Related Research Articles
A ubiquitin ligase is a protein that recruits an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme that has been loaded with ubiquitin, recognizes a protein substrate, and assists or directly catalyzes the transfer of ubiquitin from the E2 to the protein substrate. In simple and more general terms, the ligase enables movement of ubiquitin from a ubiquitin carrier to another thing by some mechanism. The ubiquitin, once it reaches its destination, ends up being attached by an isopeptide bond to a lysine residue, which is part of the target protein. E3 ligases interact with both the target protein and the E2 enzyme, and so impart substrate specificity to the E2. Commonly, E3s polyubiquitinate their substrate with Lys48-linked chains of ubiquitin, targeting the substrate for destruction by the proteasome. However, many other types of linkages are possible and alter a protein's activity, interactions, or localization. Ubiquitination by E3 ligases regulates diverse areas such as cell trafficking, DNA repair, and signaling and is of profound importance in cell biology. E3 ligases are also key players in cell cycle control, mediating the degradation of cyclins, as well as cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor proteins. The human genome encodes over 600 putative E3 ligases, allowing for tremendous diversity in substrates.
Ubiquitin-protein ligase E3A (UBE3A) also known as E6AP ubiquitin-protein ligase (E6AP) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the UBE3A gene. This enzyme is involved in targeting proteins for degradation within cells.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase NEDD4, also known as neural precursor cell expressed developmentally down-regulated protein 4 is an enzyme that is, in humans, encoded by the NEDD4 gene.
Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 L3 (UBE2L3), also called UBCH7, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UBE2L3 gene. As an E2 enzyme, UBE2L3 participates in ubiquitination to target proteins for degradation. The role of UBE2L3 in the ubiquitination of the NF-κB precursor implicated it in various major autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), celiac disease, Crohn's disease (CD), and systemic lupus erythematosus.
60S ribosomal protein L40 (RPL40) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UBA52 gene.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase SMURF1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SMURF1 gene.
Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 D1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UBE2D1 gene.
Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 D2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UBE2D2 gene.
NEDD4-like E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase WWP1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the WWP1 gene.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase UBR5 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the UBR5 gene.
Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 G2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UBE2G2 gene.
NEDD8-activating enzyme E1 catalytic subunit is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UBA3 gene.
Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 E3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UBE2E3 gene.
Ubiquitin/ISG15-conjugating enzyme E2 L6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UBE2L6 gene.
Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 C is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UBE2C gene.
Probable E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase HERC1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the HERC1 gene.
HERC2 is a giant E3 ubiquitin protein ligase, implicated in DNA repair regulation, pigmentation and neurological disorders. It is encoded by a gene of the same name belonging to the HERC family, which typically encodes large protein products with C-terminal HECT domains and one or more RCC1-like (RLD) domains.
Probable E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase HERC5 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the HERC5 gene.
Ring finger protein 43 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RNF43 gene.
HECT domain and ankyrin repeat containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HACE1 gene.
References
- ↑ Garcia-Gonzalo FR, Rosa JL (Aug 2005). "The HERC proteins: functional and evolutionary insights". Cell Mol Life Sci. 62 (16): 1826–1838. doi:10.1007/s00018-005-5119-y. PMID 15968461. S2CID 23391275.
- ↑ Sánchez-Tena S, Cubillos-Rojas M, Schneider T, Rosa JL (May 2016). "Functional and pathological relevance of HERC family proteins: a decade later". Cell Mol Life Sci. 73 (10): 18955–1968. doi:10.1007/s00018-016-2139-8. PMID 26801221. S2CID 7457614.
- ↑ Hochrainer K, Kroismayr R, Baranyi U, Binder BR, Lipp J (Jul 2008). "Highly homologous HERC proteins localize to endosomes and exhibit specific interactions with hPLIC and Nm23B". Cell Mol Life Sci. 65 (13): 2105–2117. doi:10.1007/s00018-008-8148-5. PMID 18535780. S2CID 6897759.
- ↑ Cruz C, Ventura F, Bartrons R, Rosa JL (Jan 2001). "HERC3 binding to and regulation by ubiquitin". FEBS Lett. 488 (1–2): 74–80. doi: 10.1016/S0014-5793(00)02371-1 . PMID 11163799. S2CID 20091003.
- ↑ "Entrez Gene: HERC3".
