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Robeson County is a county in the southern part of the U.S. state of North Carolina and is its largest county by land area. Its county seat and largest community is Lumberton. The county was formed in 1787 from part of Bladen County and named in honor of Thomas Robeson,a colonel who had led Patriot forces in the area during the Revolutionary War. As of the 2020 census,the county's population was 116,530. It is a majority-minority county;its residents are approximately 38 percent Native American,22 percent white,22 percent black,and 10 percent Hispanic. It is included in the Fayetteville-Lumberton-Pinehurst,NC Combined Statistical Area. The state-recognized Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina is headquartered in Pembroke.
Pembroke is a town in Robeson County,North Carolina,United States. It is about 90 miles inland and northwest from the Atlantic Coast. The population was 2,973,at the 2010 census. The town is the seat of the state-recognized Lumbee tribe of North Carolina,as well as the home of The University of North Carolina at Pembroke.
The Lumbee are a Native American people primarily centered in Robeson,Hoke,Cumberland,and Scotland counties in North Carolina.
The Battle of Hayes Pond,also known as the Battle of Maxton Field or the Maxton Riot,was an armed confrontation between members of a Ku Klux Klan (KKK) organization and Lumbee people at a Klan rally near Maxton,North Carolina,on the night of January 18,1958. The clash resulted in the disruption of the rally and a significant amount of media coverage praising the Lumbees and condemning the Klansmen.
James William "Catfish" Cole was an American soldier and evangelist who was leader of the Ku Klux Klan of North Carolina and South Carolina,serving as a Grand Dragon.
The Lowry War or Lowrie War was a conflict that took place in and around Robeson County,North Carolina,United States from 1864 to 1874 between a group of mostly Native American outlaws and civil local,state,and federal authorities. The conflict is named for Henry Berry Lowry,a Lumbee who led a gang of Native American,white and black men which robbed area farms and killed public officials who pursued them.
Julian Thomas Pierce was an American lawyer and Lumbee activist. Born in Hoke County,North Carolina,he became the first person in his family to go to college and worked for several years as a chemist at shipyards in Virginia before obtaining his law degree. Following two years of work for the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission,he moved to Robeson County,North Carolina to direct a legal aid organization and in that capacity co-authored a petition to the federal government asking for the extension of federal recognition to the Lumbee tribe. In 1988 he resigned from his job to pursue a candidacy for a new Superior Court judgeship. Running against the local district attorney and over the objections of the county sheriff,he was found murdered in his home several weeks before the primary election. While his murder was officially determined to be the result of an interpersonal dispute,the circumstances of his death remain unclear,with his friends and family having advanced suspicions that he was assassinated for political reasons.
The Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina is a state-recognized tribe in North Carolina. The tribe represents Lumbee people. They do not hold federal recognition as a Native American tribe.
Benford Chavis is an American educator known for his leadership at the American Indian Public Charter School (AIPCS) in Oakland,California,and its expanded American Indian Model Schools system,serving from 2001 into 2012. He is a national leader in the education reform movement,emphasizing a conservative philosophy of discipline and accountability. From Robeson County,North Carolina,Chavis received a doctorate in education from the University of Arizona,was a tenure-track professor in 1988 at San Francisco State University,and he served as the superintendent of schools at the Fort Apache Indian Reservation in Arizona before working in Oakland.
The Lumbee Regional Development Association (LRDA) is a nonprofit corporation,chartered by the State of North Carolina in 1968,organized to analyze and develop solutions for the health,educational,economic,and general welfare problems of rural and urban Indians in and around Robeson County. Its effective domain includes,but is not limited to,the Counties of Robeson,Hoke,Scotland,and Bladen,i.e.,North Carolina’s Planning Region N. Federally funded programs are currently administered by the Lumbee citizens of these neighboring counties,from the LRDA offices in Pembroke,North Carolina. LRDA currently serves over 20,600 people each year. In July 2009,it had 62 full-time employees.
Charles Vinson Graham Jr. is an American politician who served as a member of the North Carolina House of Representatives from the 47th district. Graham,a member of the state-recognized Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina,was the only Native American who was serving in the General Assembly until the election of his successor Jarrod Lowery.
Rhoda Strong Lowry,also known as the "Queen of Scuffletown",was a Lumbee Native American woman from North Carolina. She allegedly helped her husband,Henry Berry Lowrie,flee after he and his gang killed many white people in attempt to avenge his father and brother's deaths.
Horace Locklear is an American politician and former attorney who served in the North Carolina House of Representatives from 1977 until 1983. A member of the Lumbee tribe,he was the first Native American to practice law in North Carolina.
Malcolm Gray McLeod was an American law enforcement officer who served as the Sheriff of Robeson County,North Carolina from 1950 to 1978. Born in Lumberton,he worked as a service station operator and a grocery salesman before deciding to run for the office of sheriff in 1950,pledging to modernize the office and crack down on bootlegging. He won,and in his early tenure worked closely with District Solicitor Malcolm Buie Seawell to destroy thousands of illicit alcohol distilleries and oversee hundreds of arrests for bootlegging. In 1958 he maintained order during a civil disturbance at the Battle of Hayes Pond. Over the course of his tenure the size of the sheriff's department expanded and he hired several black and Native American deputies. In 1971 McLeod established a drugs division in the department to combat the narcotics trade. At the time of his retirement in 1978 he was the longest-serving sheriff in Robeson County's history.
Henry Ward Oxendine was an American lawyer and politician who served as a member of the North Carolina House of Representatives for the 21st District from 1973 to 1976. A member of the Lumbee tribe,he was the first Native American to serve in the North Carolina General Assembly.
Glenn Allen Maynor is an American retired law enforcement officer and politician who served as Sheriff of Robeson County,North Carolina from 1994 until 2004.
On February 1,1988,two armed Tuscarora men,Eddie Hatcher and Timothy Jacobs,took hostages in the offices of The Robesonian newspaper in Lumberton,Robeson County,North Carolina. At the time,Robeson experienced a significant level of drug trafficking and increasing public distrust of the county sheriff's office,especially from the area's significant Native American population. Hatcher believed he had evidence of corruption in the local justice system and,fearing for his life,enlisted the aid of Jacobs to try to raise awareness about his concerns. The two held the staff of the county daily newspaper hostage for 10 hours before extracting an agreement from North Carolina Governor James G. Martin to investigate corruption allegations in Robeson.
Scuffletown was a community in Robeson County,North Carolina,United States in the 1700s and 1800s dominated by Lumbee Native Americans. The exact location of the community,the date of its creation,and the origin of its name are unclear. The community,which had no formal government,encompassed swampy territory dotted with small farms and simple cabins. Most Scuffletonians were poor and made livings by growing crops,hunting and fishing,picking berries,or performing labor for neighboring farmers.
The Old Main is a historic building on the campus of the University of North Carolina at Pembroke in Pembroke,North Carolina. Completed in 1923,it was the first brick building on the university's campus,then known as the Cherokee Indian Normal School of Robeson County. The building originally hosted classrooms,auditorium space,and administrative offices. After administrative officials moved to a new building in 1949,the structure acquired the "Old Main" name. Since it was used for other community events,it gained additional importance to the primarily Native American student body at the school. Old Main was slated for destruction in 1972,but this decision was overturned after protests by community members. A fire,likely the result of arson,gutted the building in 1973. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 and fully restored and reopened in 1979. It presently hosts several university departments and student media outlets.
References
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- 1 2 3 Lowery 2018, p. 171.
- ↑ "Hubert Stone Announces His Intention to Run for Sheriff". The Carolina Indian Voice. Vol. 24, no. 44. October 30, 1997. p. 1.
- ↑ Lowery 2018, pp. 171, 196.
- 1 2 3 Locklear, Mark (January 15, 2009). "Ex-sheriff recalled as skilled politician". The Robesonian. Retrieved March 9, 2021.
- ↑ "Fair Bluff Chief Becomes Deputy Robeson Sheriff". The Robesonian. July 31, 1957. p. 4.
- 1 2 3 "Sheriff Stone Announces Re-election Bid". The Carolina Indian Voice. Vol. 9, no. 52. December 31, 1981. p. 1.
- ↑ Lowery 2018, p. 160.
- ↑ "Agents Stage Record Crackdown On Drug, Booze, Gun Law Violators". The Robesonian. Vol. CV, no. 250. December 8, 1974. p. 1.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Brayboy, Connee (June 2, 1994). "Maynor Wins Sheriff's Race". The Carolina Indian Voice. Vol. 21, no. 22. p. 1.
- ↑ "Chief deputy wins in Robeson". The News & Observer. May 4, 1978. p. 46.
- ↑ "Election Noted For Lack Of Surprises". The Carolina Indian Voice. Vol. 6, no. 45. November 9, 1978. p. 1.
- 1 2 Lowery 2018, p. 193.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Raab, Scott (March 1994). "Reasonable Doubt". GQ . Retrieved March 10, 2021.
- 1 2 3 4 Jenkins, Venita (February 12, 2008). "Hubert Stone, former Robeson sheriff, dies". The Fayetteville Observer.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Haimes, Nicole Lucas (2017). "Who killed Julian Pierce?". MEL Magazine . Retrieved March 9, 2021.
- ↑ Shapiro, Joseph P.; Taylor, Ronald A. (May 2, 1988). "Racial tensions, drugs and poverty—an explosive mix in rural North Carolina; There's trouble in Robeson County". U.S. News World & Report. p. 24.
- ↑ Lowery 2018, p. 178.
- ↑ Lowery 2018, pp. 167, 171, 184–185.
- ↑ Lowery 2018, p. 181.
- ↑ Lowery 2018, pp. 181–182.
- ↑ Lowery 2018, p. 182.
- ↑ Ahearn 2016, pp. 303–303.
- ↑ Ahearn 2016, p. 307.
- ↑ "Cocaine, Corruption and Killings in Robeson County, N.C.". Akwesasne Notes. March 31, 1988. p. 10.
- ↑ Lowery 2018, p. 190.
- 1 2 Lowery 2018, p. 191.
- ↑ Lowery 2018, pp. 192–193.
- ↑ "Dial & Woods Declared Winners". The Carolina Indian Voice. Vol. 18, no. 45. November 8, 1990. p. 1.
- 1 2 3 4 Lowery 2018, p. 195.
- ↑ Lowery 2018, pp. 195–196.
- ↑ Lowery 2018, p. 196.
- ↑ Blythe, Anne (December 20, 2016). "Did Robeson sheriff hide evidence in Jordan investigation?". The Courier-Tribune. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
- ↑ Douglas, Donnie (January 3, 2017). "Deese denies involvement in James Jordan's death". The Robesonian. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
- ↑ Toth 1997, p. 80.
- ↑ Brayboy, John R. (December 8, 1994). "Glenn Maynor Sworn In As New Sheriff : 'A New Day In Ol Robeson'". The Carolina Indian Voice. Vol. 21, no. 49. p. 1.
- 1 2 Lowery 2018, p. 197.
- ↑ Lowery 2018, pp. 197–198.
- ↑ Rockett, Ali (June 10, 2013). "Operation Tarnished Badge: Years later, tarnish remains". The Fayetteville Observer. Archived from the original on September 14, 2019. Retrieved October 5, 2021.
- ↑ Barnes, Greg (June 18, 2006). "Tarnished badges". The Fayetteville Observer.