic cardioblasts and is not present in the posterior segment cardioblasts. [1] Gia expression only occurs in the aorta and is presently the only gene known in Drosophila with a strictly aortic expression. [1] This gene is also known as Mthl5 (methuselah-like G protein coupled receptor) and is part of a gene family found in insects but not vertebrates. [2] Overexpression of Gia in a transgenic fly model did not cause any cardiac defects. [1]

G-protein-coupled-receptors (GPCR) have a characteristic arrangement of seven transmembrane portions that culminate in an extracellular N-terminus and intracellular C-terminus. [3] More than 200 different GPCRs can be found in Drosophila . [3] GPCRs activation is facilitated by the g-proteins Gα, Gβ, and Gγ. [3] Drosophila have a relatively small number of G-proteins, making them a useful model for the study of GPCR outcomes. [3] Drosophila have a cardiac structure called the dorsal vessel that comprises a tubular structure with a cardioaortic valve and aortic-like outflow. [4] Genes important for cardiac development in Drosophila include NK2, MEF2, GATA, Tbx, and Hand. [4] [5]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Patel MV, Zhu JY, Jiang Z, Richman A, VanBerkum MF, Han Z (June 2016). "Gia/Mthl5 is an aorta specific GPCR required for Drosophila heart tube morphology and normal pericardial cell positioning". Developmental Biology. 414 (1): 100–7. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.03.009. PMC   4875858 . PMID   26994946.
  2. ↑ de Mendoza A, Jones JW, Friedrich M (February 2016). "Methuselah/Methuselah-like G protein-coupled receptors constitute an ancient metazoan gene family". Scientific Reports. 6 21801. doi:10.1038/srep21801. PMC   4768249 . PMID   26915348.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Hanlon CD, Andrew DJ (October 2015). "Outside-in signaling--a brief review of GPCR signaling with a focus on the Drosophila GPCR family". Journal of Cell Science. 128 (19): 3533–42. doi:10.1242/jcs.175158. PMC   4610211 . PMID   26345366.
  4. 1 2 Olson EN (September 2006). "Gene regulatory networks in the evolution and development of the heart". Science. 313 (5795): 1922–7. doi:10.1126/science.1132292. PMC   4459601 . PMID   17008524.
  5. ↑ Grunert M, Dorn C, Rickert-Sperling S (2016). "Cardiac Transcription Factors and Regulatory Networks". Congenital Heart Diseases: The Broken Heart. pp. 139–52. doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-1883-2_12. ISBN   978-3-7091-1882-5.
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