Formation and early years (1875–1894)
St. Mark's beginnings (1880–1887)
As with many early football clubs the exact origin of Manchester City F.C. are not certain, having not been clearly documented at the time. The club can, however, trace its origins to St. Mark's Church in Gorton in the latter part of the 19th century. At the time, Gorton and indeed much of Manchester faced significant social problems, with large parts of the young male population regularly spending their free time "scuttling" - participating in semi-organised gang fights in open spaces involving hundreds of individuals at a time. The rector of St. Mark's - Arthur Connell - as well as his daughter Anna and church wardens William Beastow, Thomas Goodbehere and James Moores looked to refocus attentions on less destructive outlets with the forming of a young men's association in the 1870s. Among other activities, the members were encouraged to join the church's cricket team, though the cricket season only ran during the warmer months of the year. [1] It is not clear from where or when the idea to form a football team which could play during the remainder of the year came, but their first recorded match was on 13 November 1880, against a church team from Macclesfield. St. Marks lost the match 2–1. Though their first few matches were largely unsuccessful they would record their first victory over Stalybridge Clarence in March 1881. [2]
It is often popularly claimed that the football team which became Manchester City F.C. was created specifically by Anna Connell, which would make City perhaps the only major football club in the world with a female founder. [3] [4] Official club historian Gary James and several other authors dispute this, however, asserting that while Anna did take the lead on organising men's meetings and activities there is nothing specifically linking her to the football team. They comment that, all the same, she likely would have approved of the idea and could perhaps have been involved to some capacity. [5]
In the early years of St Mark's' existence, several of their players had played for other teams while also turning out for the church side, among others being one of their first players, Walter Chew, a man who would continue to be associated with the club for the rest of his life, and who in 1884 was both captaining St Marks and also appearing for Belle Vue. When St Mark's lost their ground at the end of the 1883–84 season the links between the two teams, plus their proximity to each other, led to a merger with each other. It seemed that disagreements simmered between the players of the two teams however, as the union lasted only one season before the clubs split again, the St Mark's representatives naming themselves Gorton Association F.C. and Belle Vue reforming as West Gorton Athletic. [7] With this name change, the team were gradually losing touch with their religious beginnings, and the St. Marks title slowly faded, with the club often placing St. Marks in parentheses. [8]
Aside from being the first season of football under their new Gorton Association name, the 1884–85 season saw several other firsts for the former St Mark's team. Early in the season they joined the Manchester & District Football Association, and later played their first Manchester Senior Cup game under the competition's former name of Manchester & District Challenge Cup, the match ending up a First Round defeat by a 1–0 scoreline against university team Dalton Hall. It was also the first season for which the design of the shirts worn in matches is known for certain, with a now-well-known photo in existence showing the team wearing a black strip with a white cross pattée which has become symbolic to many fans and remains popular even though it has never been re-worn nor has its design influenced other kits in well over a century since it was first and last worn. Records exist suggesting that the club played in scarlet and black during its years merged with Belle Vue, and other references to colours exist, but no pictographic proof nor written description of the layout of colours worn exists for any of their previous kits.
Though the Gorton club had for several years been the contemporary and in some ways equal of other local clubs at the time, such as West Manchester, Heywood Central and the club which would evolve into their greatest rivals but then known as Newton Heath, in the previous couple of seasons those clubs had outpaced the Gortonians, making a name for themselves in the Manchester Senior Cup before stepping up to the level of the burgeoning national cup competition, the FA Cup. Gorton A.F.C. however continued to struggle in cup competitions, finally earning their first cup win with a 5–1 First Round victory over their former partners, West Gorton Athletic, in late 1886. Their joy was instantly cut short however, as they were given a Second Round tie against Newton Heath, with "the Heathens" showing the new disparity in strength with a ruthless 11-1 demolition of the Gorton club. Cup success was, however, to prove just around the corner for the old church team.
Ardwick A.F.C. (1887–1894)
The summer of 1887 turned out to be one of great change for the infant club, with change happening on three fronts. For a start, the club had once again been turfed out of their playing location and needed a new area to call their home. After some searching, one was eventually identified near to a railway viaduct in Ardwick. While the field initially was unimpressive, being uneven and muddy, either necessity or ambition finally won the day and a rent was agreed upon at a rate of £10 for seven months; club historian Gary James arguing that the disappointment of the previous five grounds instilled in the club's decision-makers a determination to go the extra distance this time to build a lasting stadium rather than continue to play on and be evicted from facility-less fields for the rest of their existence. [9] The new location was close by the Hyde Road Hotel, and the club soon struck up a good relationship with the hotel's landlord, Stephen Chesters-Thompson, who allowed them use of his hotel's facilities in exchange for the club officially basing themselves there, and later on receiving the licence to run all of the new stadium's bars. It was to be the start of a long link between the landlord and the club, and the businessman would work his way into the club's leadership before long. Another offshoot of the link with the Hyde Road Hotel was to be the club acquiring its first (recorded) nickname - they would continue to be known as The Brewerymen for some time. [9] The first match at the brand new Hyde Road stadium was chosen to be against Salford A.F.C. on 10 September 1887, but the "grand opening" of the new ground was a non-event as Salford failed to turn up. [10]
The second change to the club was to be to their name. No longer based within the limits of Gorton, it was decided that to continue to go by the name Gorton Association Football Club was now a misnomer. Consequently, the club officially renamed themselves Ardwick Association Football Club, inheriting the name of their new home district in place of the old. [9] The final change related to their pay structure. While the club had officially been amateur since its creation, for the first time in 1887 it was decided to award one player a weekly salary of 5 shillings for his services, the club thereby becoming a professional organisation. [11]
In 1889 an explosion at the nearby Hyde Road coal mine results in the death of 23 miners with Ardwick and Newton Heath, who both later became City and United, playing a friendly match under floodlights in aid of the disaster fund. [12] The 1888–89 season was also to see the construction of the first stand at the new ground, though it held a capacity of only 1,000. [13]
Deciding to take the biggest step yet in building a winning team, manager Lawrence Furniss and wealthy backer John Allison undertook a scouting trip to Scotland to search for players of a better level, who would push the team's on-pitch performance up another notch, ending with a return to England where they also looked at the squad of then-leading north-west side Bolton Wanderers. The trip was successful and several of the players they signed on would go on to be leading names for the club over the next few years, including goalkeeper William Douglas, David Robson and notable if temperamental England international David Weir. [14]
Ardwick gained wider fame in 1891 by winning the Manchester Cup for the first time, defeating Newton Heath 1–0 in the final. [15] This success proved influential to the decision by the Football Alliance to accept Ardwick as a member for the 1891–92 season. The Alliance merged with the Football League in 1892, and Ardwick became founder members of Division Two. Financial troubles in the 1893–94 season led to a reorganisation within the club, and Ardwick turned into Manchester City, with Manchester City Football Club Limited formally becoming a registered company on 16 April 1894.[ citation needed ]
