 Tuscany |  United States |
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The Grand Duchy of Tuscany and the United States formally recognized each other in 1794, but never formally established diplomatic relations. Despite this, both countries appointed representatives and established diplomatic offices until 1860 when the Grand Duchy was incorporated into the Kingdom of Italy. [1]
During the American Revolution and the American Revolutionary War the Continental Congress appointed Ralph Izard Commissioner to the Court of the Grand Duke of Tuscany on July 1, 1777. Izard's main role was to secure funding for the war by asking Grand Duke Ferdinand for a million dollars. Izard never arrived in Tuscany learning in advance of the high probability that Ferdinand would refuse to receive him in Florence for fear of upsetting the British. The Duchy maintained good ties with England and its navy in the Mediterranean to maintain trade and commercial ties. The Continental Congress terminated Izard's mission on June 8, 1779, once it became clear the Duchy would not recognize the United States. [1]
The Grand Duchy recognized the United States in 1794 when it received the first U.S. consular agent to serve within the grand duchy, Philip Felicchi who was stationed at Livorno from May 24, 1794, to December 7, 1796. Despite giving recognition to the U.S., the Duchy refused to recognize American consular agents posted in Florence. The first representative appointed by the American government to Tuscany was Giacomo Ombrosi, who was serving at his post in Florence as Vice Consular, was accredited on May 15, 1819. [1] Ombrosi's appointment was refused by Grand Duke Ferdinand. According to State Magazine, "Ombrosi improvised as a 'Black Market Consul,' living outside the medieval walls and setting up shop at a cafe to provide services." In 1823, President James Monroe named Ombrosi as consul, but it was not until Tuscany became part of the Kingdom of Italy in 1860 that the host government formally recognized the U.S. Consul General in Florence. [2]
The Duchy appointed John F. Mansony as their first representative to the U.S. also as exequatur as Consul for the states of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Connecticut residing in Boston whose appointment was signed by President Monroe on November 6, 1817. All representatives of the Duchy were consular officers. The last representative of Tuscany to the United States was G.B. Tagliaferri, whose exequatur as Consul at New York was signed by President Franklin Pierce on November 1, 1854. [1]
Despite no formality of relations, both countries made several attempts to sign a treaty of commerce. The earliest of such attempts was in 1784 when U.S. Ministers Plenipotentiary Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson tried to negotiate a treaty of amity and commerce between the two states. By January 1785, the process of negotiating such an agreement never came to be for unknown reasons. [1]
Relations ended in 1860 following the Unification of Italy when the Duchy was dissolved and incorporated into a singular Italian state.
The Apostolic Nunciature to Florence was an ecclesiastical office of the Catholic Church to the Republic of Florence, Italy and later the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. It was a diplomatic post of the Holy See, whose representative is called the Apostolic Nuncio with the rank of an ambassador. In 1533, the Republic of Florence was replaced by the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. The office ceased to exist in 1860 after the United Provinces of Central Italy, a client state of the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont, annexed Tuscany in 1859 and then Tuscany was formally annexed to Sardinia in 1860, following a landslide referendum, in which 95% of voters approved.
The Duchy of Parma and the United States mutually recognized each other in 1850 with formal relations established in 1853. Diplomatic relations ceased in 1860 when the Duchy was incorporated into Kingdom of Sardinia then into the Kingdom of Italy the following year in 1861.
Relations between the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and the United States date back to 1796 when the U.S. was recognized by the Kingdom of Naples. Relations with the Kingdom continued when Naples reunified with the Kingdom of Sicily which founded the Kingdom of Two Sicilies in 1816. Formal relations were not established until 1832. Diplomatic relations ceased in 1861 when Two Sicilies was incorporated into the Kingdom of Italy.
Relations between the Papal States and the United States date back to the American Revolution when the first official contact between both countries occurred in 1784. Formal relations weren't established until 1848. Diplomatic relations ceased in 1870 when the Papal States were incorporated into the Kingdom of Italy.
Relations between the Kingdom of Sardinia and the United States began in 1802 with mutual recognition, but formal relations were not established until 1839. Diplomatic relations ceased in 1861 when Sardinia was incorporated into the Kingdom of Italy.
The Republic of Genoa recognized the United States in 1791, but both countries never established formal diplomatic relations. Relations continued until 1805 when the Republic was annexed by France under Napoleon.
The Grand Duchy of Baden and the United States began relations in 1832 going through expansion in 1868 when the Duchy joined the German Empire in 1871. Relations would eventually end with World War I when the U.S. declared war on Germany.
The Kingdom of Bavaria and the United States began relations in 1833 going through expansion in 1868 when the Duchy joined the German Empire in 1871. Relations would eventually end with World War I when the U.S. declared war on Germany.
The Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg and the United States began relations in 1848 with mutual recognition but both countries never established formal relations. Relations continued in 1867 when the Duchy joined the North German Confederation. Relations would eventually end with World War I when the U.S. declared war on Germany.
The Kingdom of Hanover and the United States began relations with mutual recognition in 1830 but never formulated diplomatic ties. All ties came to an abrupt halt when Hanover was defeated during the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 and subsequently merged directly into the Kingdom of Prussia. From this point, Hanover had relations with the United States as a part of the Kingdom of Prussia.
The German Empire and the United States established relations in 1848. Relations would eventually be terminated a year later in 1849 when the Empire was dissolved and the German Confederation was re-established.
Relations between the Free Cities of Bremen, Lübeck, and Hamburg and the United States date back to 1790s when Hamburg became the first of the republics to recognized the U.S. on June 17, 1790. Bremen followed suit on March 28, 1794. Diplomatic relations were formally established in October 1853 when the U.S. received Rudolph Schleiden as Minister Resident of the Hanseatic Legation in Washington, D.C. Relations ended in 1868 as the republics would join North German Confederation.
The Grand Duchy of Hesse and the United States began relations in 1829 with mutual recognition going through expansion in 1868 when the Duchy joined the German Empire in 1871. Relations would eventually end with World War I when the U.S. declared war on Germany.
The Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and the United States mutually recognized each other in 1816, but formal relations were never established. Relations continued when the Duchy joined the German Empire in 1871. Relations would eventually end with World War I when the U.S. declared war on Germany.
The Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz and the United States mutually recognized each other in 1853, but never formally established diplomatic relations. Relations continued when the Duchy joined the German Empire in 1871. Relations would eventually end with World War I when the U.S. declared war on Germany.
The Duchy of Nassau and the United States' mutual recognition occurred in 1846 when the two states signed a convention to abolish emigration taxes. During the Austro-Prussian War, the Duchy of Nassau fought on the side of Austria. On the losing side, the Duchy of Nassau was annexed to Prussia on October 3, 1866, ceased to be an independent sovereign state ending relations.
After the Austro-Prussian War the North German Confederation was established in 1866 with the United States recognizing the Confederation in 1867. Formal diplomatic relations were never established. Four years later the Confederation later merged with the German Empire where relations continued.
The Grand Duchy of Oldenburg and the United States began mutual recognition in 1829 but never established formal relations. Relations continued when the Duchy joined the German Empire in 1871. Relations would eventually end with World War I when the U.S. declared war on Germany.
The Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe and the United States mutually recognized each other in 1845, but never formally established diplomatic relations. Relations continued when the Principality joined the North German Confederation in 1867 then joined the German Empire in 1871. Relations would eventually end with World War I when the U.S. declared war on Germany.
The Kingdom of Württemberg and the United States began relations in 1825 when both countries mutually recognized each other. Relations continued when Württemberg joined the German Empire in 1871. Relations would eventually end with World War I when the U.S. declared war on Germany.
This article incorporates public domain material from "A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: The Grand Duchy of Tuscany". U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets . United States Department of State.
