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Marcus Mosiah Garvey Jr. was a Jamaican political activist. He was the founder and first President-General of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League, through which he declared himself Provisional President of Africa. Ideologically a black nationalist and Pan-Africanist, his ideas came to be known as Garveyism.
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The Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL) is a black nationalist fraternal organization founded by Marcus Garvey, a Jamaican immigrant to the United States, and his then-wife Amy Ashwood Garvey. The Pan-African organization enjoyed its greatest strength in the 1920s, and was influential prior to Garvey's deportation to Jamaica in 1927. After that its prestige and influence declined, but it had a strong influence on African-American history and development. The UNIA was said to be "unquestionably, the most influential anticolonial organization in Jamaica prior to 1938," according to Honor Ford-Smith.
Garveyism is an aspect of black nationalism that refers to the economic, racial and political policies of UNIA-ACL founder Marcus Garvey.
Negro World was the newspaper of the Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA). Founded by Garvey and Amy Ashwood Garvey, the newspaper was published weekly in Harlem, and distributed internationally to the UNIA's chapters in more than forty countries. Distributed weekly, at its peak, the Negro World reached a circulation of 200,000.
Hubert Henry Harrison was a West Indian-American writer, orator, educator, critic, race and class conscious political activist, and radical internationalist based in Harlem, New York. He was described by activist A. Philip Randolph as "the father of Harlem radicalism" and by the historian Joel Augustus Rogers as "the foremost Afro-American intellect of his time." John G. Jackson of American Atheists described him as "The Black Socrates".
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The Rastafari movement in the United States echoes the Rastafari religious movement, which began in Jamaica and Ethiopia during the 1930s. Marcus Garvey, born in Jamaica, was influenced by the Ethiopian king Haile Selassie. Jamaican Rastafaris began emigrating to the United States in the 1960s and 1970s, and established communities throughout the country.
Marcus Garvey Park is a 20.16-acre (81,600 m2) park on the border between the Harlem and East Harlem neighborhoods of Manhattan, New York City. The park, centered on a massive and steep outcropping of schist, interrupts the flow of Fifth Avenue traffic, which is routed around the park via Mount Morris Park West. The park is also bounded by 120th Street to the south, 124th Street to the north, and Madison Avenue to the east.
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The Harlem Fire Watchtower, also known as the Mount Morris Fire Watchtower, is a fire lookout tower at Marcus Garvey Park in Harlem, Manhattan, New York City. It is the only survivor of 11 cast-iron watchtowers placed throughout the city starting in the 1850s. Standing 47 feet (14 m) tall, it was built by Julius H. Kroehl for $2,300 based on a design by James Bogardus.
Emory J. Tolbert (1946-2022) was an American historian, educator, and activist. His scholarship centers on Marcus Garvey and Garveyism, as well as wider aspects of African American history.
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Robert A. Hill is a Jamaican historian and academic who moved to the United States in the 1970s. He is Professor Emeritus of History and Research Professor at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), and Visiting Fellow at The Sir Arthur Lewis Institute of Social and Economic Studies (SALISES), University of the West Indies at Mona, Jamaica.
Henry Vinton Plummer, Jr. was an American lawyer, real estate agent, civil rights activist, and black nationalist. In the 1920s he became involved in Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA), leading the organizations publicity and propaganda wings, Garvey's secret service, and its militia.
Noah Davis Thompson was an American writer, editor, publisher, and Civil Rights leader in the United States.
The Daily Negro Times was a short-lived African American newspaper published in New York City by Marcus Garvey in 1922. Garvey bought a second hand newspaper press on which to print the paper and equipped the editorial office with a United Press ticker tape, probably the first African American newspaper to have such a facility.
Mason Alexander Hargrave was an organizer in the African-American community. He spent his later years in Cleveland, Ohio, in a leadership role at the United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA). He was involved in promoting use of the red, black, and green Pan-African flag and had it flown over Cleveland City Hall in 1974. He was an acolyte of Marcus Garvey and wrote a letter of "testimony" to U.S. Representative John Conyers in 1987 objecting to mail fraud charges against Garvey.
J. R. Ralph Casimir was a Dominican poet, editor, journalist and bookseller. A pioneering Caribbean pan-Africanist, he was a founding member of Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), organising its Dominica branch. Casimir also compiled Dominica's first poetry anthologies.
References
- ↑ Hill, Robert A.; Garvey, Marcus; Association, Universal Negro Improvement (1983). The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers, Vol. V: September 1922-August 1924. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520058170.
- ↑ Manan Desai, Tizarat Gill (1 February 2018). "H.G. Mudgal, Harlem Editor". South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA). Retrieved 28 May 2019.
- ↑ Desai, Manan; Gill, Tizarat (1 February 2018). "H.G. Mudgal, Harlem Editor". South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA). Retrieved 28 May 2019.
- ↑ "Who's Who 1950 Parliament of India" (PDF). eparlib.nic.in. Lok Sabha Secretariat. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
- ↑ Mitta, Manoj (2005). "How an MP was expelled for similar scandal". The Times of India. No. 13 December 2005. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
- ↑ Mudgal, H. G. (1967). "Bal Ghandarva: The Beginning of a Career" (PDF). No. 30 July 1967. Times of India.