History of competitive swimwear

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The history of competitive swimwear has been dominated by concerns over public nudity in the first half of the 20th century and by efforts to reduce water drag in the second half. [1] Those efforts initially led swimmers to reduce the early sagging one-piece swimsuits down to briefs only. With the development of new materials that tightly fit the body and offered lower resistance to water than human skin, this trend was reversed to a complete body coverage from heels to neck and wrists. FINA banned full-body suits from competition effective from 1 January 2010, stating that it "wishes to recall the main and core principle is that swimming is a sport essentially based on the physical performance of the athlete". [2]

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Goggles were used in the crossing of the English Channel back in 1911, but only in 1970 appeared at international competitions. With the advent of rubber technology, latex swimming caps became mass-produced in the 1920s, and more efficient silicone caps appeared in the 1970s.

Today, competitive swimwear is a major business for companies like Speedo, Arena and TYR and its development involves such institutions as NASA and Australian Institute of Sport.

British 4 x 100 m freestyle team members, from left to right, Belle Moore, Jennie Fletcher, Annie Speirs and Irene Steer, at the 1912 Olympics, wearing silk suits and bikinis, with a chaperone in the middle Belle Moore, Jennie Fletcher, Annie Speirs, Irene Steer 1912.jpg
British 4 × 100 m freestyle team members, from left to right, Belle Moore, Jennie Fletcher, Annie Speirs and Irene Steer, at the 1912 Olympics, wearing silk suits and bikinis, with a chaperone in the middle
East German swimmers, from left to right, Monika Seltmann, Carola Nitschke, Andrea Pollack, Barbara Krause, wearing skinsuits at the 1976 national championships Bundesarchiv Bild 183-R0605-0010, Monika Seltmann, Carola Nitschke, Andrea Pollach, Barbara Krause.jpg
East German swimmers, from left to right, Monika Seltmann, Carola Nitschke, Andrea Pollack, Barbara Krause, wearing skinsuits at the 1976 national championships

Early years

Olympic Games have been the most important international swimming competition. While men's events were an integral part of all Olympics, women's races were introduced only in 1912, and until 1924 were limited to a couple of freestyle events.

Public nudity was a major concern in designing early swimwear. It was a major factor behind the non-participation of American women in the 1912 Olympics. [3] At those Games British women wore full-body silk suits of such a volume that they could be passed through a wedding ring. The suits were complemented by bras and bikini-style briefs as they became transparent when wet. Women's coaches were rare at early Olympics, and to further reduce the chances of harassment women were accompanied by chaperones. [4] Even men wore one-piece swimsuits covering the body from hips to shoulders up to the 1940s. [5] In 1928, Speedo introduced their racerback silk suit that was optimized to fit the body shape. [6] [7] It uncovered the shoulder blades, which almost resulted in disqualification of Clare Dennis at the 1932 Olympics, [8] but became a norm by 1936. [9] Meanwhile, men were allowed to swim in bare-chest suits in 1936, and in briefs only at the 1948 Olympics. [6] [10] In 1956, Speedo became the first company to introduce nylon [11] and in the 1970s elastane to their swimsuits that improved their elasticity, durability and water drag – 21 out of 22 records at the 1972 Olympics were broken using nylon/elastane suits. [6]

Nada Higl in a Jaked skinsuit in 2010 Nadja Higl Win.jpg
Nađa Higl in a Jaked skinsuit in 2010

At the same Olympics, East German swimmers adopted suits that were tightly following the body shape, the so-called "skinsuits". They were initially made of cotton and became virtually transparent when wet. The revealing shape and transparency caused outrage among US swimmers; meanwhile, at the 1973 World Aquatics Championships, East German women won 10 of 14 events and set seven world records. Those championships became the turning point for the world to adopt the skinsuit, modified with novel synthetic materials, as a standard competitive swimwear. [12]

Biomimetic suits

In 2000, Speedo launched the Fastskin suit series that mimicked shark skin. Their surface contained bumps and ridges that channeled the water over the swimmer's body approximately 3% more efficiently than traditional materials. [13] [14] Those suits covered most of the body, from neck to ankles and wrists, and their shape was optimized for specific swimming strokes, compressing some body parts while allowing more freedom to the others. [15] [16] Those suits were approved for the 2000 Olympics, where they helped win 83% of the medals. [14] By the next Olympics, similar suits had been developed by Tyr Sport, Inc., but they were not approved by the FINA. [17]

Non-textile swimsuits

Amanda Beard (left), Michael Phelps (center), and Natalie Coughlin (right) wearing the LZR Racer Suit during its unveiling at a press conference in New York City in February 2008. Unveiling of LZR Racer in NYC 2008-02-13.jpg
Amanda Beard (left), Michael Phelps (center), and Natalie Coughlin (right) wearing the LZR Racer Suit during its unveiling at a press conference in New York City in February 2008.

In February 2008, Speedo launched the LZR Racer swimsuit based on woven elastane-nylon and polyurethane (50%). The suit was developed by Italian company Mectex with the Australian Institute of Sport and NASA, which provided wind-tunnel testing facilities. [18] [19] The suits were manufactured at Petratex, a textile factory in Paços de Ferreira, Portugal, where the technology is patented. [18] Like other suits used for high-competition racing, LZR Racer allows for better oxygen flow to the muscles, and holds the body in a more hydrodynamic position, while repelling water and increasing flexibility. [20] The seams of the suit are ultrasonically welded to further reduce drag. [16] [18] [21] The suit is chlorine-resistant and quick to dry. The suit reportedly can lower racing times by 2 to 4%. [16] [22]

FINA endorsed the suit for competitive use before the 2008 Beijing Olympics, [21] where swimmers wearing the suit set 23 out of 25 world records and won 94% of the races and 89% of the medals. [23]

Other companies offered their own alternative non-textile suits in 2008, including the 100% polyurethane Arena X-Glide, Jaked01 and Adidas Hydrofoil. [24] By 24 August 2009, more than 130 world records had been broken by swimmers wearing non-textile suits, and more than 90 of them were set with the LZR Racer. [19] [24] [25]

FINA rule changes

In 2009, the FINA Congress voted almost unanimously to revert its policy and ban all body-length swimsuits. The decision was taken in Rome on 24 July 2009, during the 2009 World Aquatics Championships. The new policy states that men's swimsuits may maximally cover the area from the waist to the knee, and women's counterparts from the shoulder to the knee. FINA also ruled that the fabric used must be a textile or a woven material and that a suit may not have any fastening devices such as a zipper (drawstrings on male jammers are allowed). Textile was defined as any open-mesh material like cotton, nylon, Lycra, etc. The new regulations took effect on 1 January 2010, [26] and the previous records set in non-textile suits remain valid. [24] [25]

Goggles

Thomas William Burgess wearing his motorcycle goggles in 1911 Burgess 2163735434 2f49595db7 o.jpg
Thomas William Burgess wearing his motorcycle goggles in 1911

The first competitive swimmer to use goggles was Thomas William Burgess, during his crossing of the English Channel in 1911. His motorcycle goggles leaked water, yet they protected his eyes from water splashes during his breaststroke-only swim. In 1926, Gertrude Ederle also used motorcycle goggles when crossing the Channel. She swam crawl and therefore sealed her goggles with paraffin to render them water tight. Meanwhile, the vast majority of pool swimmers had no eye protection until the late 1960s, which limited their training time due to the eye irritation with disinfectants added to the pool water. When the first commercial goggles were introduced to competitive swimmers in 1968 they were met with limited success because of their fixed and rigid shape. Most swimmers could not fit them to their face and complained about leaks, especially after starts and turns. Only two years later David Wilkie became the first swimmer to use goggles in international pool competitions, at the 1970 Commonwealth Games. [27] Goggles were first allowed at the Olympics in 1976, and many athletes used them in preparation at the 1972 Games. [28]

Caps

Swimming caps were used since the early 1900s, when they were made of cotton, silk, or rubberized fabrics and often featured an "aviator-style" chin strap to hold the cap in place. [29] Stretchable and water-tight latex caps became widely available in the 1920s [1] and more durable and smooth silicone caps in the 1970s. Further efforts to improve silicone caps went into eliminating wrinkles, which resulted in the seamless caps and then in more rigid "racing dome" caps of globular shape. [30]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Skin-tight garment</span> Clothing that hugs the body

A skin-tight garment is a garment that is held to the skin usually by elastic tension using some type of stretch fabric. Commercial stretch fabrics ('elastomerics') such as spandex or elastane came onto the market in 1962, and revolutionized many areas of the clothing industry. A wide variety of clothing may be made to be skin-tight, and it is common for clothing to be skin-tight for some uses, such as in stockings, bodystockings, swimsuits and women's bras.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Swimsuit</span> Clothing worn for swimming

A swimsuit is an item of clothing designed to be worn by people engaging in a water-based activity or water sports, such as swimming, diving and surfing, or sun-orientated activities, such as sun bathing. Different types may be worn by men, women, and children. A swimsuit can be described by various names, some of which are used only in particular locations or for particular types of suit, including swimwear, bathing suit, bathing attire, swimming costume, bathing costume, swimming suit, swimmers, swimming togs, bathers, cossie, or swimming trunks, besides others.

Speedo International Limited is an Australian-British distributor of swimwear and swim-related accessories based in Nottingham, England.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">One-piece swimsuit</span> Swimwear worn mainly by women and girls

A one-piece swimsuit most commonly refers to swimwear worn primarily by women and girls when swimming in the sea or in a swimming pool, playing water polo, or for any activity in the sun, such as sun bathing. Today, the one-piece swimsuit is usually a skin-tight garment that covers the torso, although some designs expose the back or upper chest.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Competitive swimwear</span> Swimsuit, clothing, equipment and accessories used in the aquatic competitive sports

Competitive swimwear refers to the swimsuit, clothing, equipment, and accessories used in the aquatic sports of swimming, diving, artistic swimming, triathlon, and water polo.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Swim cap</span> Cap worn while swimming or bathing

A swimming cap, swim cap or bathing cap, is a tightly fitted, skin-tight garment, commonly made from silicone, latex or lycra, worn on the head by recreational and competitive swimmers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">TYR Sport</span> American sportswear company

TYR Sport, Inc. is an American designer, developer and manufacturer of competitive swim and triathlon apparel and related specialized athletics gear. It shares ownership with Swimwear Anywhere.

High-technology swimwear, or tech suits, are scientifically advanced materials used for swimwear in competitive water sports such as swimming and triathlon. Materials of this type are normally spandex and nylon composite fabrics with features to reduce drag against the water. The fabrics include features that increase the swimmer's glide through water and reduce the absorption of water by the suit as opposed to regular swimsuits. Additionally, the suits are extremely tight, which make the swimmers body more streamlined and help reduce the buildup of lactic acid in the body. Since 2010, high-tech swimsuits, specifically those offering significant performance-enhancing features and made from non-textile materials, have been banned in professional competitive swimming. This decision was made by FINA after the 2008 and 2009 swimming seasons, during which many world records were broken by swimmers wearing high-tech swimsuits, raising concerns about the impact of technology on the sport.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Open water swimming</span> Swimming sport

Open water swimming is a swimming discipline which takes place in outdoor bodies of water such as open oceans, lakes, and rivers. Competitive open water swimming is governed by the International Swimming Federation, World Aquatics, except when it is part of multi-sport events, which are governed by the World Triathlon.

Aquashift is a high-end technical swimsuit made by American swimwear company TYR which was released in early 2004. It incorporates years of research that TYR performed with the Center for Research and Education in Special Environments (CRESE), at the University at Buffalo. The suit sports the "Tripwire", a feature unique to TYR and the Aquashift suit, that reportedly reduces drag by a very large percentage. The suits are made of a blend of 74% polyester and 26% Lycra. The line of suits offers a bodyskin for both men and women, a kneeskin for men and women, and a regular women's suit. The price range for these suits is roughly $120 for a pair of jammers to about $380 for a bodyskin.

The swimming competitions at the 2008 Summer Olympics took place from 9 to 17 August 2008 at the Beijing National Aquatics Centre. The newly introduced open water marathon events (10 km) were held on 20 and 21 August 2008 at Shunyi Olympic Rowing-Canoeing Park.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LZR Racer</span> Line of competition swimsuits

The LZR Racer is a line of competition swimsuits manufactured by Speedo using a high-technology swimwear fabric composed of woven elastane-nylon and polyurethane. The swimsuits are available in a full-body length; they compress the body and trap air for buoyancy. The LZR Pro and LZR Elite were launched on 13 February 2008; the higher-priced LZR Elite was replaced by the LZR Elite 2 in early 2014. The LZR X was launched in early 2015. The technology is patented in Italy, and protected worldwide.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Swim briefs</span> Any briefs-style male swimsuit

A swim brief or racing brief is any briefs-style male swimsuit such as those worn in competitive swimming, diving and water polo. The popularity of the Australian Speedo brand racing brief has led to the use of its name in many countries around the world to refer to any racing brief, regardless of the maker. Occasionally, the speedo genericized trademark is applied to square cut swimsuits, but in general the generic term is used in reference to swimming briefs. Swim briefs are also referred to as competition briefs, swimming trunks, bathers, togs, racer bathers, posing briefs, racing briefs, and colloquially in Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom as budgie smugglers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Swimming (sport)</span> Water-based sport

Swimming is an individual or team racing sport that requires the use of one's entire body to move through water. The sport takes place in pools or open water. Competitive swimming is one of the most popular Olympic sports, with varied distance events in butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke, freestyle, and individual medley. In addition to these individual events, four swimmers can take part in either a freestyle or medley relay. A medley relay consists of four swimmers who will each swim a different stroke, ordered as backstroke, breaststroke, butterfly and freestyle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arena X-Glide</span> Swimsuit brand

Arena X-Glide is a swimsuit from the Arena brand, made of pure polyurethane that causes a swimmer to slide through water faster when swimming. One notable example of the efficacy of this suit design is that of Paul Biedermann of Germany who wore the suit in the 2009 World Championships, breaking two world records. The design of the suit covers basically the whole torso and the legs with the impermeable polyurethane, thereby exposing less skin to the water and improving the swimmer's buoyancy and streamlined shape. This significantly reduces the drag on the swimmer as they move through the water.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">AgonSwim</span> Competitive swimwear manufacture

AgonSwim is a competitive swimwear manufacturer company based in Nashville, Tennessee. AgonSwim was founded by and is run by former competitive swimmers Rafael Escalad, Henar Alonso-Pimentel, Jennifer Edson Escalas and Juan Enrique Escalas. The company was incorporated in 2000 and specialises in producing and manufacturing swimsuits in Valladolid, Spain for swimmers, water sport athletes, lifeguards and divers.

Zoggs is a brand of swimming goggles, training aids, swimwear and other related products. The company launched in Sydney, Australia in 1992 and was the first brand to offer UV protection and split yoke straps as standard features on all goggles.

Technology doping is the practice of gaining a competitive advantage using sports equipment. The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) considers prohibiting technologies if they are "performance-enhancing" or "being against the spirit of the sport". In 2006, WADA initiated a consultation on technology doping which is now officially recognised as a threat, whilst the decision to allow or ban a new technology, specifically relating to sports equipment, is the responsibility of each sport’s own governing body.

Bruce Robert Mason OAM is a leading Australian sports scientist in the field of biomechanics. Between 1982 and 2014, he made a significant contribution to the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS) in the area of biomechanics, particularly in the sport of swimming.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of swimwear</span>

The history of swimwear traces the changes in the styles of men's and women's swimwear over time and between cultures, and touches on the social, religious and legal attitudes to swimming and swimwear.

References

  1. 1 2 Swimwear history – from silk to sharks. BBC
  2. ↑ Fina extends swimsuit regulations. BBC. 19 March 2009
  3. ↑ Shelton, Sandi Kahn (4 August 2012) Women swimmers bucked tide of sexism to compete in Olympics 100 years ago; SCSU librarian's book says competition deemed 'too unfemale' (video). nhregister.com
  4. ↑ Manning, Jo (11 August 2008) First champ 'would be thrilled'. BBC
  5. ↑ Daily News, pp. 1, 5
  6. 1 2 3 Our History Archived 22 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine . speedo.com.au
  7. ↑ Daily News, p. 6
  8. ↑ "Dennis, Clara (Clare) (1916–1971) Biographical Entry". Australian Dictionary of Biography Online. Australian National University. Retrieved 15 January 2011.
  9. ↑ Daily News, p. 7
  10. ↑ Daily News, p. 8
  11. ↑ Daily News, pp. 9, 12
  12. ↑ Campbell, Jule (12 August 1974) Light, Tight And Right For Racing Archived 5 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine , sportsillustrated.cnn.com
  13. ↑ Murphy, Sean (19 April 2000) Fastskin fastalk: hype or help? abc.net.au
  14. 1 2 A revolutionary swimsuit. European Patent Office (2009)
  15. ↑ Daily News, p. 14
  16. 1 2 3 Nasr, Susan L. Can a swimsuit make you swim faster? science.howstuffworks.com
  17. ↑ TYR Appeals Ban of Arm Bands. collegeswimming.com. 8 June 2004
  18. 1 2 3 Rodie, Janet Bealer (May–June 2008). "Quality Fabric Of The Month". Textile Word. Archived from the original on 13 July 2014.
  19. 1 2 Thurow, Roger; Rhoads, Christopher (14 August 2008). "Fast Times: Speedo, Like Michael Phelps, Goes For World Domination in an LZR Suit". Wall Street Journal. p. A14.
  20. ↑ Hogg, Chris (9 June 2008). "Japanese search for new swimsuits". BBC News. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  21. 1 2 Speedo LZR Racer swimsuit spawns copycats and controversy. Gizmodo Australia. 14 April 2008.
  22. ↑ Brasor, Philip (10 August 2008) "Celebrity rules as the Olympics strays far from its ideal", Japan Times
  23. ↑ PHELPS SECURES HIS PLACE IN THE HISTORY BOOKS AFTER LANDING HIS EIGHTH GOLD MEDAL! Archived 19 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine Speedo. 17 August 2008
  24. 1 2 3 Shipley, Amy (24 July 2009) FINA Opts to Ban All High-Tech Swimsuits Archived 19 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine , reachforthewall.com
  25. 1 2 Roberts, Jacob (2017). "Winning Skin". Distillations. 2 (4): 8–15. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  26. ↑ FINA REQUIREMENTS FOR SWIMWEAR APPROVAL (FRSA) Archived 26 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine . (Regulations valid for swimwear to be used from 1 January 2010) as amended with effect from 1 January 2011
  27. ↑ The history of goggles. International Swimming Hall of Fame
  28. ↑ Swimming Career. shanegould.com.au
  29. ↑ Chico, Beverly (2013). Hats and Headwear around the World: A Cultural Encyclopedia: A Cultural Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 43–. ISBN   978-1-61069-063-8.
  30. ↑ Gatta, G; Zamparo, P; Cortesi, M (2013). "Effect of swim cap model on passive drag". Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 27 (10): 2904–8. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e318280cc3a. PMID   23287832.

Bibliography

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