Zhoushan HVDC was the first HVDC scheme built in China and first put into service in July 2014. [1]
Construction started on Zhoushan HVDC in 1984 and completed in 1986. It was built by Heavy Machine Factory, Beijing, Red Flag cable plant and Shanghai Relay Factory.
Zhoushan HVDC went in-service on December 1, 1989.
Zhoushan HVDC is a bipolar HVDC connecting the power grid of Zhoushan island with the Chinese mainland. There is a submarine power cable (±200kV DC) that is 129 kilometers long and a transmission line (200kV) that is 11 kilometers long. [2] The static inverters are equipped with thyristors and designed for a voltage of 200 kV and a maximum transmission rate of 50 MW.
The inverters are the six-pole type, giving the station more extended harmonic filters than others. As transformers on the mainland a three winding type 115/83/10kV is used and on Zhenshou island a three winding type 38.5±2×2.5%/81/10kV is used. The reactive power of the used harmonics filters is 23.5 MVAr at Ningbo station and 24.5 MVar at Gao Tongge station on Zhoushan. The smoothing reactor has an inductance of 1.27 H.
The inverter plants are:
A high-voltage, direct current (HVDC) electric power transmission system uses direct current (DC) for the bulk transmission of electrical power, in contrast with the more common alternating current (AC) systems.
A power inverter, or inverter, is a power electronic device or circuitry that changes direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC). The resulting AC frequency obtained depends on the particular device employed. Inverters do the opposite of "converters" which were originally large electromechanical devices converting AC to DC.
A static VAR compensator (SVC) is a set of electrical devices for providing fast-acting reactive power on high-voltage electricity transmission networks. SVCs are part of the Flexible AC transmission system device family, regulating voltage, power factor, harmonics and stabilizing the system. A static VAR compensator has no significant moving parts. Prior to the invention of the SVC, power factor compensation was the preserve of large rotating machines such as synchronous condensers or switched capacitor banks.
The HVDC Gotland, on the Swedish east coast, was the first fully commercial static plant for high-voltage direct current transmission (HVDC) in the world.
HVDC Kingsnorth was a high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) transmission system connecting Kingsnorth in Kent to two sites in London. It was at one time the only application of the technology of high voltage direct current transmission for the supply of transformer stations in a city, and the first HVDC link to be embedded within an AC system, rather than interconnecting two asynchronous systems. It was also the first HVDC scheme to be equipped with self-tuning harmonic filters and to be controlled with a "Phase Locked Oscillator", a principle which subsequently became standard on all HVDC systems.
Cahora-Bassa is an HVDC power transmission system between the Cahora Bassa Hydroelectric Generation Station at the Cahora Bassa Dam in Mozambique, and Johannesburg, South Africa.
An HVDC converter station is a specialised type of substation which forms the terminal equipment for a high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission line. It converts direct current to alternating current or the reverse. In addition to the converter, the station usually contains:
SwePol is a 254.05-kilometre (157.86 mi)-long bipolar high-voltage direct current (HVDC) submarine cable between the Stärnö peninsula near Karlshamn, Sweden, and Bruskowo Wielkie, near Słupsk, Poland.
Square Butte is the designation of a high-voltage direct current transmission line in the United States between the Milton R. Young Power Plant near Center, North Dakota at 47°4′18″N101°11′45″W and the Arrowhead converter station near Adolph at 46°46′25″N92°17′39″W. It was built by Minnkota Power Cooperative and Minnesota Power and went in service in 1977. Recently, an agreement was executed between the two companies whereby Minnkota gets the rights to all the power currently transmitted over the line while Minnesota Power takes full ownership of the line to transmit power from new sources in the Center area.
CU is the designation of a line for high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission between the Coal Creek Station power plant south of Underwood, North Dakota at 47°22′24″N101°9′23″W and the Dickinson converter station near Buffalo, Minnesota at 45°06′40″N93°48′36″W.
The HVDC Haenam–Cheju is a 101 kilometer long HVDC submarine cable connection between the Korean Peninsula and the island of Jeju in South Korea, which went into service in 1996. The connection is bipolar, consisting of two 180kV cables with a maximum transmission power of 300 megawatts.
The HVDC Three Gorges – Changzhou is an 940-kilometre (580 mi) long bipolar HVDC transmission line in China for the transmission of electric power from the Three Gorges power plant to the area of Changzhou.
The HVDC Three Gorges – Guangdong is a 940 kilometre-long bipolar HVDC transmission line in China for the transmission of electric power from the Three Gorges power plant to the area of Guangdong. The powerline went into service in 2004. It runs from the static inverter station Jingzhou near the Three Gorges power plant to the static inverter plant Huizhou near Guangdong. The HVDC Three Gorges-Guangdong is a bipolar 500 kV powerline with a maximum transmission power rating of 3,000 megawatts.
GKK Etzenricht, an abbreviation of Gleichstromkurzkupplung Etzenricht, meaning Etzenricht HVDC-back-to-back station, was an HVDC back-to-back facility near Etzenricht in the district of Neustadt an der Waldnaab in Bavaria, Germany. It was built on the site of the Etzenricht substation, a 380 kV/220 kV/110 kV-substation, which went into service in 1970 and expanded afterwards several times. The facility was used between 1993 and 1995 for exchange of power between Germany and the Czech Republic, operated by Bayernwerk AG.
The GK Dürnrohr was a high-voltage direct current back-to-back scheme west of Dürnrohr substation, which was used for the energy exchange between Austria and Czechoslovakia between 1983 and 1996. The installation is no longer in use.
The Sakuma Dam is a dam on the Tenryū River, located on the border of Toyone, Kitashitara District, Aichi Prefecture on the island of Honshū, Japan. It is one of the tallest dams in Japan and supports a 350 MW hydroelectric power station. Nearby a frequency converter station is installed, allowing interchange of power between Japan's 50 Hz and 60 Hz AC networks.
HVDC Tian–Guang is a bipolar 500 kV HVDC system used for transmitting power generated at Tianshengqiao Hydroelectric Plant to Guangzhou. HVDC Tian–Guan, which was built by Siemens and inaugurated in 2001 is capable of transmitting a maximum power of 1,800 MW.
The Levis De-Icer is a High voltage direct current (HVDC) system, aimed at de-icing multiple AC power lines in Quebec, Canada. It is the only HVDC system not used for power transmission.
The Chandrapur back-to-back HVDC station is a back-to-back HVDC connection between the western and southern regions in India, located close to the city of Chandrapur. Its main purpose is to export power from the Chandrapur Super Thermal Power Station to the southern region of the Indian national power grid. It is owned by Power Grid Corporation of India.
An HVDC converter converts electric power from high voltage alternating current (AC) to high-voltage direct current (HVDC), or vice versa. HVDC is used as an alternative to AC for transmitting electrical energy over long distances or between AC power systems of different frequencies. HVDC converters capable of converting up to two gigawatts (GW) and with voltage ratings of up to 900 kilovolts (kV) have been built, and even higher ratings are technically feasible. A complete converter station may contain several such converters in series and/or parallel to achieve total system DC voltage ratings of up to 1,100 kV.
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