Grand railway hotels of Canada

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Banff Springs Hotel is one of several grand railway hotels built across the country. Banff Spring Hotel Alberta Kim Payant 02.jpg
Banff Springs Hotel is one of several grand railway hotels built across the country.

Canada's grand railway hotels are a series of railway hotels across the country, each a local and national landmark, and most of which are icons of Canadian history and architecture; some are considered to be the grand hotels of the British Empire. Each hotel was originally built by the Canadian railway companies, or the railways acted as a catalyst for the hotel's construction. The hotels were designed to serve the passengers of the country's then expanding rail network, and they celebrated rail travel in style.

Contents

Architecture

Interior rotunda view of the Royal Alexandra Hotel in Winnipeg Royal Alexandra Hotel Winnipeg.jpg
Interior rotunda view of the Royal Alexandra Hotel in Winnipeg
The Chateau Frontenac is an early example of a Canadian Chateauesque-styled hotel. The style was used for many of Canada's railway hotels. Chateau Frontenac 02.jpg
The Château Frontenac is an early example of a Canadian Châteauesque-styled hotel. The style was used for many of Canada's railway hotels.

Many of the railway hotels were built in the Château style (also termed the "Neo-château" or "Châteauesque" style), which as a result became known as a distinctly Canadian form of architecture. The use of towers and turrets, and other Scottish baronial and French château architectural elements, became a signature style of Canada's majestic hotels. Architects also used the style for important public buildings, such as the Confederation and Justice buildings in Ottawa.

In later years, the railway companies departed from the Château style for some of their properties, notably with the construction of Winnipeg's Royal Alexandra Hotel in 1906; the Palliser Hotel in Calgary, built in 1914; and the elaborate second Hotel Vancouver, designed in grand Italianate style, unlike any of the previous Canadian railway hotels.

History

Canada's first grand railway hotel, the Windsor Hotel in Montreal, opened in 1878. Although it was not owned by a railway company, it was built to serve railway visitors from nearby Windsor Station. Given its location next to Montreal's main train station, the Windsor served for years as the permanent residence of executives of both the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) and Grand Trunk Railway.[ citation needed ]

The railways' development role in the construction and operation of large hotels was inaugurated with Canadian Pacific Railway's opening of the Hotel Vancouver on May 16, 1888. This was the first of three railway-owned hotels by that name in Vancouver. Two weeks later, the Canadian Pacific Railway officially opened the Banff Springs Hotel on June 1, 1888. The president of the Canadian Pacific Railway, William Cornelius Van Horne, had personally chosen the site in the Rocky Mountains for the new hotel. He envisioned a string of grand hotels across Canada that would draw visitors from abroad to his railway. Van Horne famously remarked: "If we can't export the scenery, we'll import the tourists." [1] [ page needed ] The original Banff Springs Hotel, of wooden construction, was destroyed by fire in 1926 and replaced by the present structure. [2]

Situated in Downtown Toronto, the Royal York is the largest railway hotel built in Canada. Toronto - ON - Royal York Hotel.jpg
Situated in Downtown Toronto, the Royal York is the largest railway hotel built in Canada.

Canadian Pacific next built the Château Frontenac in Quebec City, which quickly came to be the symbol of the city. It was designed to rival any hotel in Europe. Its elevated location overlooking the city also made it a readily identifiable landmark as viewed from passing trains as well as ships plying the waters of the Saint Lawrence River en route to or from Montreal. Place Viger followed in Montreal, followed by The Empress in Victoria, British Columbia, and the Château Lake Louise in Alberta. The largest of the railway hotels is the Royal York in Toronto, which opened in 1929.

The main competitor to Canadian Pacific, the Grand Trunk Railway, was not prepared to leave the field solely to its rival. It also determined to build a chain of luxury hotels across the country, which it did in the château style. The GTR built the Château Laurier in Ottawa in 1912, with the Fort Garry Hotel in Winnipeg and the Hotel Macdonald in Edmonton following in 1913 and 1915 respectively.[ citation needed ]

Opened in 1958, the Queen Elizabeth Hotel was the last railway hotel built in Canada. The Queen Elizabeth.jpg
Opened in 1958, the Queen Elizabeth Hotel was the last railway hotel built in Canada.

The GTR was amalgamated into the Canadian National Railway (CNR) in 1920. During the decades that followed, the hotel divisions of CPR and CNR, Canadian National Hotels and Canadian Pacific Hotels, continued to expand their competing hotel chains across the country. The Queen Elizabeth Hotel in Montreal, built in 1958 over that city's Central Station, was perhaps the last true railway hotel built in Canada. Both railways continued to open new establishments in subsequent years, although none had any connection to the railways, except through their ownership.[ citation needed ]

In 1988, Canadian Pacific acquired Canadian National Hotels. [3] For the first time, many of Canada's railway hotels were operated by the same company. In 2001, Canadian Pacific Hotels was renamed Fairmont Hotels and Resorts, using the name of an American company it had purchased in 1999. [4] Fairmont continues to operate most of Canada's landmark hotels (see Canadian Pacific Hotels).

Inventory

The majority of Canada's grand railway hotels were built by three railway companies, Canadian National Railway, Canadian Pacific Railway, and Grand Trunk Railway. However, a few railway hotels were built and operated by other companies. Great Northern Railway was the only American company that built a railway hotel in Canada, the Prince of Wales Hotel in Waterton, Alberta, within 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) of the US border, overlooking the trans-border Waterton Lake.

Canadian National Railway

The following are grand railway hotels built for Canadian National Railway, and its hotel division Canadian National Hotels.

NameYear openedLocationArchitectStatusPhoto
Grand Beach Hotel1920Grand Marais, ManitobaJohn Schofield [5] Demolished in 1962
Hotel Charlottetown 1931Charlottetown, Prince Edward IslandJohn Schofield, G. F. Drummond [6] Operated by Rodd Hotels and Resorts Rodd Charlottetown 2012.jpg
Hotel Newfoundland 1926St. John's, NewfoundlandPossibly Ross and Macdonald Demolished in 1983 Newfoundland Hotel (1926).jpg
Hotel Vancouver (third) [note 1] 1939Vancouver, British Columbia Archibald and Schofield [7] Operated by Fairmont Hotels and Resorts. Hotel vanc 2007.jpg
Jasper Park Lodge 1922Jasper, AlbertaGeorge Macdonald Lang (1921 complex); [8] John Schofield (additions after 1924); [9] George Drummond (1952 rebuild) [10] Burned down in 1952. Rebuilt in 1953. Operated by Fairmont Hotels and Resorts. Jasper Park Lodge.jpg
Queen Elizabeth Hotel 1958Montreal, QuebecGeorge Drummond [11] Operated by Fairmont Hotels and Resorts. The Queen Elizabeth.jpg
The Bessborough 1935Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Archibald and Schofield [12] Operated by Delta Hotels. Delta Bessborough, Spadina Cres E, Saskatoon (505713) (25518317544).jpg
The Nova Scotian 1930Halifax, Nova Scotia Archibald and Schofield [13] Operated by Westin Hotels & Resorts. Westin Halifax.jpg

Canadian Pacific Railway

The following are grand railway hotels built for Canadian Pacific Railway, and its hotel division Canadian Pacific Hotels.

NameYear openedLocationArchitectStatusPhoto
The Algonquin 1889St. Andrew's, New BrunswickRand & Taylor (1899 hotel); Barott Blackadder and Webster (1915 hotel)Purchased by CPR in 1903. Original building burned down in 1914. The current building opened a year later. Operated by New Castle Hotels & Resorts. Algonquin hotel New Brunswick.jpg
Banff Springs Hotel 1888Banff, Alberta Bruce Price (original)

Walter Painter (tower)

John Orrock (main block)

Operated by Fairmont Hotels and Resorts The Castle - Banff Springs - panoramio.jpg
Cameron Lake Chalet1912Cameron Lake, British ColumbiaClosed 1966
Château Champlain 1966Montreal, QuebecRoger d'Astous, Jean-Paul PothierOperated by Marriott Marriott Chateau Champlain 2012.jpg
Château Frontenac 1893Quebec City, Quebec Bruce Price Operated by Fairmont Hotels and Resorts Chateau Frontenac 02.jpg
Château Lake Louise 1890Lake Louise, AlbertaThomas Sorby (1899–1901 additions); Francis Rattenbury (1902–06 additions); [14] Walter Painter (1906–11 additions, 1912 wing); Barott & Blackader (1924 wing)Operated by Fairmont Hotels and Resorts Chateau Lake Louise in Alberta.jpg
Château Montebello 1930Montebello, QuebecLawson and Little, with Edwin S. Kent and George W. White [15] Operated by Fairmont Hotels and Resorts Montebello Castle 28Sep2014.JPG
Emerald Lake Lodge1902Emerald Lake, British ColumbiaPossibly Thomas Charles SorbyOperated by Canadian Rocky Mountain Resorts Emerald Lake Lodge - panoramio.jpg
Empress Hotel1908Winnipeg Beach, ManitobaHooper & Walker [16] Developed by Edward Windebank but sold to the CPR during construction. Burned down in 1935. Empress.png
Fraser Canyon House1897North Bend, British ColumbiaThomas Charles Sorby [17] [18] Burned down in 1927 Fraser Canyon House in 1887 (4).jpg
Glacier House 1887Glacier National Park, British ColumbiaThomas Charles Sorby, 1902 addition by Francis RattenburyDemolished in 1929 Glacier House and Illecillewaet Glacier, BC, 1909.jpg
Hotel Incola 1912Penticton, British ColumbiaArthur Freeman Pelton [19] Demolished in 1980
Hotel Saskatchewan 1927Regina, Saskatchewan Ross and Macdonald Operated by Marriott International Hotel-Saskatchewan.jpg
Hotel Vancouver (first)1888Vancouver, British ColumbiaThomas Charles Sorby [20] Demolished in 1912 Hotel Vancouver built 1887 (1).jpg
Hotel Vancouver (second)1916Vancouver, British ColumbiaFrancis S. Swales [21] Demolished in 1949 Hotel Vancouver2 Vancouver BC.jpg
Hotel Sicamous1900Sicamous, British ColumbiaEdward MaxwellDemolished in 1964 Sicamous-train-station-hotel.jpg
Hotel Revelstoke1897Revelstoke, British ColumbiaFrancis Rattenbury [22] Closed in 1927 and dismantled in 1928
Kootenay Lake Hotel1911Balfour, British ColumbiaWilliam Wallace Blair [23] Demolished in 1929 CPR hotel at Balfour.gif
McAdam Hotel 1901McAdam, New BrunswickEdward MaxwellHotel closed in 1959. Building now operates as a museum. McAdam New Brunswick Train Station07.jpg
Mount Stephen House 1886Field, British ColumbiaThomas Charles Sorby, [24] 1901 addition by Francis Rattenbury [25] Demolished in 1963. Canadian Pacific Railroad Hotel and Mount Stephen, Field, British Columbia, c. 1908.jpg
Palliser Hotel 1914Calgary, AlbertaE. and W.S. MaxwellOperated by Fairmont Hotels and Resorts. Fairmont Palliser Hotel 1.jpg
Place Viger 1898Montreal, Quebec Bruce Price Hotel closed in 1935. Now used as office building. Gare Viger 08.jpg
Royal Alexandra Hotel 1911Winnipeg, ManitobaE. and W. S. MaxwellHotel closed in 1967. Demolished in 1971. Main Street Subway, Winnipeg, looking south, circa 1910.jpg
Royal York 1929Toronto, Ontario Ross and Macdonald;

Sproatt and Rolph

Operated by Fairmont Hotels and Resorts. Toronto - ON - Royal York Hotel.jpg
The Empress 1908Victoria, British Columbia Francis Rattenbury [26] Operated by Fairmont Hotels and Resorts. Fairmont Empress, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada 08.jpg

Grand Trunk Railway

The following are grand railway hotels built for Grand Trunk Railway and its western subsidiary, Grand Trunk Pacific Railway.

NameYear openedLocationArchitectStatusPhoto
Château Laurier 1912Ottawa, Ontario Bradford Gilbert, Ross and Macfarlane Operated by Fairmont Hotels and Resorts. Chateau Laurier Ottawa Canada (6).jpg
Fort Garry Hotel 1913Winnipeg, Manitoba Ross and Macdonald Operated independently. FORT GARRY HOTEL NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE OF CANADA 01.jpg
Highland Inn 1908Algonquin Park, OntarioClosed in 1954. Demolished in 1957.
Hotel Macdonald 1915Edmonton, Alberta Ross and Macfarlane Operated by Fairmont Hotels and Resorts. Hotel-Macdonald-Edmonton-Alberta-1A.jpg
Minaki Lodge 1914Minaki, OntarioGeorge Carruthers Briggs [27] Burned down in 2003 Minaki Lodge, Ontario (1929).jpg

Dominion Atlantic Railway

The Dominion Atlantic Railway was purchased by the CPR in 1911, however, it retained its operational independence.

NameYear openedLocationArchitectStatusPhoto
Cornwallis Inn1930Kentville, Nova ScotiaJohn Wilson Orrock and Colin M. Drewitt [28] CornwallisInnKentville.jpg
Digby Pines 1905; 1929Digby, Nova ScotiaRailway purchased the hotel in 1917, rebuilt in 1929. Independently operated. Digby Pines 2010.JPG
Lakeside Inn1931Yarmouth, Nova ScotiaJohn Wilson Orrock and Colin M. Drewitt [29] Hotel closed in 1960; now the Villa Saint-Joseph du Lac LakesideInnYarmouthNS.jpg
Lord Nelson Hotel 1927Halifax, Nova Scotia Warren and Wetmore [30] Operated independently. Lord Nelson Hotel.JPG

Other companies

In addition to Canadian National Railways, Canadian Pacific Railways, and Grand Trunk Railways, several other companies built "grand railway hotels" in Canada. The Prince of Wales Hotel is the only grand railway hotel to be built by an American company, Great Northern Railway.

NameYear openedLocationArchitectRailwayCurrent statusPhoto
Prince Arthur Hotel 1911Thunder Bay, Ontario Warren and Wetmore [31] Canadian Northern Railway Independently operated. Prince Arthur Hotel and Suites Thunder Bay.jpg
Prince Edward Hotel 1916Brandon, ManitobaPratt and Ross [32] Canadian Northern Railway Closed in 1976 and demolished in 1980.
Prince of Wales Hotel 1927Waterton, AlbertaThomas D. McMahon Great Northern Railway Operated by Glacier Park Company. Prince of Wales Hotel Waterton (8047361077).jpg

Unexecuted projects

NameLocationArchitectRailwayNotesImage
Campanile HotelVictoria, British Columbia Francis Rattenbury Grand Trunk Pacific Railway Was to be built on the current site of the Royal British Columbia Museum. In January 1913, construction was said to be starting that spring. Project revived in 1928 but cancelled at the start of the Great Depression. [33]
Château MietteMiette, Alberta Francis Rattenbury Grand Trunk Pacific Railway A 250-room hotel. Design included a centre block flanked by two three-storey wings. [34] Chateau Miette.png
Château Mount RobsonMount Robson, British Columbia Francis Rattenbury Grand Trunk Pacific Railway Rattenbury devised two concepts for the hotel. The first had a low central block with six three-storey bedroom wings radiating out. The second was a tower block similar in design to the Empress. The former appears to have been preferred. [35] Chateau Mount Robson.png
Château Prince Rupert Prince Rupert, British Columbia Francis Rattenbury Grand Trunk Pacific Railway To have had a main block of 12 storeys with two nine-storey wings. Foundation trenches dug in 1913, project then abandoned. The development was also to include ocean and railway terminals. [36] Chateau Prince Rupert.jpg
Château Qu'Appelle Regina, Saskatchewan Ross and Macdonald Grand Trunk Pacific Railway Chateau Qu'Appelle.jpg
Fort George HotelPrince George, British Columbia Holabird & Roche [37] Grand Trunk Pacific Railway
Hotel VancouverVancouver, British Columbia Francis Rattenbury Canadian Pacific Railway In 1900, Rattenbury designed a château-style hotel to replace Sorby's 1888 building. The design was later adapted for The Empress. He redesigned the project in 1902 in a Renaissance style. One wing of this was built. [38] Hotel vancouver.png
Hotel VancouverVancouver, British Columbia Warren and Wetmore Canadian National RailwayIn 1926 Warren and Wetmore designed a $5 million hotel for the CNR. Their design was passed over for that of John S. Archibald (see Hotel Vancouver). [39]
Donaldson Hotel Willow River, British Columbia Holabird & Roche [40] Grand Trunk Pacific Railway
Glacier HouseGlacier, British ColumbiaJohn Thomas Alexander [41] Canadian Pacific Railway After the Glacier House resort closed in 1925, in 1926 the railway planned a new, five-storey, Château-style hotel on the site. [42] That same year, architect Alexander designed an addition to the Banff Springs.
Mountain InnJasper, Alberta Francis Rattenbury Grand Trunk Pacific Railway Likely intended for the site that was later used for the Jasper Park Lodge. [43]
Winnipeg HotelWinnipeg, Manitoba Edward Maxwell Canadian Pacific Railway A station-hotel similar to the Place Viger. Designed by Maxwell in 1899 and drafted by David MacFarlane. Four years later the Royal Alexandra Hotel was built instead. [44] Winnipeg Hotel.png

See also

Notes

  1. Although the hotel was initially developed by Canadian National Railways, its completion required the company to partner with rival Canadian Pacific Railways. The hotel was jointly managed by both companies until Canadian National Railways acquired full ownership of the hotel in 1962.

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Further reading