Phylogenesis is the biological process by which a taxon appears. The science that studies these processes is called phylogenetics.
Crassulacean acid metabolism, also known as CAM photosynthesis, is a carbon fixation pathway that evolved in some plants as an adaptation to arid conditions that allows a plant to photosynthesize during the day, but only exchange gases at night. In a plant using full CAM, the stomata in the leaves remain shut during the day to reduce evapotranspiration, but they open at night to collect carbon dioxide and allow it to diffuse into the mesophyll cells. The CO2 is stored as the four-carbon acid malic acid in vacuoles at night, and then in the daytime, the malate is transported to chloroplasts where it is converted back to CO2, which is then used during photosynthesis. The pre-collected CO2 is concentrated around the enzyme RuBisCO, increasing photosynthetic efficiency. This mechanism of acid metabolism was first discovered in plants of the family Crassulaceae.
The metabolic theory of ecology (MTE) is an extension of Metabolic Scaling Theory and Kleiber's law. It posits that the metabolic rate of organisms is the fundamental biological rate that governs most observed patterns in ecology. MTE is part of a larger set of theory known as metabolic scaling theory that attempts to provide a unified theory for the importance of metabolism in driving pattern and process in biology from the level of cells all the way to the biosphere.
Mesophytes are terrestrial plants which are neither adapted to particularly dry nor particularly wet environments. An example of a mesophytic habitat would be a rural temperate meadow, which might contain goldenrod, clover, oxeye daisy, and Rosa multiflora. Mesophytes prefer soil and air of moderate humidity and avoid soil with standing water or containing a great abundance of salts. They make up the largest ecological group of terrestrial plants, and usually grow under moderate to hot and humid climatic regions.
The middle lamella is a layer that cements together the primary cell walls of two adjoining plant cells. It is the first formed layer to be deposited at the time of cytokinesis. The cell plate that is formed during cell division itself develops into middle lamella or lamellum. The middle lamella is made up of calcium and magnesium pectates. In a mature plant cell it is the outermost layer of cell wall.
Walter Max Zimmermann was a German botanist and systematist. Zimmernann’s notions of classifying life objectively based on phylogenetic methods and on evolutionarily important characters were foundational for modern phylogenetics. Though they were later implemented by Willi Hennig in his fundamental work on phylogenetic systematics, Zimmermann's contributions to this field have largely been overlooked. Zimmermann also made several significant developments in the field of plant systematics such as the discovery of the telome theory. The standard botanical author abbreviation W.Zimm. is applied to species he described.
Gametogamy is sexual fusion – copulation or fertlization – of two single-celled gametes of different sex and the union of their gamete nuclei giving the zygote nucleus, as well as whole zygotic content.
Minuartia bosniaca, or Bosnian sandwort, in Bosnian bosanska mišjakinjica, is endemic plant at East Dinaric mountains. Itbelongs to family of Caryophyllaceae (carnations).
Campanula hercegovina, the Herzegovinian bellflower, is an endemic plant from Bosnia and Herzegovina. It belongs to the Campanulaceae, or bellflower, family.
Asperula hercegovina, commonly known as the Hercegovinian woodruff, is an endemic Herzegovinian herb of the family Rubiaceae.
Euphorbia gregersenii, or Gregersen's spurge, is a plant in the family Euphorbiaceae: spurges.
Dianthus knappii, or Knapp's carnation, in Bosnian Knapov karanfil or Knapov klinčić, is a perennial herbaceous plant in the carnation family, Caryophyllaceae. It is endemic at Dinaric mountains, on the border area between Herzegovina and Montenegro. In chromosome set has 2n = 30.
Dianthus freynii, or Freyn's carnation, in Bosnian Freynov karanfil or Freynov klinčić, is native endemic of Herzegovina karst, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It belongs to the family Caryophyllaceae (carnations).
Thermophyte is an organism which is tolerant or thriving at high temperatures. These organisms are categorized according to ecological valences at high temperatures, including biological extremely. Such organisms included the hot-spring taxa also.
A Hygrophyte is a plant living above ground that is adapted to the conditions of abundant moisture pads of surrounding air. These plants inhabit mainly wet and dark forests and islands darkened swamp and very humid and floody meadows. Within the group of all types of terrestrial plants, they are at least resistant to drought.
Oxytropis prenja G. Beck in Reichenb. & Reichenb. Fil. is a species of flowering plant in the legume family, Fabaceae.
Academician Rifat Hadžiselimović is a Bosnian geneticist. He was born in Šiprage, Bosnia and Herzegovina on 7 January 1944. In 2013, with over 45 years of service, he was appointed Emeritus. He acts as scientific adviser in Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Sarajevo.
Unsuccessful transfer or abortive transfer is any bacterial DNA transfer from donor cells to recipient cells that fails to survive transduction and conjugation. In all cases, the transferred fragment could be diluted during the proliferation phase. Failures in the integration of the transferred DNA in the genetic material of the recipient cells may be due to:
Non-effective conjugation is the phenomenon of meiotic chromosome pairing without chiasmata, including the absence of crossing over. When this meiosis occurs during gametogenesis, it is commonly limited to one of the two sexes. The most frequent feature of such meiosis is the absence any opening-out of the homologues chromosomes in diakinesis. The four bivalent chromatide are staying parallel until the beginning of the metaphase.
