Haroun, also called Fadhiweyn,[1] and natively transliterated as Xarunta in Somali, was a government and headquarters of the Dervishes, headed by Faarax Mahmud Sugulle.[2] According to Claude Edward Marjoribanks Dansey, the political officer in the British Somali Coast Protectorate consisted of 400 individuals.[1] The capture of the haroun was regarded as conceivably resulting in the Sayyid's surrender.[3] In the third expedition, major Paul Kenna was tasked "by every means" to find where the haroun is.[4]
The Darawiish haroun was preceded by the Darawiish legal court tariqa (Somali: Maxkamadaha Darawiish) which existed among the Dhulbahante as early as 1895. "He acquired some notoriety by seditious preaching in Berbera in 1895, after which he returned to his tariga in Kob Faradod, in the Dolbahanta," according to the Official History of the operations in Somaliland 1901-1904.
The legal court Darawiish tariqa according to Douglas Jardine, was primarily engaged in settling legal disputes. This early Darawiish court tariqa was also described as friendly to the British government:[5]
he ... was regarded by the local Government as being on the side of law and order. From time to time he corresponded with the Vice-Consul at Berbera about tribal matters, and occasionally he would send down as prisoners to the Vice-Consular Court Somalis who had been guilty of criminal offences in the interior. Thus, he acquired very considerable influence over the tribesmen...
—Douglas Jardine
In Darawiish nomenclature, a person learned in the rulings, legal codes and stipulations of this early Darawiish court, was referred to as a muqaddim, which roughly translates as arbitrator.[6]
The British newspaper Chester Courant, rehashing British intelligence reports, stated that the early Darawiish community existed as early as 1895 as a court of appeal community:[7]
After his return from Mecca in 1895, he retired to Kob fardod, his place of residence and a village inhabited by Mullah's in the Dolbahanta country ... tribes electing to regard him as a court of appeal in their tribal disputes ... he strove to put down raiding.
The head of the Haroun presided over the Darawiish government, and oversaw commerce, domestic and foreign affairs, as well as other Darawiish-related oversight.[6] The head of the haroun, i.e. the head of the dervish government has been described in various sources, with Farah Mahamud Sugulle described as the head of the haroun during the 1890s and 1900s decades:
1895 - 1910: Faarax Maxamud Sugulle; was the head of the haroun during the 1890s and 1900s decades. He is described as head of the Haroun in an article by The Times of London in March 1910:
I am strengthening the Darud by the issue of over 200 rifles, and an attack on the Haroun under Omar Doreh, who is to take place of Farah Mahmud, is being organized[2]
As head of the haroun, it was the norm to consult the Head of Haroun, Faarax Maxamuud Sugulle, for any important matter requiring decisions within the Darawiish. For example, upon the first military defeat suffered by Darawiish at the battle of Jidbaale in 1904, despite the presence of qusuusi, Faarax Maxamuud Sugulle was typically singled out to provide deliberation. However out of humility, he would defer to the deputy Head of Haroun, Carab Illaawe:[6]
Iyadoo kumanyaal talo aqoon ah ama dagaalyahan ahi xarunta joogaan ayaa Sayidka waxa caado u ahayd inuu u yeero Faarax Maxamuud Sugulle oo ka mid ahaa madaxda Daraawiishta. Iyadoo markaa talo ribbatay Sayidkii wuxuu yiri, "Faaraxow tali." Faarax markaas wuxu yiri, "Sayidii talo ma aqaan." Mar labaad ayaa Sayidkii ku celiyey oo wuxuu yiri, "Faaraxow tali." Wuxuu yiri, "Sayidii, maantoo kale nin walba talo lama weydiiyo ee Carab Illaawe talo weydii." Markaasaa Carab Illaawe wuxuu yiri, "Sayidii, maantoo kale waxaa la oran jirey dad cadaabeed dal cadaabeed baa laga galaa." Dad cadaabeed wuxuu ula jeedaa gaalada iyo dadka la jira dal cadaabeedna wuxuu ula jeedaa dhulka dhagaxa iyo buuraha ah oo cagaagga iyo kulaylka badan.
Translation:
Although there were a thousand seniors or warriors within the haroun, it was nonetheless stereotypical for the Sayid to consult Faarax Maxamuud Sugulle on critical matters as he was among the heads of the Darawiish. As there was a sense of agitation for some resulution, the Sayid said "Oh Faarax (Maxamuud Sugulle), gives us your verdict", whereby Faarax replied "I'm not sure"; he repeated once more "Oh Faarax (Maxamuud Sugulle), give us your verdict", whereby (Faarax Maxamuud Sugulle) said "Oh Sayid, I defer the verdict to Carab Illaawe". As such Carab Illaawe said "Oh Sayid, since we went face-to-face with the vexed people, let's enter the vexed terrain". By vexed people Carab Illaawe meant the colonisers and their lackeys; by the vexed land, he meant the land of stones and hot hills (to the north of Nugaal)
Faarah Mahamuud Sugulle described as the head of the haroun in the Nelson Daily News.
Henry Francis Battersby, in his 1914 book on the Darawiish, described Farah Sugulleh as "one of the biggest men" in the Darawiish.[8]
Successors
Carab Illaawe; Illaawe was the person to whom Sugulle would refer to during decision making, as such making him deputy head of haroun.[6]
Proposal of March 1910 Omer Doreh; Omer Doreh was in March planned to take the place of Farah Mahamud Sugulle,[2] however, before he could take Sugulle's place as head of the haroun, in that month both Doreh and Sugulle defected from the dervishes in the Anjeel incident described below.
Sugulle family
Somali Dervish unit, headed and founded by Jama, son of Farah Maxamuud SugulleJama, overseeing the coronation of Garaad Abdiqani in 1985
The son of Faarax Maxamuud Sugulle, Jama, lived through the final decade of Dervish resistance to colonialism, and would continue to be influential in the Dervish realm upon the independence of Somalia in 1960. For example, upon Somalia's independence Jama revived the Darawiish heritage by becoming the founder as well as head executive of the Somali Dervish unit, and he also was the overseer of the widely publicised coronation of Garaad Abdiqani in 1985.[9]
Since the advent of the federal era in Somalia, several police units modelled after the Somali Dervish unit created by Jama Sugulle have surfaced, including Galmudug Dervish, Hirshabelle Dervish, Jubaland Dervish etc.[10]
According to Claude Edward Marjoribanks Dansey, Barni Maxamuud Sugulle, the sister of Faarax Maxamuud Sugulle and fifth wife of the Sayid, was the commander of Indhabadan (lit. "Many Eyes"), a 600 member Darawiish division with 400 spearmen and 200 riflemen of which half was composed of Naleeye Axmed subclan of Ugaadhyahan Dhulbahante and the other half Qayaad Dhulbahante:[6]
INDHABADAN, waxay ka koobnaayeen Aadan Naaleeye, barka kalana Qayaad bay ahaayeen, Barni Maxamuud oo ahayd naagtii 5aad ee Sayidka ayaa magac ahaan ugu talin jirtey, 400 – 200
Translation:
Indhabadan; it was composed of half Adan Naleeye, and the other half Qayaad; Barni Mahamuud, the 5th wife of the Sayid would nominally control it (400 - 200)
According to Richard Corfield, Sugulle family member Abbane Mohamud Sugulle was likewise a commander in the Darawiish, particularly, the base at Haysimo, which according to British officer Dansey, was a base held by Burcadde-Godwein administrative division. The name of Cabbane Sugulle is misspelled as Abaim Sugulleh; he commanded the Burcadde-Godwein base together with Askar Doreh:[11]
The following Mullah's headman are reported in the Warsangli “karias” at Haisamo:—Asker Doreh, Mijjertein, and Abaim Mahomed Suggulleh, Dolbahanta Ba Ararsama.
British intelligence reports further state that one of the Taargooye subdivisions was commanded by Badhiidh Sugulle.
History
In this meeting several senior members of the Daraawiish called for sedition in one way or another. Individuals who took part in this conspiracy include:[12]
Haaji Hasan 'Awl, Darwiish governor
Abdalla Qoriyow, who was the Darwiish magistrate in Taleh
Ahmad Fiqi, who was a Darwiish theologian
Faarah Mahamuud Sugulle, who was head of the haroun and the wealthiest person in the Daraawiish
Three plans were put forth, including (a) killing the Sayyid and replacing him with a new leader, (b) replacing him without killing him, and (c) deserting the Darwiish en masse. At the end, the third plan was carried out.
Colonial era excerpt describing Shire Umbaal (spelled as "Shire Um Belli") as a counseller (khusuusi) and threatening the Majeerteen tribe for defecting.
Notification
The Sayyid was informed about the conspiracy by a man of the Jama Siyaad subclan called Shire Cumbaal, also spelled Shire Umbaal.[14] The exact words spoken by Shire Cumbaal was:[15]
Rag caawuu geedkii Canjeel ku shirey, waxayna ku tashadeen inay xarunta ka guuraan
Translation:
This evening, a few men held a meeting at the Tree of Canjeel. They decided to abandon the haroun (government)
Aftermath
The Times excerpt describing Shire Umbaal (spelled Shireh Ambaleh), Adam Maleh, and Nur Hiddig as the Darwiish military leaders in 1910.
Due to Shire Umbaal's defection from the seditious meeting, and the subsequent notification, the Daraawiish managed to capture many leading conspirators. Haan 'Awl was subsequently killed. Farah Mohamud Sugulle as the leader of Anjeel who sought to usurp the Sayyid's position had his father killed, although his own life was spared. Qoriyow was punished by the decision to have him demoted by stripping him of his previous position. Other figures had fled.[15] The Reer Khalaf, a Majeerteen subclan who had previously been of the Taargooye wing of Darwiish, joined the defectors. As such, they were decimated in retaliation.[12] Confrontations between Darwiish defectors and persistent Darwiish endured for a couple of years, but among the most prominent of these confrontations was the Hadega battle in March 1910 wherein the defectors had been aided by the Issa Majeerteen tribe. Nonetheless, at Hadega, notable casualties occurred on both sides, with Darwiish leader Nur Hidig, permanently debilitated from wounds sustained at this battle,[16] with Nur Dolbas (Dhalbaas) and Adan Egal (Cigaal) dead on the defectors side[17] and Darwiish leaders Shire Umbaal and Adam Maleh were dead on the Darwiish side, with Shire Umbaal later being described by Robert Crewe-Milnes as "a very important leader of the Dervishes".[18]
Setting
The British parliament described the polity over which Diiriye Guure held regency as a "strong and stable native state"; and the only one that managed to militarily overcome British military power:[19]
will they remember that he is the only potentate alive to-day who has four times defeated the British Army, and who has for fifteen years maintained himself against the might of the British Empire. He is one of the great men whom Africa has produced: a great military leader, a great statesman ... He quickly obtained through his marriage connections great influence over the Dolbahanta tribe, and he established a native power in the interior ... in setting up a strong and stable native State
Carro Ciideed, south of Buuhoodle: "Mullah to flee eastwards and rejoin his old allies, the Ali Gheri, south of Bohotele, where he would be difficult to get at, either by the Abyssinians or ourselves"[20]
"This Haji Muhammad Abdullah belongs to the Habr Suleiman Ogaden tribe; he married into the Dolbahanta Ali Gheri, amongst whom he now lives"[21]
"if joint operations with the Abyssinians cannot be arranged, he must move out alone with all available forces and tribal levies from the Ishak tribe to punish the Mullah's allies round Bohotele"[22]
In terms of military expertise, Golaweyne was most known for being over-represented during the early battles during the first two expeditions. Miinanle was best known for typically being in close proximity of the pastoral Darawiish supporting communities; as such, Miinanle was also typically at the front line whenever confronted with raiding parties from European colonial armed Somali clans such as Rayid, Koufur, Dhabayaco or Huwan. Since Shiikhyaale were the principal as well as the supreme division, any decisions made within the Shiikhyaale was pivotal, and would directly affect the other Darawiish divisions as well. The close proximity of Miinanle to the pastoral communities of Ciid-Nugaal also meant that Miinanle were probably the second wealthiest administrative division, after Shiikhyaale, due to tax-revenue generated.[24]
"largest and most important division, probably looked upon as the reserve composed of Ba-Ararsama, Aligheri, Kayad, Mahomed Gerad and many Hassan Agaz"
"the Mullah had collected 3,500 foot and horsemen on hearing that an expedition was being sent against him ... They were all Dolbahanta men;[26]"He achieved little success with the tribe as a whole, however, and finding that his Dolbahanta horsemen would not tarry so far in Ishaak territory"[27]
"some Aligheri, chiefly Ogaden and Bagheri under the Mullah and his uncle Abdu- rahman Hassan"
Notes
↑ Dooxato, the plural of Doox, meaning gash or valley in Somali, is the name of the Darawiish cavalry which was commanded by Nur Hedik
↑ The 1500 figure for the Dervish cavalry is the only figure described as permanent[25]
↑ Khayreh is the birth-name of the Bah-hayaag Jama Siyaad Dhulbahante; However Khayreh typically refers to the Dhulbahante wadaad fraternity: "treatment of the Dhulbahante Khayr people, a clan of Mullahs whom Somalis believed to enjoy divine protection";[28] thereupon, the colonial usage of "Khayreh" usually refer to the Bah Ali-Gheri confederation, Jama Siyaad and others (see 1917 intelligence report):[29]
Medium
The Taargooye subdivision was disbanded in 1910 upon the Anjeel incident after its constituent Majeerteen became mutinous,[12] and was also known for its mechanical expertise. The Dharbash division was the westernmost Darawiish division and was regarded as among the most pious. The Indhabadan administrative division of Darawiish was regarded as having the most scouts. The servicemen of the Burcadde-godwein division was primarily tasked with coercion against neighbouring tribes.[30]
Medium administrative division
Number
Tribe
Quote
(5) Taargooye
500 spearmen, 200 riflemen Total servicemen: 700
Majeerteen (Harti)
"(men who cut the Telegraph), Mijjertein men,"
(6) Dharbash
400 spearmen, 200 riflemen Total servicemen: 600
A) Baharsame (Dhulbahante); B) Adan Madobe (Habar Jeclo, Isaaq); C)Ararsame (Dhulbahante)
"(people who God helps in a fight) Adan Madhoba, Ba-arasama, Ararsama"
(6) Indhabadan
400 spearmen, 200 riflemen Total servicemen: 600
A) Qayaad (Dhulbahante); B) Aden Naleeye Axmed (Dhulbahante)
*Burcadda-godwein numbers (540 riflemen): 40 mounted men all with rifles at Bohol Waraba, 100 riflemen at Halin and about 400 rifles ... Rifles issued to Bur-aad and Godwein can be deducted from these divisions *Burcadda-godwein clans:Bur'ad fanned out from the Dervish capital to loot and terrorize clans loyal to the British and Italians. The Dhulbahante and Warsangeli Daarood played an important role in this program of agitation[31] because of troubles caused by the Buraad and the Warsangeli, and not because our mind has changed and turned from peace
Minor
Minor administrative division
Number
Tribe
Quote
(9) Ragxun
400 spearmen, 73 riflemen Total servicemen: 473
Cali Geri (Dhulbahante), Ogaden (Absame).
"(bad men) so called because they had many camels taken from them by Mijjertein (Ogaden and half Aligheri)"
"madhibans are said to be about 2 to 3 hundred with 200 rifles acting as personal guard to the Mullah"
(11) Bah-udgoon
400 spearmen, unknown riflemen Total servicemen: 400
Qayaad (Dhulbahante)
Qayaad, 400 – Lama yaqaan; ... Darwiish la oran jirey Faarax Qashe iyo dhawr nin oo la socda (The Darawiish Faarax Qarshe took his own people (i.e. the Qayaad) with him)[33]
The 12 May 1907 intelligence report from the British Aden Colony describing Nur Hedik as commander of the Darawiish cavalry is as follows:[34]
Rumours of the desertions of Nur Hedik ( leader of the Dervish horse ) and his following are still current.
In the post-Dervish period, Nur Hedik was the leader of DHulbahante in Erigabo.[35] A 1910 intelligence report from the British Aden colony documenting a battle between Darawiish and native auxiliaries who were signatories to the Italians, Nur Hedik was described as one of three Darawiish commanders, alongside Adam Maleh and Shire Cumbaal:[36]
The Dervishes loss was undoubtedly severe, and included the following leaders: Adam Maleh, also Shireh Ambaleh, killed. Nur Hedig[sic], shot through both legs.
The Times news sources states that Nur Hedik was shot through both his legs.[36] On occasion, rumours were spread in the Dervish territories of 'Iid and Nugal that Nur Hedik, misspelled as Nur Nedik, had abandoned the Dervishes along with his cavalry, as reported by the British War Office, who refers to Nur Hedik as the overall commander of the Dervish cavalry.[37]
A universal rumour is current that Nur Nudik, a leader of the Dervish horse, has deserted with a number of men, ponies and rifles, to the Southern Mijjertain.
The third person narrative using the native transliteration of Nuur Xiddig is used to describe Nur Hedik as a qusuusi, i.e. a counciller during a scaled back phase of anti-colonial resistance:
15 sano ayaan qusuusidda Daraawiishta ka mid ahaa, 6 bilood markaa ka horna xaruntaan ka baxsaday, aniga iyo Cabdi Nuur Xiddig, xagga dalka iyo dadkaba aqoon baanu u lahayn [38]
Translation:
From the perspective of country and communnity, myself and Nur Hedik were well versed, and had been qusuusi (counsillers) for 15 years; nonetheless we defected from the government roughly six months beforehand
Nur Hedik, according to the British War Office report, initially controlled only his Ali Naleye subclan:[39]
Nur Hedig (All Naleya, Yusuf AU) visited the Mullah at Gaolo, and brought him a present of 10 ponies. He promised that he and his own followers should throw in their lot with the Mullah, but Abbas cannot tell what the remainder of the Ali Naleya will do
The Darawiish haroun, the name of the dervish government, was at Galo, near Halin, and Nur Hedik was one of the rare named visitors there:[39]
Nur Hodig, with 30 men paid a visit to the Mullah at Gaolo, to come to terms with him, nothing further is known about him.
During the fourth expedition, the only Dervish commander to be appended with their name in the official British documentation of the staff diary of H. E. Stanton was Nur Hedik; the following report about Nur Hedik was given prior to the Battle of Jidbali:[39]
Reconnoitring party of Tribal Horse returned on the 25th to Badwein after spending the night of the 24th in the neighbourhood of Jidbali. Report force there considerably strengthened and zariba extending to Chidan, 1 1/2 miles south. Also that Nur Hedig's raiding party from the north has joined them.
Others
British intelligence reports gave the following details on subdivisions of Darawiish administrative divisions:[40]
Other subdivisions of Shiikhyaale besides "bah ina nur hedik" were "bah ina daib" and "bah ina islan"
"bah ina mullo" was a subdivision of Ragxun and was commanded by Cusmaan Boos.
Subdivisions of Garbo were "Bah Ina Ali Shire" and "bah ina Ali Ibrahim", commanded by Jaamac Cudur, of the Ali Gheri clan, and Nuurxaashi Cali Ibrahim, of the Warsangeli clan, with the latter subdivision being named after Nuurxaashi Cali.
A subdivision of Taargooye was "bah ina dorey", commanded by Badhiidh Sugulle, spelled in intelligence reports as "Badi Suguleh".
Joofey Cali Jiriir,[41] described in British sources as Jofi Ali Godi, was said by the British War Office to have commanded 800 men in 1903.[39]
References
1 2 Ciise, Jaamac (1976). Taariikhdii daraawiishta iyo Sayid Maxamad Cabdille Xasan. p.175. about 400 rifles and some ammunition stored in each of the nine houses built in the Haroun for Mullah and his relatives ...(Signed) C. E. Dansey, Political Officer ... Dariiqadii waxay degtey Baaraan oo magaalada Laascaanood koonfur Hawd ka xigta, waana xarunta la baxday Fadhiweyn
↑ Official History of the Operations in Somaliland, 1901-04, page 319, year 1907 "The instructions to Kenna were "to endeavour by every means to locate the position of the Haroun, and having done so, to try and surprise it by long-distance marching with his mounted troops ... Though the Mullah himself might escape, the capture of the Haroun meant the destruction of his prestige, and, in all probability, his own final surrender."
↑ Official History of the operations in Somaliland 1901-1904 "The instructions to Kenna were " to endeavour by every means to locate the position of the Haroun, and having done so, to try and surprise it by long-distance marching with his mounted troops."
↑ Mad Mullah of Somaliland, Douglas Jardine, p. 40
↑ The Scramble in the Horn of Africa: History of Somalia, 1827-1977, Mohamed Osman Omar, 2001
1 2 3 Samatar, Said (1982). Oral Poetry and Somali Nationalism. p.214. ISBN9780511735370. 'Abdalla Qoriyow, the prestigious Islamic magistrate of the Dervish capital, who took part in the conspiracy. 108 Ahmad Fiqi, also a conspirator, was the Dervish expert on Qur'anic exegesis. 109 Reference to the Sayyid's brother-in-law, Faarah Mahamuud Sugulle, whose involvement in the conspiracy was particularly bad news for the Sayyid ... After a week of intense fighting, the Sayyid emerged victorious, but not before several Dervish clans, like the Reer Samatar Khalaf Majeerteen, were decimated
↑ Omar Ciise, Jama (1974). Diiwaanka Gabayadii Sayid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan. Nuur-Xaashi Cali Ibraahim, ... qusuusiddana ka mid ahaa oo uu walaashii C'ambaro Shiikhna u dhisay, oo aan laga filayn xumaan Sayid Maxammed iyo xarunta ku jeedda inuu ku koco, ayaa shirqoolkii Canjeel ka qayb galay.
↑ Ilmi, Ahmed (2014). The History of Social Movements in Somalia through the Eyes of Our Elders within a Diasporic Context. The Sayyid was soon informed of the council meeting that took place to get rid of his rule, by a loyal Shire Umbaal, who initially attended part of the meeting but subsequently lost heart
1 2 Omar Ciise, Jama (1976). Taariikhdii Daraawiishta iyo Sayid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan. Hase ahaatee, nin raggii talada wax ka gooyey ka mid ahaa, magiciisana la oran jirey Shire Cumbaal ayaa hoos ka dusey co Sayidkii iyo raggiisii u warramay. Wuxuu yiri, "Rag caawuu geedkii Canjeel ku shirey, waxayna ku tashadeen inay xarunta ka guuraan." ... Kan u horreeyey waa la diley, kan labaadna waa la dayriyey oo magacii iyo sharaftii uu xarunta ku lahaa baa laga qaaday, kan saddexaadna aabihiisaa shirqoolka hortiisa dariiqada lagu diley oo gaar isha ka eegaba la daba dhigay wax lala maagganaase Eebbe Weynaa og.
↑ For references on subdivision characteristics, see Abokor Seed, particularly gabaygii Shiikhyaale, poem number 84, Diiwaanka Gabayadii Sayid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan. Also see Xaaji Maxamad Cawl annotation from 1955, poem 71
↑ Jardine, Douglas (1923). Mad Mullah of Somaliland. permanent dervishes living in the haroun ... perhaps as many as 1500 ponies
↑ The Scramble in the Horn of Africa, Mohamed Osman Omar · 2001, p. 329
↑ Mad Mullah of Somaliland, Douglas Jardine, p. 43
↑ Oral Poetry and Somali Nationalism: The Case of Sayid Mahammad', Said Sheikh Samatar, p. 177
1 2 British intelligence report, 1916, PRO CO 535 / 47; followed by National Archives, PRO WO 106 / 23; for accessibility, see Imperialismo e resistenza in Corno d'Africa. Mohammed Abdullah Hassan e il derviscismo somalo (1899-1920), Gerardo Nicolosi, 2002, p. 281
1 2 Oral Poetry and Somali nationalism, p. 126, Said Samatar
↑ Personally, I have never had much hope of catching the Mullah. It could only be done had he stood his ground and awaited our advance, or were he to remain with a small following in the nearer portions of the Frotectorate long enough for a surprise to be effected. 1| Neither of these eventualities were at any time to be depended upon. He is said to have taken extraordinary precautions to safeguard his person, amongst others retaining a bodyguard of Midgans with poisoned arrows, and these precautions would point to his not exposing himself in a position where he would be able to be caught. https://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00098568/00033/pdf
↑ Taariikhdii Daraawishta, Aw Jama Omar Issa, p. 136
↑ The Scramble in the Horn of Africa, Mohamed Osman Omar. 2001, p. 406
↑ Ghalib, Jama Mohamed (1995). The Cost of Dictatorship: The Somali Experience. p.1. In her youth my mother , a nomad herself , lived with one of her older sisters , also living in the Erigavo district , married to a man of the Dolbahante sub - clan section , the Bah Abdalla . It was their leader , the late Abdi Nur Hiddig
1 2 3 4 Official History of the Operations in Somaliland, 1901-04, page 319, year 1907 "The instructions to Kenna were "to endeavour by every means to locate the position of the Haroun, and having done so, to try and surprise it by long-distance marching with his mounted troops""
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