Higher Power

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Higher Power (HP [1] ) is a term used in Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and other twelve-step programs. [2] The same groups use the phrases "a power greater than ourselves" and "God of our understanding" synonymously. The term is intentionally vague because the program is not tied to a particular religion or spiritual tradition; members may use it to refer to any supreme being or deity, another conception of God, or even non-supernatural things such as the twelve-step program itself.

Contents

Definition and usage

In current twelve-step program usage, a higher power can be anything at all that the member believes is adequate. Reported examples include their twelve-step group, nature, consciousness, existential freedom, God, mathematics, science, and Buddha. It is frequently stipulated that as long as a higher power is "greater" than the individual, then the only conditions are that it should also be loving and caring, and able to relieve the individual of their alcoholism. [3] [4] [5]

Alcoholics Anonymous

The terms higher power and power greater than ourselves appear many times in the "Big Book". For example:

  • "Came to believe that a power greater than ourselves could restore us to sanity." [6]
  • "The alcoholic at certain times has no effective mental defense against the first drink. Except in a few cases, neither he nor any other human being can provide such a defense. His defense must come from a Higher Power." [7]
  • "Follow the dictates of a Higher Power and you will presently live in a new and wonderful world, no matter what your present circumstances!" [8]

History

Sources that may have contributed to the adoption of the term in Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), the first twelve-step group, include spirituality, the King James Version of the Bible, New Thought religion, and the work of William James. [9]

James, who wrote "The only cure for dipsomania is religiomania" in The Varieties of Religious Experience, is cited in the "Spiritual Experience" appendix of The Big Book of Alcoholics Anonymous. [10] Varieties of Religious Experience uses the singular term "higher power" four times, and the plural "higher powers" seven times, to refer to powers beyond the self that may provide assistance.

The term has been cited as found in the King James version of the Bible, again in the plural form, in Romans 13:1: "Let every soul be subject unto the higher powers. For there is no power but of God: the powers that be are ordained of God." However, in this passage Saint Paul is referring to civil authorities such as kings and governments, rather than a spiritual power.

Correlates of belief

Sociologist Darren Sherkat researched the belief of Americans in a higher power. He based his research on data from 8,000 adults polled by the Chicago-based National Opinion Research Center between 1988 and 2000. Among his findings were that 8% stated "I don't believe in a personal god, but I do believe in a higher power of some kind." This is the same figure as found by the 1999 Gallup national poll of Americans. Sherkat also found that 16% of the Jewish people surveyed agreed with the statement about a 'higher power', while 13.2% of liberal Protestants and 10.6% of Episcopalians also agreed with it. [11]

An empirically based recovery framework likened faith in a higher power to motivation for personal growth as described by Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. [12]

Criticism

Nonreligious groups

The focus on a Higher Power in twelve-step programs has been subject to continued criticism from nonreligious advocacy groups, who view the concept as fundamentally religious in nature even when not referring to a specific deity or religious tradition. Secular Therapy Project founder Darrel Ray has characterised twelve-step programs as "religion disguised as treatment", [13] and lawsuits have challenged court-mandated participation in twelve-step programs even after the formal adoption of "Higher Power" language. [14] [15]

Christian

Celebrate Recovery was founded by a group of Christians who criticized the higher power concept as being too vague. In their twelve-step-derived group, Jesus is the only higher power allowed. [16] [17]

See also

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References

  1. ↑ Erchak, Gerald Michael (1992). "Disorder: Mental and Behavioral". The Anthropology of Self and Behavior (reprint ed.). New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. p. 157. ISBN   9780813517629 . Retrieved 3 October 2024. A belief in a Higher Power ("HP") is required [by Alcoholics Anonymous]; officially, this can be any power higher than oneself — the group itself, for example. Unofficially, it is the traditional Christian male God; members in my study sample were strongly pressured to make God their higher power.
  2. ↑ Silkworth.net. "The God Concept In Alcoholics Anonymous – Silkworth.net". silkworth.net.
  3. ↑ Baker, Michael P.; Sellman, J. Douglas; Horn, Jacqueline (2001). "Developing a God/higher power scale for use with twelve step treatment programs". Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly . 19 (2): 45–61. doi:10.1300/J020v19n02_03. ISSN   0734-7324. S2CID   218636189.
  4. ↑ Rudy, David R.; Greil, Arthur L. (1989). "Is Alcoholics Anonymous a Religious Organization?: Meditations on Marginality". Sociological Analysis. 50 (1): 41–51. doi:10.2307/3710917. JSTOR   3710917.
  5. ↑ Helman, Daniel S. (2022). "Mathematics for the masses: Door-to-door missionaries of math and twelve-step recovery programs". Journal of Humanistic Mathematics. 12 (1): 428–442. doi: 10.5642/jhummath.202201.33 .
  6. ↑ Alcoholics Anonymous (February 2002). "Chapter 5: How It Works" (PDF). Alcoholics Anonymous: The Story of how Many Thousands of Men and Women have Recovered from Alcoholism (4th ed.). Alcoholics Anonymous World Services. ISBN   1-893007-16-2. OCLC   2353981 . Retrieved 2009-09-02.
  7. ↑ Bill W. (February 2002). "Chapter 3: More About Alcoholism" (PDF). Alcoholics Anonymous: The Story of how Many Thousands of Men and Women have Recovered from Alcoholism (4th ed.). Alcoholics Anonymous World Services. ISBN   1-893007-16-2. OCLC   2353981 . Retrieved 2009-09-02.
  8. ↑ Bill W. (2002-02-10). "Chapter 7: Working With Others" (PDF). Alcoholics Anonymous: The Story of how Many Thousands of Men and Women have Recovered from Alcoholism (4th ed.). Alcoholics Anonymous World Services. ISBN   1-893007-16-2. OCLC   2353981 . Retrieved 2009-09-02.
  9. ↑ Dr. Bob and the Good Oldtimers: A biography with recollections of Early AA in the Midwest. Alcoholics Anonymous World Services. December 1980. pp. 306–315. ISBN   0-916856-07-0.
  10. ↑ Bill W. (February 2002). "Spiritual Experience" (PDF). Alcoholics Anonymous: The Story of how Many Thousands of Men and Women have Recovered from Alcoholism (4th ed.). Alcoholics Anonymous World Services. ISBN   0-916856-59-3. OCLC   2353981 . Retrieved 2009-09-02.
  11. ↑ Dart, John (December 14, 2004). "Americans' belief in God is high but nuanced, study says" . Christian Century. Retrieved 2008-08-10.
  12. ↑ Ochocka, Joanna; Nelson, Geoff; Janzen, Rich (Spring 2005). "Moving Forward: Negotiating Self and External Circumstances in Recovery". Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal. 28 (4): 315–322. doi:10.2975/28.2005.315.322. PMID   15895914.
  13. ↑ Darrel Ray. "Twelve Step Programs Are Not a Legitimate Treatment for Nonreligious People". American Atheists.
  14. ↑ "Impact of Federal Court Decision Concerning Alcoholics Anonymous". New York Office of Addiction Services and Supports. November 3, 2014.
  15. ↑ Brett Dunlap (Dec 21, 2023). "Born Against: Freedom from Religion Foundation pushes for alternative to court-mandated AA meetings". The Parkersburg News & Sentinel.
  16. ↑ Baker, John (1998). Celebrate Recovery: Leader's Guide . Zondervan Publishing House. ISBN   978-0-310-22108-1.
  17. ↑ Ryan, Dale. "God as We Understood Him : Too Christian or Not Christian Enough?". Archived from the original on 2016-04-27. Retrieved 2008-07-14.
  18. ↑ Bush, George W. (2008-06-26). "Office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives National Conference". The White House, Washington. Retrieved 2008-08-10.

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