Honduras and the World Bank

Last updated
With a year-round tropical climate, the majority of Honduras is made up of expansive forest lands with very limited availability of arable land suitable for agricultural purposes. Honduras land 1983.jpg
With a year-round tropical climate, the majority of Honduras is made up of expansive forest lands with very limited availability of arable land suitable for agricultural purposes.
Types of Economic Activity in Honduras Honduras econ 1983.jpg
Types of Economic Activity in Honduras
Projects by the World Bank have proved critical in preventing major damage to infrastructure from natural disasters such as Hurricane Mitch, which left Honduras with 90% of its agricultural land completely destroyed in 2012 Mitch-Tegucigalpa Damage.JPG
Projects by the World Bank have proved critical in preventing major damage to infrastructure from natural disasters such as Hurricane Mitch, which left Honduras with 90% of its agricultural land completely destroyed in 2012

The World Bank Group is a family of five international organizations that has provided leveraged loans and monetary assistance to the Central American country of Honduras in order to assist with the funding of critical tasks needed to ensure security of Honduran access to financing, expansion of social program coverage, and rural development. [1] The country is the second poorest in Central America and its high poverty rate of 66% in 2016 has prompted an increased focus on the importance of diversification of rural income sources, quality education, and targeted social programs as a way of spurring economic growth.[ citation needed ]

Contents

Coffee exports make up a staggering 20% of Honduras' Total GDP. WB efforts in infrastructure and productivity have enabled farmers to grow with confidence and competitive trade in the global coffee market. Roasted coffee beans.jpg
Coffee exports make up a staggering 20% of Honduras' Total GDP. WB efforts in infrastructure and productivity have enabled farmers to grow with confidence and competitive trade in the global coffee market.

Operating with investments from the International Development Association (IDA), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), the World Bank manages an investment portfolio of over $990 Million US dollars in Honduras in its effort to promote the development of the private and public sector through foreign investment and economic activity. [1] Recent efforts by the World Bank in Honduras have included the Country Partnership network (CPF) finalized December 15, 2015 as a joint effort between the World Bank Group and its IDA, MIGA, and IFC subsidiaries, who have contributed US $169 Million, US $327 million, and $494 million to the Honduran portfolio, respectively. [2] The CPF has seven primary objectives that were formed to "promote inclusion, strengthen growth conditions, and reduce vulnerabilities in the country." [1]

Strategic partnership

IDA

The International Development Association's (IDA) portfolio in Honduras currently holds US $354 million in investments operating through a total nine lending operations spanning a variety of sectors in the region such as public sector management, citizen security, rural development, and social protection. Despite the promising potential that access to $300 has represented for the region, political risk within groundwork by the institution along with problems with implementation logistics have threatened to leave nearly US $100 million in assistance undisbursed with only 5 full-time projects being implemented, including the Improving Public Sector Performance project and the Rural Infrastructure Project, both of which have generally been classified as moderately unsatisfactory in their operation yet nonetheless seen as a positive trend with their relative increase in performance according to IDA standards.

IFC

Investments by the International Finance Corporation (IFC) in Honduras also include from $639.7 million in commitment to projects targeted toward Honduras' renewable energy sector, the expansion of the financial sector, and bolstering a competitive climate within agricultural business in rural communities. Operating as the second largest portfolio in Central America with over $630 million, Honduras has experienced growth through 29 successful public-private partnerships in infrastructure projects, as well as investments in four large scale renewable energy projects that are intended to help strengthen Honduras' electronic grid and assist in the development of a strong economy backed by a reliable infrastructure. [3] The IFC has received criticism for providing funding to the palm oil company Dinant due to allegations that the company has engaged in lethal attacks against several co-operatives. [4] The institution has also faced criticism over a 2011 $70m investment to Banco Ficohsa, Honduras' largest bank, with critics stating that the money would be indirectly supplied to Dinant. [5] [6] In a December 2013 audit the IFC's ombudsman found that the institution did not perform due diligence when examining the potential social and ecological risks associated with Dinant. [7]

However, in its 2015 report on Honduras, the International Criminal Court stated that "criminal organisations and international drug cartels are deeply involved in local businesses and criminal activities in the region and seem to be involved in most of the alleged crimes in the Bajo Aguán, including unlawful occupations of land and robbery of African palm fruits, in order to retain control of the region and to continue to operate in total impunity." [8]

A class action lawsuit was filed in March 2017 by the NGO EarthRights International on behalf of approximately a dozen anonymous farmers looking for compensation from the World Bank, who they claim “knowingly profiting from the financing of murder” by financing Dinant via the IFC. [9]

In October 2017, the IFC confirmed that Dinant had fully repaid the balance of its outstanding loan and that Dinant had achieved material compliance with IFC’s Performance Standards. The IFC also acknowledged that Dinant had made progress, particularly in implementing the Voluntary Principles on Security and Human Rights (VPSHR) security force protocols. [10]

In November 2017, Dinant defended its former relationship with the World Bank, stating, “The IFC’s loan to Dinant was granted to help us increase production capacity, upgrade our distribution network, enhance the surrounding natural environment, and expand economic opportunities for local communities, particularly in rural areas like the Aguán. Of course, we must continue to improve but, by all these measures and more, the IFC’s loan to Dinant has been a tremendous success. Dinant is now widely recognized as an international benchmark in how to operate a successful business transparently and honestly in one of the most challenging regions in the world.” [11]

MIGA

Operating through three major projects totaling over $US 326 million, the Multilateral Investment Guarantee, or MIGA has also brought potentially major changes in transport and energy sectors. Just recently, as of September 25, 2015, MIGA committed to $187 million in investment guarantees to support the construction of a major effort to connect San Pedro Sula, currently Honduras' 2nd largest city, and La Ceiba near its coast. [12] Honduras will potentially be able to manage more tourist traffic and support it with another MIGA-backed project granting over $80 million US dollars that will expand Honduras' current power grid capacity from 102 megawatts to 126 megawatts with the implementation of a wind farm and massive photovoltaic, (Solar power) projects. [13]

Targeted projects

Operating to improve inclusion, bolster conditions for growth, and reduce vulnerabilities, the Country Partnership Framework's Areas of Engagement have expanded possibilities within the region. [2] A new, targeted approach through a variety of programs in social protections in labor and medicine, rural competitiveness projects in agriculture, and risk disaster management has created some positive outlook for areas across the region prone to lasting damage from hurricanes and typhoons that threaten local and regional farmlands, roads and disrupt economic activity. Projects like the Rural Competitiveness Project managed by the IDA, the IBRD's Nutrition and Social Protection Project, and the Second Project for Highway Reconstruction and Improvement have helped boost Honduras' economic productivity following its slow recovery from the 2008-2009 global recession. Secured agriculture, access to safe infrastructure, and reliable response capacities of local emergency authorities have sparked regional competitiveness and activity in the local economy. The Rural Competitiveness Project alone has created over 9,000 jobs and is responsible for productive partnerships with local business leaders in agricultural production, such as coffee and fruit, some of Honduras' leading exports upon which the livelihood of a vast percentage of the Honduran citizens depend. [14] On May 18, 2017, the World Bank Board of Directors approved a US$25 million loan in additional financing for the Rural Competitiveness Project, focusing on increased adaptation to climate change which has had a direct impact on food insecurity and poverty rates in the region. Should the implementation of new technologies, an estimated 5,500 new rural housing units, and arrangement of 70 business plans be successful in their targeted goals, programs are set to potentially serve directly to local communities in efforts advancing a vibrant economy backed by a strong infrastructure and thriving agricultural competition. [15]

COVID 19 and Current Projects

Covid-19 Impact on GDP

In 2020, the Central American state's economy diminished due to the Covid-19 pandemic and Hurricane Eta and Iota. [16] The GDP (Gross Domestic Product) of various Central American states decreased causing a recession, Hondura's GDP decreased by -6.5%. [17] Unemployment rates and inequality throughout the state escalated to [17] 10.7%. [18] Starting March 2020 a significant amount of monthly revenue decreased compared to other Central American states during the pandemic. [19] The World Bank provided emergency programs to prevent GDP and unemployment rates from decreasing during the Covid-19, they were insufficient. [20] Covid-19 has delayed the state agenda which consisted of increase GDP, and lowering inequality and poverty by 2023. [20]

World Bank Emergency Response [21]

In 2020 an emergency project was created and approved with the purpose of combating the Covid-19 pandemic. The World Bank committed US$20 million in an effort to finance the state. [21] The US$20 million were disbursed to two main areas of the project. One, increase surveillance and diagnostic within the SESAL (Secretariá de Salud) health commission in Honduras. [22] Second, to increase reinforcement for the personnel in the public health sector. Reinforcement as in medical equipment for ICUs as a precaution against the COVID-19 pandemic. The project is set to close on April 30, 2023.

Recent Approved Projects [23]

As of April 16, 2021 there are seven approved projects by the World Bank.

Additional Financing to the Honduras Covid-19 emergency response project

Project ID: P176015

Approved on: April 16, 2021

The status of the project is active with no set closing date with an estimation of US$20 million amount, dedicated to the public administration health sector. The purpose of the project is to help combat Covid-19 by providing adequate training, vaccinations, and supplies. [24]

Additional Financing to Social Protection Integration Project

Project ID: P175718

Approved on: June 15, 2021

Associated Projects: P152057

The status of the project is active with no set closing date with an estimation of US$70 million amount. [25] The project's purpose is to increase social protection programs for the vulnerable and in need. It will directly benefit 72,000 households throughout the state by financing state programs. [26]

I nnovation for Rural Competitiveness project - COMRURUAL III

Project ID: P174328

Approved on: June 15, 2021

The status of the project is active with a set closing date of June 15, 2027, with an estimation of US$146.10 million amount. The project has several goals, including increasing job opportunities in the agricultural sector and Investments, as well as, acquiring market access and climate aware attitude. [27]

Corredor Seco Food security Project Additional Financing

Project ID: P177149

Approved date: June 29, 2021

Associated Projects: P148737

The status of the project is active with no set closing date with an estimated cost of US$5.45 million amount with a US$0.00 million commitment amount. The project focuses on the Corredor Seco area of Honduras. 65% of people in this area live below the poverty line [28] with a high percentage of malnutrition the project aims to implement a sustainable strategy for agriculture. [29]

Supporting Resilient Water Resources Management and Water Service Project

Project ID: P175896

Approved Date: December 13, 2021

The status of the project is active with no set closing date with an estimated cost of US$0.90 million with a US$0.00 million commitment amount. [30] The project targets specific areas to improve water management and resources, as well as, increase investment. [31]

Honduras Second Disaster Risk Management Development Policy Credit with a Catastrophe Deferred Drawdown Option (CatDDO)
Project ID: P177001 [32]

Approved Date: June 16, 2022

The status of the project is active with a set closing date of June 30, 2025, with a commitment amount of US$110.00 million. The objective is to broaden financial, policy, and regulatory institutions' frameworks to effectively act in disasters. [33] To solidify state institutions to create an effective response during natural disasters [34] and disease outbreaks. [33]

Restoring Essential Services For Health and Advancing Preparedness for Emergency Project

Project ID: P176532

Approved Date: June 16, 2022

The status of the project is active with a set closing date of November 30, 2028, with a commitment amount of US$60.00 million. The purpose of the project is to improve health services and emergency preparedness. [35] Areas of concentration are child health and reproductive services. [35]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">World Bank Group</span> Group making loans to developing countries

The World Bank Group (WBG) is a family of five international organizations that make leveraged loans to developing countries. It is the largest and best-known development bank in the world and an observer at the United Nations Development Group. The bank is headquartered in Washington, D.C., in the United States. It provided around $98.83 billion in loans and assistance to "developing" and transition countries in the 2021 fiscal year. The bank's stated mission is to achieve the twin goals of ending extreme poverty and building shared prosperity. Total lending as of 2015 for the last 10 years through Development Policy Financing was approximately $117 billion. Its five organizations are the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), the International Development Association (IDA), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) and the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID). The first two are sometimes collectively referred to as the World Bank.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">International Finance Corporation</span> World Bank Group member financial institution

The International Finance Corporation (IFC) is an international financial institution that offers investment, advisory, and asset-management services to encourage private-sector development in less developed countries. The IFC is a member of the World Bank Group and is headquartered in Washington, D.C. in the United States.

The electricity sector in Honduras has been shaped by the dominance of a vertically integrated utility; an incomplete attempt in the early 1990s to reform the sector; the increasing share of thermal generation over the past two decades; the poor financial health of the state utility Empresa Nacional de Energía Eléctrica (ENEE); the high technical and commercial losses in transmission and distribution; and the low electric coverage in rural areas

<span class="mw-page-title-main">China and the World Bank</span> Overview of the relationship between China and the World Bank

China originally joined the World Bank Group (WBG) on December 27, 1945. However, after the Chinese Civil War, the World Bank recognized the Republic of China as its member, until the relationship ended in 1980, when the membership was replaced by the People's Republic of China. The People's Republic of China (PRC) did not become involved with the World Bank group until 1980, when it first joined the World Bank in April due to the market reforms known as reform and opening-up. Prior to the economic reform and its relation with the World Bank, according to CRS, "China maintained policies that kept the economy very poor, stagnant, centrally controlled, vastly inefficient, and relatively isolated from the global economy". Since its entry into the World Bank, China has transformed into a market-based economy and has experienced rapid economic and social development. Currently, although China has become the world's second largest economy with 1.4 billion population, it still has a close relationship with the World Bank in areas such as poverty, environmental protection and new challenges from the reform.

Sri Lanka has been involved with the World Bank since its initial entrance into the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) on August 29, 1950. Currently, Sri Lanka's quota in the IBERT is approximately 515.4 million dollars, thus allotting 5,846 votes or 0.25% of the total votes in the institution. Sri Lanka later became a member of the other institutions in the world bank such as the International Finance Corporation (IFC) on July 20, 1956, with a current quota of 7.491 million dollars, allotting 8,311 votes or 0.32% of the total votes; the International Development Association (IDA) on June 27, 1961, with a current share of 98,100 votes or 0.36% within the institution; the International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) on November 11, 1967; and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) on May 27, 1988, with a current quota of 4.78 million SDR. Sri Lanka is currently in the India-led constituency for these organizations, representing the country as part of the South Asian block.

The World Bank Group country partnership framework aims to support Haiti's efforts to reduce poverty and provide economic opportunities for all Haitians. The framework aims to strengthen institutions, government capacity, and public financial management as aid and concessional financing rapidly decline.

Morocco's involvement with the World Bank primarily focuses on infrastructure, such as road, transport and water sanitation. In addition the bank supports projects across the health sector, youth development, renewable energy, governance and the support of small and medium enterprises (SMEs). 27 projects are ongoing, including three projects initiated in 2017. The World Bank invested over US$1 billion every year from 2014 to 2016.

Uzbekistan became a World Bank member in 1992, shortly after declaring independence in 1991 following the collapse of the Soviet Union. The World Bank has supported projects in Uzbekistan in the areas of education, infrastructure, agriculture, and water resource management. Uzbekistan's collaboration with the bank has been increasing, with IBRD and IDA lending reaching a recent peak of $500 million in 2015. The World Bank has provided financing for 27 projects through the IBRD and IDA in throughout its relationship with Uzbekistan, with 15 active projects as of June 2017. Current IBRD and IDA projects total $1.9 billion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Uruguay and the World Bank</span>

Uruguay and the World Bank have been working together for a long time. This is because they both mutually benefit.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vietnam and the World Bank</span> Vietnams relationship with the World Bank

Vietnam joined the World Bank Group (WBG) on 21 September 1956. Before the mid-1980s, Vietnam was one of the world's least developed countries. A series of economic and political reforms launched in 1986, known as Đổi Mới, caused Vietnam to experience rapid economic growth and development, becoming a lower middle-income country. The World Bank (WB) has maintained a development partnership with Vietnam since 1993. As of 25 March 2019, it has committed a total of US$24 billion in loans, credits, and grants to Vietnam through 165 operations and projects, 44 of which are active as of 2019 and comprise US$9 billion. With an estimated extreme poverty rate below 3% and a GDP growth rate of 7.1% in 2018, Vietnam's economy continues to show fundamental strength and is supported by robust domestic demand and export-oriented manufacturing.

The relationship between Ethiopia and the World Bank was formalized on December 27, 1945.

In 1980, Djibouti became a member of the World Bank Group (WBG). The WBG includes five different organizations: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), the International Development Association (IDA), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) and the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID). Accounting for more than thirteen thousand projects across 173 countries, the WBG is one of the main lending facilities of the world. The WBG works together with governments and private sectors in order to enhance countries efforts towards development and poverty reduction.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Croatia and the World Bank</span>

Croatia joined the World Bank in 1993, two years after declaring independence from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1991. The World Bank's projects from the mid-1990s to the mid-2000s primarily focused on infrastructural and environmental projects.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The Democratic Republic of the Congo and the World Bank</span> The DRCs relations with the World Bank

The World Bank Group is a family of five international organizations, which has continuously given leverage loans and financial assistance to developing nations like the Democratic Republic of the Congo, commonly known as the DRC. The country has received assistance from the World Bank in the form of social programs in order to induce and sustain economic development. This assistance has been directed toward conflict prevention, investments in education, and addressing environmental degradation.

Myanmar is considered a lower-middle income state, and although there are areas in the country that are lagging there have been measurable improvements in terms of development since 2005. The World Bank's current strategy in Myanmar is to focus on rural development. Due to the conflict in the Rakhine area the World Bank Group (WBG) has increased its focus on social inclusion. Implementation of projects within Myanmar have increased access to electricity, schools, and healthcare. The current framework is laid out in the Myanmar Country Partnership Framework 2015-2019.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Colombia and the World Bank</span>

Colombia has a long-standing relationship with the World Bank that started in 1946 when the country signed the IBRD Articles of Agreement. During the early years of the World Bank, which was founded in 1945, Colombia served as a main strategic partner when the focus of the institution shifted from the reconstruction of Europe to assisting the development in poor countries. The subsequent cooperation between the World Bank and the country has led to a variety of different projects being implemented. As of November 2018 there has been to a total of over 280 projects, of which 20 are presently active, in an array of sectors such as assistance of the central government, the sub-national government and social protection. The current active commitment amount is US$2.3 billion.

Tajikistan did not join in the World Bank until 1993. Before the collapse of USSR in 1991, Tajikistan was experiencing planned economy which was dominated by Moscow. Right after the dissolution, different from other nations which experienced a relatively stable transition from planned economy to market economy, Tajikistan fell into a serious civil war. As a result, the first mission after Tajikistan became the official member of the World Bank, was to recover its economy from bullets and blood. In 1997. $10 million credit was grant for Post-Conflict Rehabilitation Project. The proposed credit was used to conduct necessary imports and to restore production. Under different time periods, the World Bank and Tajikistan worked together in response to various problems. Later on, the economic crisis of 2008 caused the inflation of food prices in Tajikistan. In response to the crisis, the World Bank issued $6.25 million for the Emergency Food Security and Seed Imports Project in order to help at least 28000 households to release the food price pressure. Coming into the 21st century, Tajikistan received financing from IDA and IBRD of the World Bank with respect to programs of healthcare, education, irrigation and agriculture. Over the past years, Tajikistan has received over 130 projects of which 17 are active and a total of over $1.4 billion from the World Bank. With the help of those projects, from 2000 to 2017, the poverty rate in Tajikistan had been decreased from 83% to 29.5%. Besides, current GDP growth rate in Tajikistan is around 7%. Nevertheless, with a stable GDP growth rate, Tajikistan is still one of the poorest countries in Central Asia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Panama and the World Bank</span> Relationship between Panama and the World Bank

The World Bank Group, composed of five institutions, works together with the Panamanian government to reduce poverty and increase prosperity. Panama first became a member of the World Bank Group on March 14, 1946. In the past decade, Panama's annual growth has increased by 7.2% in the span of 12 years, making it one of the fastest growing economies in the world. In 2019, Panama was ranked the second fastest growing economy in Latin America by the World Bank. As of 2019, Panama has $435.59 million US dollars being distributed amongst seven projects, all geared toward their overall goal of poverty reduction and indigenous inclusion. Continuing with their efforts to reduce extreme poverty, the World Bank along with efforts of the Panamanian government has reduced poverty from 39.9% to 26.2% while extreme poverty has been reduced by an estimated 15.6% to 11.3% from 2014 to 2019. As of late 2019, there is an estimated $213.26 million US dollars of undisbursed loans.

Jamaica first joined The World Bank Group (WBG) on the 21st of February, 1963, when the island nation became a member of The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), which lends to middle and low income nations. This occurred the same month as Jamaica joining the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and one year after declaring political independence. Since joining The World Bank, Jamaica has received in excess of $3 billion US Dollars in loans and grants. Jamaican Minister of Finance, Donald Sangster, led the Jamaican delegations to World Bank and International monetary Fund meetings between 1963 and 1966, while also serving as Governor of the World Bank and IMF. Sangster would go on to serve briefly as the Prime Minister of Jamaica.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brazil and the World Bank</span>

The relationship between Brazil and the World Bank has been successful for many years, despite many challenges.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Honduras Overview". World Bank. Retrieved 2017-06-08.
  2. 1 2 "Global Reach Map". Maps.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2017-06-08.
  3. ↑ "PPP Units Around the World". Public private partnership World Bank. Retrieved 2017-06-08.
  4. ↑ Donnan, Shawn (March 8, 2017). "Honduran farmers accuse World Bank arm of 'profiting from murder'". Financial Times . Retrieved 2017-06-08.
  5. ↑ Yukhananov, Anna (August 11, 2014). "World Bank again criticized for investments in Honduras". Reuters.com. Retrieved June 8, 2017.
  6. ↑ Provost, Claire (2014-05-01). "World Bank loan to Honduran bank comes under scrutiny". The Guardian . ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 2017-06-08.
  7. ↑ "CAO Audit of IFC Investment in Corporación Dinant S.A. de C.V., Honduras" (PDF). Compliance Auditor Ombudsman. 2013.
  8. ↑ International Criminal Court (October 2015). "Situation in Honduras" (PDF).
  9. ↑ Provost, Claire (2017-03-08). "Farmers sue World Bank lending arm over alleged violence in Honduras". The Guardian . ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 2017-06-08.
  10. ↑ "Update on Dinant - October 2017". International Finance Corporation. October 2017.
  11. ↑ "Dinant fully repays IFC loan; company meets requirements of IFC Performance Standard 4 and Enhanced Action Plan". Corporacion Dinant. 27 November 2017.
  12. ↑ "News & Events - Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency - World Bank Group". Miga.org. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
  13. ↑ "Environmental & Social Sustainability - Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency - World Bank Group". Miga.org. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
  14. ↑ "Projects : Disaster Risk Management Project | The World Bank". Projects.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2017-06-14.
  15. ↑ "The World Bank Approves US$25 Million to Improve Rural Competitiveness in Honduras". World Bank. Retrieved 2017-06-14.
  16. ↑ http://southernvoice.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Guatemala-Honduras-El-Salvador-COVID-19-poverty-and-inequality-Oliva-et-al-2021.pdf [ bare URL PDF ]
  17. 1 2 "Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) (national estimate) - Honduras | Data". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2022-07-23.
  18. ↑ "Honduras Unemployment Rate - 2022 Data - 2023 Forecast - 1974-2021 Historical - Chart". tradingeconomics.com. Retrieved 2022-07-23.
  19. ↑ "Revenue Statistics in Latin America and the Caribbean 2022 | READ online". oecd-ilibrary.org. Retrieved 2022-07-23.
  20. 1 2 José Andrés Oliva Cepeda; Carolina Alas de Franco; Maynor Cabrera; Cristina Carrera; Patricio Larroulet (2021-08-02). "The impact of the COVID-19 crisis, and its emergency response programmes, on poverty and inequality in Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras". Southern Voice. Retrieved 2022-07-23.
  21. 1 2 "Development Projects : Honduras COVID-19 Emergency Response Project - P173861". World Bank. Retrieved 2022-07-22.
  22. ↑ "Inicio". www.salud.gob.hn. Retrieved 2022-07-23.
  23. ↑ "El Banco Mundial apoya a Honduras a fortalecer la preparación para emergencias de salud y reducir la vulnerabilidad". World Bank. Retrieved 2022-07-24.
  24. ↑ "World Bank approves additional US$70m for vaccination rollouts in El Salvador and Honduras «". www.caribbean-council.org. 26 April 2021. Retrieved 2022-07-23.
  25. ↑ "Development Projects : Additional Financing to the Social Protection Integration Project - P175718". World Bank. Retrieved 2022-07-24.
  26. ↑ "Honduras seeks to improve the quality of life of the poorest population with IDB support | IADB". www.iadb.org. Retrieved 2022-07-23.
  27. ↑ "Productive Alliances Promote Rural Agricultural Competitiveness in Honduras". World Bank. Retrieved 2022-07-24.
  28. ↑ "ACS-PROSASUR". Home. Retrieved 2022-07-23.
  29. ↑ "Food security for the southern dry corridor (ACS-PROSASUR) | SNV". snv.org. Retrieved 2022-07-23.
  30. ↑ "Development Projects : Supporting Resilient Water Resources Management and Water Services Project - P175896". World Bank. Retrieved 2022-07-24.
  31. ↑ "BDRP: Supporting Resilient Water Resources Management and Water Services Project". Climate Investment Funds. 2021-05-25. Retrieved 2022-07-24.
  32. ↑ "Fortalecer los sistemas sanitarios para mejorar la salud de la madre y del recién nacido", Estado Mundial de la Infancia 2009, Estado mundial de la infancia, UN, pp. 67–90, 2009-12-31, doi:10.18356/76c9a189-es, ISBN   978-92-1-059823-1 , retrieved 2022-07-24
  33. 1 2 "Development Projects : Honduras Second Disaster Risk Management Development Policy Credit with a Catastrophe Deferred Drawdown Option (Cat DDO) - P177001". World Bank. Retrieved 2022-07-24.
  34. ↑ Martinez-Diaz, Leonardo; Sidner, Lauren (2021-02-03). "Confronting Simultaneous Climate, Public Health, and Economic Shocks in Developing Countries".{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  35. 1 2 "Development Projects : Restoring Essential Services for Health and Advancing Preparedness for Emergencies Project - P176532". World Bank. Retrieved 2022-07-24.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.