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The Gospel of Mark is the second of the four canonical Gospels and one of the three synoptic Gospels. It tells of the ministry of Jesus from his baptism by John the Baptist to his death,the burial of his body,and the discovery of his empty tomb. It portrays Jesus as a teacher,an exorcist,a healer,and a miracle worker,though it does not mention a miraculous birth or divine pre-existence. Jesus refers to himself as the Son of Man. He is called the Son of God but keeps his messianic nature secret;even his disciples fail to understand him. All this is in keeping with the Christian interpretation of prophecy,which is believed to foretell the fate of the messiah as suffering servant.
The Gospel of Matthew is the first book of the New Testament of the Bible and one of the three synoptic Gospels. It tells how Israel's messiah (Christ),Jesus,comes to his people but is rejected by them and how,after his resurrection,he sends the disciples to the gentiles instead. Matthew wishes to emphasize that the Jewish tradition should not be lost in a church that was increasingly becoming gentile. The gospel reflects the struggles and conflicts between the evangelist's community and the other Jews,particularly with its sharp criticism of the scribes and Pharisees with the position that through their rejection of Christ,the Kingdom of Heaven has been taken away from them and given instead to the church.
Pontius Pilate was the fifth governor of the Roman province of Judaea,serving under Emperor Tiberius from 26/27 to 36/37 AD. He is best known for being the official who presided over the trial of Jesus and ultimately ordered his crucifixion. Pilate's importance in Christianity is underscored by his prominent place in both the Apostles' and Nicene Creeds. Because the gospels portray Pilate as reluctant to execute Jesus,the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church believes that Pilate became a Christian and venerates him as both a martyr and a saint,a belief which is historically shared by the Coptic Church,with a feast day on 19 or 25 June,respectively.
The Gospel of Nicodemus,also known as the Acts of Pilate,is an apocryphal gospel purporting to derived from an original work written by Nicodemus,who appears in the Gospel of John as an acquaintance of Jesus. The title "Gospel of Nicodemus" is medieval in origin. The dates of its accreted sections are uncertain,but the work in its existing form is thought to date to around the 4th or 5th century AD.
Joseph ben Caiaphas was the High Priest of Israel during the years of Jesus' ministry,according to Josephus. In the New Testament,the Gospels of Matthew,Luke and John indicate he was an organizer of the plot to kill Jesus. He famously presided over the Sanhedrin trial of Jesus. The primary sources for Caiaphas' life are the New Testament,and the writings of Josephus. The latter records he was made high priest by the Roman procurator Valerius Gratus after Simon ben Camithus had been deposed.
Barabbas was,according to the New Testament,a prisoner who rebelled against the Roman occupying forces and who was chosen over Jesus by the crowd in Jerusalem to be pardoned and released by Roman governor Pontius Pilate at the Passover feast.
Jesus,also referred to as Jesus Christ,Jesus of Nazareth,and many other names and titles,was a first-century Jewish preacher and religious leader. He is the central figure of Christianity,the world's largest religion. Most Christian denominations believe Jesus to be the incarnation of God the Son and the awaited messiah,or Christ,a descendant from the Davidic line that is prophesied in the Old Testament. Virtually all modern scholars of antiquity agree that Jesus existed historically. Accounts of Jesus's life are contained in the Gospels,especially the four canonical Gospels in the New Testament. Academic research has yielded various views on the historical reliability of the Gospels and how closely they reflect the historical Jesus.
The unnamed wife of Pontius Pilate appears only once in the Gospel of Matthew (27:19),where she intercedes with Pilate on Jesus' behalf. It is uncertain whether Pilate was actually married,although it is likely. In later tradition,she becomes known as Procula,Procla or Procle and plays a role in various New Testament Apocrypha. At a later date,she acquires the name Claudia Procula in Western tradition,as well as other names and variants of these names. She is venerated as a saint by the Eastern Orthodox Church,the Eastern Catholic Church,the Coptic Church,and the Ethiopian Church. She has also frequently been featured in literature and film.
John 18:38 is the 38th verse in chapter 18 of the Gospel of John in the New Testament of Christian Bible. It is often referred to as "jesting Pilate". In it,Pontius Pilate questions Jesus' claim that he is "witness to the truth".
In the New Testament,the Sanhedrin trial of Jesus refers to the trial of Jesus before the Sanhedrin following his arrest in Jerusalem and prior to the trial before Pontius Pilate. It is an incident reported by all three Synoptic Gospels of the New Testament,while the Gospel of John refers to a preliminary inquiry before Annas. The gospel accounts vary on a number of details.
Matthew 27:2 is the second verse of the twenty-seventh chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament. Jesus has been condemned by the Jewish Sanhedrin,and in this verse is handed over to Pontius Pilate.
Amy-Jill Levine is Rabbi Stanley M. Kessler Distinguished Professor of New Testament and Jewish Studies at Hartford International University for Religion and Peace. She works in biblical studies and is a self described "critic of antisemitic,sexist,and homophobic theologies".
Jewish deicide is the theological position and antisemitic trope that the Jews as a people are collectively responsible for the killing of Jesus,even through the successive generations following his death. The notion arose in early Christianity,and features in the writings of Justin Martyr and Melito of Sardis as early as the 2nd century. The Biblical passage Matthew 27:24–25 has been seen as giving voice to the charge of Jewish deicide as well.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Christianity:
The historical reliability of the Gospels is evaluated by experts who have not reached complete consensus. While all four canonical gospels contain some sayings and events that may meet at least one of the five criteria for historical reliability used in biblical studies,the assessment and evaluation of these elements is a matter of ongoing debate.
Larry Weir Hurtado,was an American New Testament scholar,historian of early Christianity,and Emeritus Professor of New Testament Language,Literature,and Theology at the University of Edinburgh (1996–2011). He was the head of the School of Divinity from 2007 to 2010,and was until August 2011 Director of the Centre for the Study of Christian Origins at the University of Edinburgh.
Craig S. Keener is an American Wesleyan theologian,Biblical scholar and professor of New Testament at Asbury Theological Seminary.
In the canonical gospels,Pilate's court refers to the trial of Jesus in the praetorium before Pontius Pilate,preceded by the Sanhedrin Trial. In the Gospel of Luke,Pilate finds that Jesus,being from Galilee,belonged to Herod Antipas' jurisdiction,and so he decides to send Jesus to Herod. After questioning Jesus and receiving very few replies,Herod sees Jesus as no threat and returns him to Pilate.
In the New Testament,Jesus is referred to as the King of the Jews,both at the beginning of his life and at the end. In the Koine Hellenic of the New Testament,e.g.,in John 19:3,this is written as Basileus ton Ioudaion.
References
- 1 2 "Professor Helen Bond". The University of Edinburgh. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
- ↑ "Durham High School for Girls", Wikipedia, 30 June 2020, retrieved 23 July 2020
- 1 2 "Dr. Helen K. Bond". Massachusetts Bible Society. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
- 1 2 "College welcomes two new leaders". Church of Scotland. 27 December 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
- ↑ Stephen, Phyllis (29 March 2021). "New 2021 fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh". The Edinburgh Reporter. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
- ↑ "The First Biography of Jesus Genre and Meaning in Mark's Gospel". eerdmans.com. Retrieved 30 January 2025.
- ↑ Kirk, Alan (2023). "Hayden White and the Problem of Historical Referentiality in Markan Narrative". Svensk Teologisk Kvartalskrift. 99 (2): 165-178. doi:10.51619/stk.v99i2.25195.
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