GoalRef

Last updated April 04, 2019

GoalRef is an association football goal-line technology system developed by German research institute Fraunhofer in association with Select Sport. It works by detecting the passage of the ball using magnetic induction. Along with Hawk-Eye, GoalControl and Cairos it is one of four systems approved for use in the professional game by the International Football Association Board (IFAB).^[1]

Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played with a spherical ball between two teams of eleven players. It is played by 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies, making it the world's most popular sport. The game is played on a rectangular field called a pitch with a goal at each end. The object of the game is to score by moving the ball beyond the goal line into the opposing goal.

In association football, goal-line technology is the use of electronic aid to determine if a goal has been scored or not. In detail, it is a method used to determine when the ball has completely crossed the goal line in between the goal-posts and underneath the crossbar with the assistance of electronic devices and at the same time assisting the referee in awarding a goal or not. The objective of goal-line technology (GLT) is not to replace the role of the officials, but rather to support them in their decision-making. The GLT must provide a clear indication as to whether the ball has fully crossed the line, and this information will serve to assist the referee in making his final decision.

The Fraunhofer Society is a German research organization with 72 institutes spread throughout Germany, each focusing on different fields of applied science. With over 25,000 employees, mainly scientists and engineers and with an annual research budget of about €2.3 billion it is the biggest organization for applied research and development services in Europe.

History

GoalRef was originally developed by a Danish organisation commissioned by Select Sport who entered the system for consideration by the International Handball Federation. In 2011 Fraunhofer became lead partner in GoalRef alongside the original inventor, and entered the system in the first stage testing being conducted for IFAB by EMPA (Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology). GoalRef and Hawk-Eye were the only systems that proceeded to EMPA's second stage of testing, involving lab and field tests, plus trials in training and live professional matches. In this phase GoalRef was tested in the Danish Superliga. Following the second phase trials, on 5 July 2012 IFAB approved both GoalRef and Hawk-Eye in principle, making it available for use in professional matches under a set of revised Laws of the Game. Each installation however would also require licensing approval for use in the individual stadium, on a 12-month basis. The 2012 FIFA Club World Cup was the first tournament where GoalRef and Hawk-Eye were used by a match referee. GoalRef was used for the first time on 6 December 2012 in the first match of the 2012 FIFA Club World Cup.^[2]

The International Handball Federation (IHF) is the administrative and controlling body for handball and beach handball. IHF is responsible for the organisation of handball's major international tournaments, notably the IHF World Men's Handball Championship, which commenced in 1938, and the IHF World Women's Handball Championship, which commenced in 1957.

The Danish Superliga is the current Danish football championship tournament, and administered by the Danish Football Association. It is the highest football league in Denmark and is currently contested by 14 teams each year, with 1–3 teams relegated.

The Laws of the Game (LOTG) are the codified rules that help define association football. They are the only rules of association football subscribed to by FIFA. The laws mention the number of players a team should have, the game length, the size of the field and ball, the type and nature of fouls that referees may penalise, the frequently misinterpreted offside law, and many other laws that define the sport. During a match, it is the task of the referee to interpret and enforce the Laws of the Game.

Technology

The GoalRef system relies on the principle of electromagnetic induction.^[3] A low frequency magnetic field is generated around the goal, which is monitored by coils installed in the goal posts and crossbar.^[4] The ball is fitted with a passive electronic circuit embedded between the leather outer and inflatable inner layers.^[5] Software monitors the condition of the magnetic field in the goal and can detect the change that occurs in it due to the passage of the coils in the ball over the line.^[6] Once detected, the system sends an encrypted radio signal in real time to a wrist watch worn by the referee, which both vibrates and displays a message that a goal was scored.^[7]

Electromagnetic or magnetic induction is the production of an electromotive force across an electrical conductor in a changing magnetic field.

A magnetic field is a vector field that describes the magnetic influence of electric charges in relative motion and magnetized materials. Magnetic fields are observed in a wide range of size scales, from subatomic particles to galaxies. In everyday life, the effects of magnetic fields are often seen in permanent magnets, which pull on magnetic materials and attract or repel other magnets. Magnetic fields surround and are created by magnetized material and by moving electric charges such as those used in electromagnets. Magnetic fields exert forces on nearby moving electrical charges and torques on nearby magnets. In addition, a magnetic field that varies with location exerts a force on magnetic materials. Both the strength and direction of a magnetic field vary with location. As such, it is an example of a vector field.

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Offside is one of the laws of association football, codified in Law 11 of the Laws of the Game. The law states that a player is in an offside position if any of their body parts, except the hands and arms, are in the opponents' half of the pitch, and closer to the opponents' goal line than both the ball and the second-last opponent.

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Hawk-Eye is a computer system used in numerous sports such as cricket, tennis, Gaelic football, badminton, hurling, rugby union, association football and volleyball, to visually track the trajectory of the ball and display a profile of its statistically most likely path as a moving image.

The International Football Association Board (IFAB) is the body that determines the Laws of the Game of association football. IFAB was founded in 1886 to agree standardised Laws for international competition, and has since acted as the "guardian" of the internationally used Laws; since its establishment in 1904 FIFA, the sport's top governing body, has recognised IFAB's jurisdiction over the Laws. IFAB is known to take a highly conservative attitude regarding changes to the Laws of the Game.

In various sports, a professional foul is a deliberate act of foul play intended to bring about an advantage for the perpetrator's team. Professional fouls are usually committed to prevent an opponent from scoring.

Instant replay or action replay is a video reproduction of something that recently occurred which was both shot and broadcast live. The video, having already been shown live, is replayed in order for viewers to see again and analyze what had just taken place. Some sports allow officiating calls to be overturned after the review of a play. Instant replay is most commonly used in sports, but is also used in other fields of live TV. While the first near-instant replay system was developed and used in Canada, the first instant replay was developed and deployed in the United States.

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In association football, an assistant referee is an official empowered with assisting the referee in enforcing the Laws of the Game during a match. Although assistants are not required under the Laws, at most organised levels of football the match officiating crew consists of the referee and at least two assistant referees. The responsibilities of the various assistant referees are listed in Law 6, "The Other Match Officials". In the current Laws the term "assistant referee" technically refers only to the two officials who generally patrol the touchlines, with the wider range of assistants to the referee given other titles.

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References

↑ cbc.ca - FIFA picks GoalControl goal-line technology for 2014 World Cup
↑ "FIFA give debut to goal-line technology in World club curtain-raiser". Irish Independent. 6 December 2012. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
↑ http://www.iis.fraunhofer.de/en/bf/ln/referenzprojekte/goalref.html#!tabpanel-2 Archived 2012-10-26 at the Wayback Machine .
↑ http://www.iis.fraunhofer.de/en/bf/ln/referenzprojekte/goalref.html#!tabpanel-2 Archived 2012-10-26 at the Wayback Machine .
↑ http://www.iis.fraunhofer.de/en/bf/ln/referenzprojekte/goalref.html#!tabpanel-2 Archived 2012-10-26 at the Wayback Machine .
↑ http://www.iis.fraunhofer.de/en/bf/ln/referenzprojekte/goalref.html#!tabpanel-2 Archived 2012-10-26 at the Wayback Machine .
↑ http://www.iis.fraunhofer.de/en/bf/ln/referenzprojekte/goalref.html#!tabpanel-2 Archived 2012-10-26 at the Wayback Machine .

Goal-line decision in four weeks FIFA, 7 June 2012
IFAB makes three unanimous historic decisions FIFA, 5 July 2012
Goal-line technology: How does it work? Eurosport, 5 July 2012
FIFA approves intelligent goal from Fraunhofer Fraunhofer, 9 July 2012

External links

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[1] .ca - FIFA picks GoalControl goal-line technology for 2014 World Cup

[2] "FIFA give debut to goal-line technology in World club curtain-raiser". Irish Independent. 6 December 2012. Retrieved 6 December 2012.

[3] ttp://www.iis.fraunhofer.de/en/bf/ln/referenzprojekte/goalref.html#!tabpanel-2 Archived 2012-10-26 at the Wayback Machine .

[4] ttp://www.iis.fraunhofer.de/en/bf/ln/referenzprojekte/goalref.html#!tabpanel-2 Archived 2012-10-26 at the Wayback Machine .

[5] ttp://www.iis.fraunhofer.de/en/bf/ln/referenzprojekte/goalref.html#!tabpanel-2 Archived 2012-10-26 at the Wayback Machine .

[6] ttp://www.iis.fraunhofer.de/en/bf/ln/referenzprojekte/goalref.html#!tabpanel-2 Archived 2012-10-26 at the Wayback Machine .

[7] ttp://www.iis.fraunhofer.de/en/bf/ln/referenzprojekte/goalref.html#!tabpanel-2 Archived 2012-10-26 at the Wayback Machine .