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Bipolar disorder,previously known as manic depression,is a mental disorder characterized by periods of depression and periods of abnormally elevated mood that each last from days to weeks. If the elevated mood is severe or associated with psychosis,it is called mania;if it is less severe,it is called hypomania. During mania,an individual behaves or feels abnormally energetic,happy or irritable,and they often make impulsive decisions with little regard for the consequences. There is usually also a reduced need for sleep during manic phases. During periods of depression,the individual may experience crying and have a negative outlook on life and poor eye contact with others. The risk of suicide is high;over a period of 20 years,6% of those with bipolar disorder died by suicide,while 30–40% engaged in self-harm. Other mental health issues,such as anxiety disorders and substance use disorders,are commonly associated with bipolar disorder.
Schizotypal personality disorder,also known as schizotypal disorder,is a cluster A personality disorder. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) classification describes the disorder specifically as a personality disorder characterized by thought disorder,paranoia,a characteristic form of social anxiety,derealization,transient psychosis,and unconventional beliefs. People with this disorder feel pronounced discomfort in forming and maintaining social connections with other people,primarily due to the belief that other people harbor negative thoughts and views about them. Peculiar speech mannerisms and socially unexpected modes of dress are also characteristic. Schizotypal people may react oddly in conversations,not respond,or talk to themselves. They frequently interpret situations as being strange or having unusual meanings for them;paranormal and superstitious beliefs are common. Schizotypal people usually disagree with the suggestion that their thoughts and behaviors are a 'disorder' and seek medical attention for depression or anxiety instead. Schizotypal personality disorder occurs in approximately 3% of the general population and is more commonly diagnosed in males.
Neuropsychiatry is a branch of medicine that deals with psychiatry as it relates to neurology,in an effort to understand and attribute behavior to the interaction of neurobiology and social psychology factors. Within neuropsychiatry,the mind is considered "as an emergent property of the brain",whereas other behavioral and neurological specialties might consider the two as separate entities. Those disciplines are typically practiced separately.
Irritability is the excitatory ability that living organisms have to respond to changes in their environment. The term is used for both the physiological reaction to stimuli and for the pathological,abnormal or excessive sensitivity to stimuli.
Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) is a brief,attachment-focused psychotherapy that centers on resolving interpersonal problems and symptomatic recovery. It is an empirically supported treatment (EST) that follows a highly structured and time-limited approach and is intended to be completed within 12–16 weeks. IPT is based on the principle that relationships and life events impact mood and that the reverse is also true. It was developed by Gerald Klerman and Myrna Weissman for major depression in the 1970s and has since been adapted for other mental disorders. IPT is an empirically validated intervention for depressive disorders,and is more effective when used in combination with psychiatric medications. Along with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT),IPT is recommended in treatment guidelines as a psychosocial treatment of choice for depression.
Child and adolescent psychiatry is a branch of psychiatry that focuses on the diagnosis,treatment,and prevention of mental disorders in children,adolescents,and their families. It investigates the biopsychosocial factors that influence the development and course of psychiatric disorders and treatment responses to various interventions. Child and adolescent psychiatrists primarily use psychotherapy and/or medication to treat mental disorders in the pediatric population.
In genetic epidemiology,endophenotype is a term used to separate behavioral symptoms into more stable phenotypes with a clear genetic connection. By seeing the EP notion as a special case of a larger collection of multivariate genetic models,which may be fitted using currently accessible methodology,it is possible to maximize its valuable potential lessons for etiological study in psychiatric disorders. The concept was coined by Bernard John and Kenneth R. Lewis in a 1966 paper attempting to explain the geographic distribution of grasshoppers. They claimed that the particular geographic distribution could not be explained by the obvious and external "exophenotype" of the grasshoppers,but instead must be explained by their microscopic and internal "endophenotype". The endophenotype idea represents the influence of two important conceptual currents in biology and psychology research. An adequate technology would be required to perceive the endophenotype,which represents an unobservable latent entity that cannot be directly observed with the unaided naked eye. In the investigation of anxiety and affective disorders,the endophenotype idea has gained popularity.
Jeffrey H. Meyer is a scientist and professor working with mood and anxiety disorders using neuroimaging at the Department of Psychiatry,University of Toronto. He is currently the head of the Neurochemical Imaging Program in Mood and Anxiety Disorders in the Brain Health Imaging Centre at the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute and is working as a Senior Scientist in the General and Health Systems Psychiatry Division at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health. He has also been awarded with the Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in the Neurochemistry of Major Depression.
Dennis S. Charney is an American biological psychiatrist and researcher,with expertise in the neurobiology and treatment of mood and anxiety disorders. He is the author of Neurobiology of Mental Illness,The Physician's Guide to Depression and Bipolar Disorders and Molecular Biology for the Clinician,as well as the author of over 600 original papers and chapters. In 2022,he was listed #52 on Research.com's "Top Medicine Scientists in the United States," with an h-index of 194 with 146,109 citations across 651 publications. Charney is known for demonstrating that ketamine is effective for treating depression. Ketamine's use as a rapidly-acting anti-depressant is recognized as a breakthrough treatment in mental illness.
Late-life depression refers to depression occurring in older adults and has diverse presentations,including as a recurrence of early-onset depression,a new diagnosis of late-onset depression,and a mood disorder resulting from a separate medical condition,substance use,or medication regimen. Research regarding late-life depression often focuses on late-onset depression,which is defined as a major depressive episode occurring for the first time in an older person.
Daniel A. Geller is an Australian American pediatrician and psychiatrist who specializes in the treatment of pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). Geller is triple board certified in Pediatrics,Psychiatry,and Child &Adolescent Psychiatry,and is director of the Pediatric OCD Program at Massachusetts General Hospital.
Edward Khantzian was a professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School. Beginning in the 1970s,he developed a progressively more coherent and empirically-grounded self-medication hypothesis of drug abuse,which states that individuals use drugs in an attempt to self-medicate states of distress and suffering.
Andrew J. Gerber is an American psychoanalyst and the current president and medical director of Silver Hill Hospital in New Canaan,Connecticut. His principal interests and research lie in studying the neurobiological bases of social cognition,particularly in relation to autism spectrum disorders and change in response to psychotherapy. He is a member of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,American Psychiatric Association,American Psychoanalytic Association and the Psychoanalytic Psychodynamic Research Society.
The Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ) is a self-report questionnaire designed to help detect bipolar disorder. It focuses on symptoms of hypomania and mania,which are the mood states that separate bipolar disorders from other types of depression and mood disorder. It has 5 main questions,and the first question has 13 parts,for a total of 17 questions. The MDQ was originally tested with adults,but it also has been studied in adolescents ages 11 years and above. It takes approximately 5–10 minutes to complete. In 2006,a parent-report version was created to allow for assessment of bipolar symptoms in children or adolescents from a caregiver perspective,with the research looking at youths as young as 5 years old. The MDQ has become one of the most widely studied and used questionnaires for bipolar disorder,and it has been translated into more than a dozen languages.
Myrna Milgram Weissman is Diane Goldman Kemper Family Professor of Epidemiology in Psychiatry at the Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons and Mailman School of Public Health,Columbia University,and Chief of the Division of Translational Epidemiology at the New York State Psychiatric Institute. She is an epidemiologist known for her research on the prevalence of psychiatric disorders and psychiatric epidemiology,as it pertains to rates and risks of anxiety and mood disorders across generations. Among her many influential works are longitudinal studies of the impact of parental depression on their children.
Bipolar disorder is an affective disorder characterized by periods of elevated and depressed mood. The cause and mechanism of bipolar disorder is not yet known,and the study of its biological origins is ongoing. Although no single gene causes the disorder,a number of genes are linked to increase risk of the disorder,and various gene environment interactions may play a role in predisposing individuals to developing bipolar disorder. Neuroimaging and postmortem studies have found abnormalities in a variety of brain regions,and most commonly implicated regions include the ventral prefrontal cortex and amygdala. Dysfunction in emotional circuits located in these regions have been hypothesized as a mechanism for bipolar disorder. A number of lines of evidence suggests abnormalities in neurotransmission,intracellular signalling,and cellular functioning as possibly playing a role in bipolar disorder.
Matthew C. Keller is an American behavioral and psychiatric geneticist. He is the Director of the Institute for Behavioral Genetics and a professor in the Department of Psychology and Neuroscience at the University of Colorado Boulder. He is known for his criticism of the candidate gene approach and for development of approaches in quantitative genetics.
Mauricio Tohen is a Mexican American research psychiatrist,Distinguished Professor,and Chairman of the Department of Psychiatry &Behavioral Sciences at the University of New Mexico. Tohen's research has focused on the epidemiology,outcome,and treatment of bipolar and psychotic disorders,and is especially known for innovating the design of clinical trials and the criteria to determine outcome in such diseases. Tohen has edited several books on his specialties. His social awareness has been noted in the promotion of programs to improve mental health care in areas such as substance abuse,bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.
Psychedelic treatments for trauma-related disorders are the use of psychedelic substances,either alone or used in conjunction with psychotherapy,to treat trauma-related disorders. Trauma-related disorders,such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD),have a lifetime prevalence of around 8% in the US population. However,even though trauma-related disorders can hinder the everyday life of individuals with them,less than 50% of patients who meet criteria for PTSD diagnosis receive proper treatment. Psychotherapy is an effective treatment for trauma-related disorders. A meta-analysis of treatment outcomes has shown that 67% of patients who completed treatment for PTSD no longer met diagnostic criteria for PTSD. For those seeking evidence-based psychotherapy treatment,it is estimated that 22-24% will drop out of their treatment. In addition to psychotherapy,pharmacotherapy (medication) is an option for treating PTSD;however,research has found that pharmacotherapy is only effective for about 59% of patients. Although both forms of treatment are effective for many patients,high dropout rates of psychotherapy and treatment-resistant forms of PTSD have led to increased research in other possible forms of treatment. One such form is the use of psychedelics.
Irvin M. Cohen,M.D. (1922–2019) was a psychiatrist specializing in psychopharmacology,recognized for his role in the early use of chlorpromazine in the treatment of schizophrenia,the development of the first benzodiazepine (Librium) treatments in depressive patients,and in the adoption of lithium to treat bipolar disorder.
References
- ↑ "Dr. Hilary Blumberg appointed the inaugural Furth Professor of Psychiatric Neuroscience". yale.edu. 25 February 2015.
- ↑ "Past Klerman and Freedman Prizewinners". Brain & Behavior Research Foundation (Formerly NARSAD). Archived from the original on 2015-09-06. Retrieved 7 July 2016.
- ↑ "ISBD Mogens Schou Awards". ISBD. Retrieved 2021-09-21.
- ↑ "APA Council Reports". American Journal of Psychiatry. 175 (10): 1028–1045. 2018-10-01. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.1751001 . ISSN 0002-953X. S2CID 207714727.
- ↑ "Past Outstanding Achievement Prizewinners". Brain & Behavior Research Foundation. 2017-04-11. Retrieved 2021-09-21.
- ↑ Sankar, Anjali; Panchal, Priyanka; Goldman, Danielle A.; Colic, Lejla; Villa, Luca M.; Kim, Jihoon A.; Lebowitz, Eli R.; Carrubba, Erin; Lecza, Bernadette; Silverman, Wendy K.; Swartz, Holly A. (2021-07-23). "Telehealth Social Rhythm Therapy to Reduce Mood Symptoms and Suicide Risk Among Adolescents and Young Adults With Bipolar Disorder". American Journal of Psychotherapy. 74 (4): 172–177. doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.20210011. ISSN 0002-9564. PMC 9588254 . PMID 34293928.
- ↑ Blumberg, Hilary P.; Stern, Emily; Ricketts, Sally; Martinez, Diana; de Asis, Jose; White, Thomas; Epstein, Jane; Isenberg, Nancy; McBride, P. Anne; Kemperman, Ingrid; Emmerich, Sylvia (1999-12-01). "Rostral and Orbital Prefrontal Cortex Dysfunction in the Manic State of Bipolar Disorder". American Journal of Psychiatry. 156 (12): 1986–1988. doi:10.1176/ajp.156.12.1986. ISSN 0002-953X. PMID 10588416. S2CID 2370602.
- ↑ Potenza, Marc N.; Leung, Hoi-Chung; Blumberg, Hilary P.; Peterson, Bradley S.; Fulbright, Robert K.; Lacadie, Cheryl M.; Skudlarski, Pawel; Gore, John C. (2003-11-01). "An fMRI Stroop Task Study of Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortical Function in Pathological Gamblers". American Journal of Psychiatry. 160 (11): 1990–1994. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.11.1990. ISSN 0002-953X. PMID 14594746. S2CID 17789161.
- ↑ Blumberg, Hilary P.; Martin, Andrés; Kaufman, Joan; Leung, Hoi-Chung; Skudlarski, Pawel; Lacadie, Cheryl; Fulbright, Robert K.; Gore, John C.; Charney, Dennis S.; Krystal, John H.; Peterson, Bradley S. (2003-07-01). "Frontostriatal Abnormalities in Adolescents With Bipolar Disorder: Preliminary Observations From Functional MRI". American Journal of Psychiatry. 160 (7): 1345–1347. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.7.1345. ISSN 0002-953X. PMID 12832254.
- ↑ Johnston, Jennifer A.Y.; Wang, Fei; Liu, Jie; Blond, Benjamin N.; Wallace, Amanda; Liu, Jiacheng; Spencer, Linda; Cox Lippard, Elizabeth T.; Purves, Kirstin L.; Landeros-Weisenberger, Angeli; Hermes, Eric (2017-01-31). "Multimodal Neuroimaging of Frontolimbic Structure and Function Associated With Suicide Attempts in Adolescents and Young Adults With Bipolar Disorder". American Journal of Psychiatry. 174 (7): 667–675. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.15050652. ISSN 0002-953X. PMC 5939580 . PMID 28135845.
