See also
| Terms | |
|---|---|
| Hyperaccumulators | |
| Related | |
This list covers known nickel hyperaccumulators, accumulators or plant species tolerant to nickel.
See also:
| Contaminant | Accumulation rates (in mg/kg of dry weight) | Latin name | English name | H-Hyperaccumulator or A-Accumulator P-Precipitator T-Tolerant | Notes | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ni | 9090 | Alyssum akamasicum B.L. Burtt (Brassica) | Distrib. Cyprus | [1] | ||
| Ni | 4480 | Alyssum alpestre L (Brassica) | Distrib. S. Europe | [1] | ||
| Ni | 8170 | Alyssum anatolicum Nyar. (Brassica) | Distrib. Turkey | [1] | ||
| Ni | 29400 | Alyssum argenteum All. (Brassica) | Distrib. Italy | [1] | ||
| Ni | 10200 | Alyssum bertolonii subsp. Scutarinum Nyar. (Brassica) | Distrib. Balkans | [1] | ||
| Ni | 10900 | Alyssum callicrum Boiss. and Balansa (Brassica) | Distrib. Turkey | [1] | ||
| Ni | 16500 | Alyssum carcium T.R. Dudley & Huber-Morath (Brassica) | Distrib. Turkey | [1] | ||
| Ni | 20000 | Alyssum cassium Boiss. (Brassica) | Distrib. Turkey | [1] | ||
| Ni | 16300 | Alyssum chondrogynum B.L. Blurtt (Brassica) | Distrib. Cyprus | [1] | ||
| Ni | 13500 | Alyssum cilicium Boiss. and Balansa (Brassica) | Distrib. Turkey | [1] | ||
| Ni | 4900 | Alyssum condensatum Boiss. And Hausskn. (Brassica) | Distrib. Iraq, Syria | [1] | ||
| Ni | 18100 | Alyssum constellatum Boiss. (Brassica) | Distrib. Turkey | [1] | ||
| Ni | 13500 | Alyssum corsicum Duby (Brassica) | Distrib. Corsica | [1] | ||
| Ni | 10400 | Alyssum crenulatum Boiss. (Brassica) | Distrib. Turkey | [1] | ||
| Ni | 23600 | Alyssum cypricum Nyar. (Brassica) | Distrib. Cyprus | [1] | ||
| Ni | 19600 | Alyssum davisianum T.R. Dudley (Brassica) | Distrib. Turkey | [1] | ||
| Ni | 11700 | Alyssum discolor T.R. Dudley & Huber-Morah (Brassica) | Distrib. Turkey | [1] | ||
| Ni | 16500 | Alyssum dubertretii gomb (Brassica) | Distrib. Turkey | [1] | ||
| Ni | 4550 | Alyssum euboeum Halacsy (Brassica) | Distrib. Greece | [1] | ||
| Ni | 11500 | Alyssum eriophyllum Boiss. and Hausskn. (Brassica) | Distrib. Turkey | [1] | ||
| Ni | 3960 | Alyssum fallacinum Boiss. and Balansa (Brassica) | Distrib. Crete | [1] | ||
| Ni | 7700 | Alyssum floribundum Boiss. and Balansa (Brassica) | Distrib. Turkey | [1] | ||
| Ni | 7390 | Alyssum giosnanum Nyar. (Brassica) | Distrib. Turkey | [1] | ||
| Ni | 12500 | Alyssum heldreichii Hausskn. (Brassica) | Distrib. Greece. Concentration of nickel in the seeds (1880 μg/g dry weight) is much lower than that in other plant parts. [2] | [1] | ||
| Ni | 13500 | Alyssum huber-morathii T.R.Dudley (Brassica) | Distrib. Turkey | [1] | ||
| Ni | 22400 | Alyssum lesbiacum (P. candargi) Rech.f. (Brassica) | Distrib. Greece | [1] | ||
| Ni | 13700 | Alyssum markgrafii O.E. Schulz (Brassica) | Distrib. Albania | [1] | ||
| Ni | 24300 | Alyssum masmenkaeum Boiss. (Brassica) | Distrib. Turkey | [1] | ||
| Ni | 7080 | Alyssum murale Wealdstandkit (Brassica) | Distrib. Balkans | [1] | ||
| Ni | 4590 | Alyssum obovatum (C.A. Mey) Turez (Brassica) | Distrib. Russia | [1] | ||
| Ni | 7290 | Alyssum oxycarpum Boiss. And Balansa (Brassica) | Distrib. Turkey | [1] | ||
| Ni | 7600 | Alyssum peltarioides subsp. Virgatiforme Nyar. T.R. Dudley) (Brassica) | Distrib. Turkey | [1] | ||
| Ni | 21100 | Alyssum pinifolium (Nyar.) T.R. Dudley (Brassica) | Distrib. Turkey | [1] | ||
| Ni | 22200 | Alyssum pterocarpum T.R. Dudley (Brassica) | Distrib. Turkey | [1] | ||
| Ni | 12500 | Alyssum robertianum Bernard ex Godronand Gren (Brassica) | Distrib. Corsica | [1] | ||
| Ni | 7860 | Alyssum penjwinensis T.R. Dudley (Brassica) | Distrib. Iraq | [1] | ||
| Ni | 18900 | Alyssum samariferum Boiss. & Hausskn. (Brassica) | Distrib. Samar | [1] | ||
| Ni | up to 10,000 (leaves) | Alyssum serpyllifolium (Brassica) | Distrib. Portugal | [1] | ||
| Ni | 1280 | Alyssum singarense Boiss. And Hausskn. (Brassica) | Distrib. Iraq | [1] | ||
| Ni | 10200 | Alyssum syriacum Nyar. (Brassica) | Distrib. Syria | [1] | ||
| Ni | 6600 | Alyssum smolikanum Nyar. (Brassica) | Distrib. Greece | [1] | ||
| Ni | 3420 | Alyssum tenium Halacsy (Brassica) | Distrib. Greece | [1] | ||
| Ni | 11900 | Alyssum trapeziforme Nyar. (Brassica) | Distrib. Turkey | [1] | ||
| Ni | 17100 | Alyssum trodii Boiss. (Brassica) | Distrib. Turkey | [1] | ||
| Ni | 6230 | Alyssum virgatum Nyar. (Brassica) | Distrib. Turkey | [1] | ||
| Ni | Azolla filiculoides | Pacific mosquitofern | Cu(A), Pb(A), Mn(A) | Origin Africa; floating plant | [3] | |
| Ni | 11400 | Bornmuellaria sp. petri Greuter Charpion et Dittrich (Brassica) | Distrib. Greece | [1] | ||
| Ni | 21300 | Bornmuellaria baldacii (Degen) Heywood (Brassica) | Distrib. Greece | [1] | ||
| Ni | 19200 | Bornmuellaria glabrescens (Boiss. & Balansa) Cullen & T.R. Dudley (Brassica) | Distrib. Turkey | [1] | ||
| Ni | 31200 | Bornmuellaria tymphea (Hausskn.) Hausskn. (Brassica) | Distrib. Greece | [1] | ||
| Ni | Brassicaeae | Cd(H), Cs(H), Ni(H), Sr(H), Zn(H) | Phytoextraction | [4] | ||
| Ni | Brassica juncea | Indian mustard | Cd(A), Cr(A), Cu(A), Pb(A), Pb(P), U(A), Zn(A) | cultivated | [3] [4] [5] | |
| Ni | H- | Burkea africana | Elevated levels of Ni in the embryonic axis in the seeds. [6] | |||
| Ni | 1050 | Cardamine resedifolia L. (Brassica) | Distrib. Italy | [1] | ||
| Ni | 540–1220 | Cuscuta californica var. breviflora Engelm. (Cuscutaceae) | A parasite of Streptanthus polygaloides as well as other species, it can accumulate Ni if the plant host contains some. See 'metal tolerance' in Phytoremediation article. | [7] | ||
| Ni | Helianthus annuus | Sunflower | Phytoextraction & rhizofiltration | [4] | ||
| Ni | Hybanthus floribundus | Shrub violet | [8] [9] | |||
| Ni | Ocimum centraliafricanum | Copper plant | Cu(T), Ni(T) | Origin Southern Africa | [10] | |
| Ni | 18900 | Peltaria dumulosa Post (Brassica) | Distrib. Asia | [1] | ||
| Ni | 34400 | Peltaria emarginata (Boiss.) Hausskn. (Brassica) | Distrib. Greece | [1] | ||
| Ni | 3140 [1] | Pseudosempervirum sempervium Boiss. And Balansa) Pobed (Brassica) | 372 plants noted; origin California (distrib. Turkey [1] ) | [8] [11] | ||
| Ni | 17600 [1] | Pseudosempervirum aucheri (Boiss.) Pobed (Brassica) | 372 plants noted; origin California (distrib. Turkey [1] ) | [8] [11] | ||
| Ni | 14,900 to 27,700, up to 32,000 [12] | Psychotria douarrei | Older leaves contain more Ca, Fe, and Cr than younger leaves, but less K, P, and Cu. Zn, Pb, Co, Mn, Mg show no significant variation due to leaf age. [12] | Origin New Caledonia; 372 records of plants. [8] Ni contents in leaves of P. douarrei vary considerably due to leaf age. [12] | [11] | |
| Ni | 17500 | Rinorea bengalensis | Ni(H) | Origin Asia | ||
| Ni | 18000 | Rinorea niccolifera | none | Ni(H) | Origin Philippines | [13] |
| Ni | H- | Salvinia molesta | Water Fern | Cr(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(A) | Origin India | [3] |
| Ni | H-up to 26% in xylem | Pycnandra acuminata | Origin Caledonia | [1] | ||
| Ni | H- | Senecio coronatus | Presence of nickel in the part of the fruit covering the radicle and in the radicle itself. [14] | |||
| Ni | 1000 | Shorea tenuiramulosa (Dipterocarpaceae) | Philippine tree | Proctor et al. . (1989) | ||
| Ni | Spirodela polyrhiza | Giant Duckweed | Cd(H), Cr(H), Pb(H), Zn(A) | Native to North America | [3] [8] [15] | |
| Ni | 21,500 | Stackhousia tryonii Bailey (Stackhousiaceae) | Origin western Australia | Batianoff et al. 1990. | ||
| Ni | 14800 | Streptanthus polygaloides Gray (Brassica) | Milkwort Jewelflower | Ni-hyperaccumulation protects S. polygaloides against fungal and bacterial pathogens. | [1] | |
| Ni | 2000 | Thlaspi bulbosum Spruner ex Boiss. (Brassica) | Distrib. Greece | [1] | ||
| Ni | 16200 [1] | Thlaspi caerulescens | Alpine pennycress | Cd(H), Cr(A), Co(H), Cu(H), Mo(H), Pb(H), Zn(H) | phytoextraction | [1] [3] [4] [8] [16] [17] [18] [19] |
| Ni | 52120 | Thlaspi cypricum Brnm. (Brassica) | Distrib. Cyprus | [1] | ||
| Ni | 20800 | Thlaspi elegans Boiss. (Brassica) | Distrib. Turkey | [1] | ||
| Ni | 3000 | Thlaspi epirotum Halacsy (Brassica) | Distrib. Greece | [1] | ||
| Ni | 12000 | Thlaspi goesingense Halacsy (Brassica) | Distrib. Greece | [1] | ||
| Ni | 2440 | Thlaspi japonicum H. Boissieu (Brassica) | Distrib. Japan | [1] | ||
| Ni | 26900 | Thlaspi jaubertii Hedge (Brassica) | Distrib. Turkey | [1] | ||
| Ni | 13600 | Thlaspi kovatsii Heuffel (Brassica) | Distrib. Yugoslavia | [1] | ||
| Ni | 5530 | Thlaspi montanum L. var. montanum (Brassica) | Distrib. U.S.A. Ni-hyperaccumulation protects T. montanum against fungal and bacterial pathogens. | [1] | ||
| Ni | H- | Thlaspi pindicum (Brassica) | Sp. endemic to serpentine soils in Greece and Albania. Ni relatively abundant in some parts of the seed (mainly the micropyle). [20] | |||
| Ni | 4000 | Thlaspi ochroleucum Boiss. and Heldr. (Brassica) | Distrib. Greece | [1] | ||
| Ni | 35600 | Thlaspi oxyceras (Boiss.) Hedge (Brassica) | distrib. Turkey, Syria | [1] | ||
| Ni | 18300 | Thlaspi rotundifolium (L.) Gaudin var. corymbosum (Gay) (Brassica) | Central Europe | [1] | ||
| Ni | 31000 | Thlaspi sylvium (as T. alpinim subsp. Sylvium) (Brassica) | Central Europe | [1] | ||
| Ni | 1800 | Thlaspi tymphaneum Hausskn. (Brassica) | Distrib. Greece | [1] | ||
| Ni | 7000 ( only 54 in fruits) | Walsura monophylla Elm. (Meliaceae) | Origin Philippines. | Baker et al. (1992) [21] |
Notes
| Terms | |
|---|---|
| Hyperaccumulators | |
| Related | |
Phytoremediation technologies use living plants to clean up soil, air and water contaminated with hazardous contaminants. It is defined as "the use of green plants and the associated microorganisms, along with proper soil amendments and agronomic techniques to either contain, remove or render toxic environmental contaminants harmless". The term is an amalgam of the Greek phyto (plant) and Latin remedium. Although attractive for its cost, phytoremediation has not been demonstrated to redress any significant environmental challenge to the extent that contaminated space has been reclaimed.
Salix viminalis, the basket willow, common osier or osier, is a species of willow native to Europe, Western Asia, and the Himalayas.
Noccaea caerulescens, the alpine penny-cress or alpine pennygrass, is a flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae. It is found in Scandinavia and Europe.
A hyperaccumulator is a plant capable of growing in soil or water with high concentrations of metals, absorbing these metals through their roots, and concentrating extremely high levels of metals in their tissues. The metals are concentrated at levels that are toxic to closely related species not adapted to growing on the metalliferous soils. Compared to non-hyperaccumulating species, hyperaccumulator roots extract the metal from the soil at a higher rate, transfer it more quickly to their shoots, and store large amounts in leaves and roots. The ability to hyperaccumulate toxic metals compared to related species has been shown to be due to differential gene expression and regulation of the same genes in both plants.
This list covers hyperaccumulators, plant species which accumulate, or are tolerant of radionuclides, hydrocarbons and organic solvents, and inorganic compounds.
Geissois is a genus of trees and shrubs in the plant family Cunoniaceae. It includes about 19 species mostly found in New Caledonia, but also in Fiji, Vanuatu, and the Solomon Islands. Leaves are opposite, palmate with 3-9 leaflets, with entire margin and intrapetiolar stipules. The inflorescences are simple racemes and bottle-brush like. The flowers have four red sepals, lacking petals, with many long red stamens. The fruit is a capsule, the seeds flat and winged. The genus includes several nickel hyperaccumulator and one aluminum hyperaccumulator, Geissois polyphylla.
Phytomining, sometimes called agromining, is the concept of extracting heavy metals from the soil using plants. Specifically, phytomining is for the purpose of economic gain. The approach exploits the existence of hyperaccumulators, proteins or compounds secreted by plants to bind certain metal ions. These extracted ores are called bio-ores. The approach has little practical value because it is slow and inefficient.
Rhizofiltration is a form of phytoremediation that involves filtering contaminated groundwater, surface water and wastewater through a mass of roots to remove toxic substances or excess nutrients.
Bassia scoparia is a large annual herb in the family Amaranthaceae native to Eurasia. It has been introduced to many parts of North America, where it is found in grassland, prairie, and desert shrub ecosystems. Its common names include ragweed, summer cypress, mock-cypress, kochia, belvedere, World's Fair plant, burningbush, Mexican firebrush, and Mexican fireweed, the provenance of the latter three names being the herb's red autumn foliage.
Sedum alfredii is a perennial herb in areas of Asia,
Streptanthus polygaloides is a species of flowering plant in the mustard family known by the common name milkwort jewelflower. It is endemic to the Sierra Nevada foothills of California, where it grows in woodlands and chaparral, generally on serpentine soils.
Phytoextraction is a subprocess of phytoremediation in which plants remove dangerous elements or compounds from soil or water, most usually heavy metals, metals that have a high density and may be toxic to organisms even at relatively low concentrations. The heavy metals that plants extract are toxic to the plants as well, and the plants used for phytoextraction are known hyperaccumulators that sequester extremely large amounts of heavy metals in their tissues. Phytoextraction can also be performed by plants that uptake lower levels of pollutants, but due to their high growth rate and biomass production, may remove a considerable amount of contaminants from the soil.
Pycnandra acuminata is a species of plant in the family of Sapotaceae. It is a rainforest shrub, endemic to New Caledonia, and is adapted to the nickel-rich ultramafic soils found there. Pycnandra acuminata is notable as one of the most prolific hyperaccumulators of trace metals known, actively absorbing nickel from the soil and concentrating it within the plant to a concentration of up to 25% nickel citrate as dry weight of the sap, which is turquoise-green in colour due to the nickel content. It is the only known plant with turquoise sap. An excellent photo can be seen at. The vernacular name in French is sève bleue.
Senecio coronatus (Thunb.) Harv. aka the woolly grassland senecio is a plant in the family Asteraceae, endemic to and widespread in Southern Africa, occurring in the moister southern and eastern regions.
Mycorrhizal amelioration of heavy metals or pollutants is a process by which mycorrhizal fungi in a mutualistic relationship with plants can sequester toxic compounds from the environment, as a form of bioremediation.
Phyllanthus balgooyi is an herbaceous plant in the family Phyllanthaceae, found in Palawan and Sabah. The plant is a hyperaccumulator of nickel, with a concentration of the metal exceeding 16% in the plant's phloem sap.
Odontarrhena is a large genus of flowering plants in the family Brassicaceae. They were originally a separate genus and then were amalgamated into the Alyssum genus, but then morphological and molecular evidence has reseperated them. Some of the genera are nickel (Ni) hyperaccumulators.
Agrostis castellana, the highland bent, dryland bent or dryland browntop, is a species of cool-season grass in the family Poaceae. It is native to Macaronesia and the Mediterranean, has been widely introduced elsewhere, and is considered an invasive species in some locales. It is a hyperaccumulator of zinc and lead.
Alyssum serpyllifolium, the thyme-leaved alison, is a species of flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae, native to the western Mediterranean region. It is adapted to serpentine soils. The Royal Horticultural Society recommends it for rock gardens.
