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The Hohenstaufen dynasty,also known as the Staufer,was a noble family of unclear origin that rose to rule the Duchy of Swabia from 1079,and to royal rule in the Holy Roman Empire during the Middle Ages from 1138 until 1254. The dynasty's most prominent rulers –Frederick I (1155),Henry VI (1191) and Frederick II (1220) –ascended the imperial throne and also reigned over Italy and Burgundy. The non-contemporary name of 'Hohenstaufen' is derived from the family's Hohenstaufen Castle on Hohenstaufen mountain at the northern fringes of the Swabian Jura,near the town of Göppingen. Under Hohenstaufen rule,the Holy Roman Empire reached its greatest territorial extent from 1155 to 1268.
Henry VI was King of England from 1422 to 1461 and again from 1470 to 1471,and disputed King of France from 1422 to 1453. The only child of Henry V,he succeeded to the English throne upon his father's death,at the age of eight months;and succeeded to the French throne on the death of his maternal grandfather,Charles VI,shortly afterwards.
The monarchy of the United Kingdom,commonly referred to as the British monarchy,is the form of government used by the United Kingdom by which a hereditary monarch reigns as the head of state,with their powers regulated by the British Constitution. The term may also refer to the role of the royal family within the UK's broader political structure. The current monarch is King Charles III,who ascended the throne on 8 September 2022 upon the death of Queen Elizabeth II,his mother.
The Capetian house of Valois was a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty. They succeeded the House of Capet to the French throne,and were the royal house of France from 1328 to 1589. Junior members of the family founded cadet branches in Orléans,Anjou,Burgundy,and Alençon.
Earl of Derby is a title in the Peerage of England. The title was first adopted by Robert de Ferrers,1st Earl of Derby,under a creation of 1139. It continued with the Ferrers family until the 6th Earl forfeited his property toward the end of the reign of Henry III and died in 1279. Most of the Ferrers property and the Derby title were then held by the family of Henry III. The title merged in the Crown upon Henry IV's accession to the throne in 1399.
Earl of Huntingdon is a title which has been created several times in the Peerage of England. The medieval title was associated with the ruling house of Scotland.
Earl of Lincoln is a title that has been created eight times in the Peerage of England,most recently in 1572. The title was borne by the Dukes of Newcastle-under-Lyne from 1768 to 1988,until the dukedom became extinct.
Earl of Suffolk is a title which has been created four times in the Peerage of England. The first creation,in tandem with the creation of the title of Earl of Norfolk,came before 1069 in favour of Ralph the Staller;but the title was forfeited by his heir,Ralph de Guader,in 1074. The second creation came in 1337 in favour of Robert de Ufford;the title became extinct on the death of his son,the second Earl,in 1382. The third creation came in 1385 in favour of Michael de la Pole. The fourth creation was in 1603 for Lord Thomas Howard,the second son of Thomas Howard,4th Duke of Norfolk,by his second wife Margaret Audley,the daughter and eventual sole heiress of Thomas Audley,1st Baron Audley of Walden,of Audley End in the parish of Saffron Walden in Essex. Howard was a prominent naval commander and politician and served as Earl Marshal,as Lord Chamberlain of the Household and as Lord High Treasurer. In 1597 he was summoned to Parliament as Baron Howard de Walden,and in 1603 he was further honoured,at the start of the reign of King James I,when he was created Earl of Suffolk. His second son the Hon. Thomas Howard was created Earl of Berkshire in 1626.
Marquess of Anglesey is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1815 for Henry Paget,2nd Earl of Uxbridge,a hero of the Battle of Waterloo,second in command to the Duke of Wellington. The Marquess holds the subsidiary titles of Earl of Uxbridge,in the County of Middlesex,in the Peerage of Great Britain (1784),Baron Paget,de Beaudesert,in the Peerage of England (1553),and is also an Irish Baronet,of Plas Newydd in the County of Anglesey and of Mount Bagenall in the County of Louth.
Earl of Portland is a title that has been created twice in the Peerage of England,firstly in 1633 and secondly in 1689. What proved to be a long co-held title,Duke of Portland,was created in 1716 and became extinct in 1990 upon the death of the ninth Duke,at which point the earldom passed to the most senior agnatic cousin,namely one of the 6th degree.
The Mormaer or Earl of Buchan was originally the provincial ruler of the medieval province of Buchan. Buchan was the first Mormaerdom in the High Medieval Kingdom of the Scots to pass into the hands of a non-Scottish family in the male line. The earldom had three lines in its history,not counting passings from female heirs to sons. Today,it is held by the Erskine family as a peerage. The current holder is Harry Erskine,18th Earl of Buchan. Subsidiary titles are Lord Cardross and Lord Auchterhouse and Baron Erskine.
Earl of Carnarvon is a title that has been created three times in British history. The current holder is George Herbert,8th Earl of Carnarvon. The town and county in Wales to which the title refers are historically spelled Caernarfon,having been Anglicised to Carnarvon or Caernarvon. The traditional Welsh spelling is itself a modified form of the original name of antiquity,Caer-yn-Arfon,meaning fortification opposite the island of Mona.
Earl of Drogheda is a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created in 1661 for The 3rd Viscount Moore.
Viscount Gage,of Castle Island in the County of Kerry of the Kingdom of Ireland,is a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created in 1720 for Thomas Gage,along with the subsidiary title of Baron Gage,of Castlebar in the County of Mayo,also in the Peerage of Ireland. In 1744 he also succeeded his cousin as eighth Baronet,of Firle Place. The titles remain united. The Gage family descends from John Gage,who was created a baronet,of Firle Place in the County of Sussex,in the Baronetage of England on 26 March 1622. His great-grandson,the seventh Baronet,represented Seaford in Parliament. He was succeeded by his first cousin,Thomas Gage,1st Viscount Gage,the eighth Baronet. He sat as a Member of Parliament for Minehead and Tewkesbury and also served as Governor of Barbados. In 1720,24 years before succeeding in the baronetcy,he was raised to the Peerage of Ireland as Baron Gage and Viscount Gage. His second son was the military commander the Hon. Thomas Gage.
Baron Ravensworth,of Ravensworth Castle in the County Palatine of Durham and of Eslington Park in the County of Northumberland,is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.
Baron Hothfield,of Hothfield in the County of Kent,is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1881 for Sir Henry Tufton,2nd Baronet,who was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Westmorland the same year and who also served briefly as a government whip in the Liberal administration of 1886. His eldest son,the second Baron,notably served as Mayor of Appleby,Westmorland. On the death of his son,the third Baron,in 1961,this line of the family failed. The late Baron was succeeded by his first cousin,the fourth Baron. He was the only son of the Hon. Sackville Philip Tufton,second son of the first Baron. On his death in 1986 this line of the family also failed and the titles passed to his first cousin,the fifth Baron. He was the eldest son of the Hon. Charles Henry Tufton,third son of the first Baron. As of 2017 the titles are held by his son,the sixth Baron,who succeeded in 1991.
Baron Hunsdon is a title that has been created three times.
Succession to the British throne is determined by descent,sex,legitimacy,and religion. Under common law,the Crown is inherited by a sovereign's children or by a childless sovereign's nearest collateral line. The Bill of Rights 1689 and the Act of Settlement 1701 restrict succession to the throne to the legitimate Protestant descendants of Sophia of Hanover who are in "communion with the Church of England". Spouses of Catholics were disqualified from 1689 until the law was amended in 2015. Protestant descendants of those excluded for being Roman Catholics are eligible.
The House of Luxembourg or Luxembourg dynasty was a royal family of the Holy Roman Empire in the Late Middle Ages,whose members between 1308 and 1437 ruled as kings of Germany and Holy Roman emperors as well as kings of Bohemia,Hungary and Croatia. Their rule was twice interrupted by the rival House of Wittelsbach. The family takes its name from its ancestral county of Luxembourg which they continued to hold.
Baron Dunleath,of Ballywalter in the County of Down,is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 29 August 1892 for the businessman and former Conservative Member of Parliament for Downpatrick,John Mulholland. The Mulholland family were involved in the cotton and linen industry in Ulster in the north of Ireland. The first Baron's son,the second Baron,represented Londonderry North in the House of Commons as a Conservative. His grandson,the fourth Baron,was a member of the Northern Ireland Assembly for the Alliance Party. He was succeeded by his first cousin,the fifth Baron,who had already succeeded his father as second Baronet of Ballyscullion. As of 2017 the titles are held by the fifth Baron's son,the sixth Baron,who succeeded in 1997.
References
- ↑ Amerasinghe, A. Ranjit B (1986), The Supreme Court of Sri Lanka : the first 185 years, Sarvodaya Book Pub. Services, ISBN 978-955-599-000-4