Glaesserella parasuis

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Glaesserella parasuis
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Bacteria
Kingdom: Pseudomonadati
Phylum: Pseudomonadota
Class: Gammaproteobacteria
Order: Pasteurellales
Family: Pasteurellaceae
Genus: Glaesserella
Species:
G. parasuis
Binomial name
Glaesserella parasuis
(Biberstein & White 1969) Dickerman et al. 2020 [1]
Synonyms

Haemophilus parasuis Biberstein & White 1969

Glaesserella parasuis (formerly known as Haemophilus parasuis) is a Gram-negative bacterium belonging to the family Pasteurellaceae. It is best known as the causative agent of Glässer's disease in pigs.

Contents

History and taxonomy

Originally described as Haemophilus parasuis by Biberstein and White in 1969, it was reclassified into the newly created genus Glaesserella in 2020 based on comprehensive phylogenomic analyses. [1]

Morphology

Glaesserella parasuis is a Gram-negative coccobacillus. Cells typically appear as short rods or coccobacilli, often forming pairs or short chains. It is non-motile and non-spore-forming. [2]

Growth conditions

The bacterium requires enriched media containing NAD (V factor) and exhibits optimal growth under aerobic conditions at 37 °C. Colonies typically appear small, smooth, and translucent on chocolate agar or blood agar supplemented with NAD. [2]

Clinical significance

Glaesserella parasuis is the causative agent of Glässer's disease, an infectious condition characterized by polyserositis (inflammation of serosal surfaces), arthritis, meningitis, and pneumonia, primarily affecting young piglets. [3]

Epidemiology

The bacterium commonly colonizes the upper respiratory tract of pigs, and outbreaks of disease typically occur when piglets are under stress or have compromised immunity, such as during weaning. [4]

Clinical signs

Affected animals may exhibit fever, respiratory distress, lameness, joint swelling, and neurological symptoms. Mortality rates can be significant without appropriate treatment or preventive measures. [3]

Diagnosis

Diagnosis involves clinical observations, necropsy findings (such as fibrinous polyserositis), and laboratory confirmation through bacterial isolation and molecular techniques such as PCR. [5]

Treatment and prevention

Treatment typically involves antibiotics. Preventive measures include vaccination, good biosecurity practices, and stress minimization, particularly during weaning. [4]

References

  1. 1 2 Dickerman, A.; Bandara, A.B.; Inzana, T.J. (2020). "Phylogenomic analysis of Haemophilus parasuis and proposed reclassification to Glaesserella parasuis, gen. nov., comb. nov". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 70: 180–186. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.003742.
  2. 1 2 Kielstein, P.; Rapp-Gabrielson, V. J. (2001). "Designation of 15 serovars of Haemophilus parasuis on the basis of immunodiffusion using heat-stable antigen extracts". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 39 (5): 1814–1817. doi:10.1128/JCM.39.5.1814-1817.2001.
  3. 1 2 Olvera, A.; Segalés, J.; Aragon, V. (2009). "Update on the diagnosis of Glässer's disease". Porcine Health Management. 25 (2): 133–139.
  4. 1 2 Macedo, N.; Gottschalk, M.; Strutzberg-Minder, K.; Van, C.N. (2021). "Epidemiology, diagnosis, and prevention of Glässer's disease caused by Glaesserella parasuis". Veterinary Microbiology. 262: 109208. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109208.
  5. ↑ Howell, K.J.; Peters, S.E.; Wang, J.; Hernandez-Garcia, J.; Weinert, L.A.; Luan, S.L.; Wren, B.W. (2015). "Development of a multiplex PCR assay for rapid molecular serotyping of Haemophilus (Glaesserella) parasuis". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 53 (12): 3812–3821. doi:10.1128/JCM.01970-15.
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