List of hyperaccumulators

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This article covers known hyperaccumulators, accumulators or species tolerant to the following: Aluminium (Al), Silver (Ag), Arsenic (As), Beryllium (Be), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Mercury (Hg), Molybdenum (Mo), Naphthalene, Lead (Pb), Selenium (Se) and Zinc (Zn).

See also:

Hyperaccumulators table – 1

hyperaccumulators and contaminants : Al, Ag, As, Be, Cr, Cu, Mn, Hg, Mo, naphthalene, Pb, Se, Zn – accumulation rates
ContaminantAccumulation rates (in mg/kg dry weight)Binomial nameEnglish nameH-Hyperaccumulator or A-Accumulator P-Precipitator T-TolerantNotesSources
Al A- Agrostis castellana highland bentgrassAs(A), Mn(A), Pb(A), Zn(A)Origin: Portugal. [1] : 898 
Al 1000 Hordeum vulgare Barley 25 records of plants. [1] : 891  [2]
Al Hydrangea spp. Hydrangea (a.k.a. Hortensia)
Al Aluminium concentrations in young leaves, mature leaves, old leaves, and roots were found to be 8.0, 9.2, 14.4, and 10.1 mg g1, respectively. [3] Melastoma malabathricum L.Blue Tongue, or Native Lassiandra P competes with Al and reduces uptake. [4]
Al Solidago hispida (Solidago canadensis L.)Hairy GoldenrodOrigin Canada. [1] : 891  [2]
Al 100 Vicia faba Horse Bean [1] : 891  [2]
Ag 10-1200 Salix miyabeana WillowAg(T)Seemed able to adapt to high AgNO3 concentrations on a long timeline [5]
Ag Brassica napus Rapeseed plantCr, Hg, Pb, Se, ZnPhytoextraction [1] : 19  [6]
Ag Salix spp. Osier spp.Cr, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbures, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products; [1] : 19  Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalix); [7] Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.) [8] Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes) [1] : 19 
Ag Amanita strobiliformis European Pine Cone LepidellaAg(H)Macrofungi, Basidiomycete. Known from Europe, prefers calcareous areas [9]
Ag 10-1200 Brassica juncea Indian MustardAg(H)Can form alloys of silver-gold-copper [10]
As 100 Agrostis capillaris L.Common Bent Grass, Browntop. (= A. tenuris)Al(A), Mn(A), Pb(A), Zn(A) [1] : 891 
As H- Agrostis castellanaHighland Bent GrassAl(A), Mn(A), Pb(A), Zn(A)Origin Portugal. [1] : 898 
As 1000Agrostis tenerrima Trin.Colonial bentgrass4 records of plants [1] : 891  [11]
As 2-1300 Cyanoboletus pulverulentus Ink Stain Boletecontains dimethylarsinic acidEurope [12]
As 27,000 (fronds) [13] Pteris vittata L.Ladder brake fern or Chinese brake fern26% of As in the soil removed after 20 weeks' plantation, about 90% As accumulated in fronds. [14] Root extracts reduce arsenate to arsenite. [15]
As 100-7000 Sarcosphaera coronaria pink crown, violet crown-cup, or violet star cupAs(H) Ectomycorrhizal ascomycete, known from Europe [16] [17]
Be No reports found for accumulation [1] : 891 
Cr Azolla spp.mosquito fern, duckweed fern, fairy moss, water fern [1] : 891  [18]
CrH- Bacopa monnieri Smooth Water Hyssop, Water hyssop, Brahmi, Thyme-leafed gratiolaCd(H), Cu(H), Hg(A), Pb(A)Origin India. Aquatic emergent species. [1] : 898  [19]
Cr Brassica juncea L. Indian mustard Cd(A), Cr(A), Cu(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Pb(P), U(A), Zn(H)Cultivated in agriculture. [1] : 19, 898  [20]
Cr Brassica napus Rapeseed plantAg, Hg, Pb, Se, ZnPhytoextraction [6] [1] : 19 
CrA- Vallisneria americana Tape GrassCd(H), Pb(H)Native to Europe and North Africa. Widely cultivated in the aquarium trade. [1] : 898 
Cr1000 Dicoma niccolifera35 records of plants [1] : 891 
Cr roots naturally absorb pollutants, some organic compounds believed to be carcinogenic, [21] in concentrations 10,000 times that in the surrounding water. [22] Eichhornia crassipes Water Hyacinth Cd(H), Cu(A), Hg(H), [21] Pb(H), [21] Zn(A). Also Cs, Sr, U, [21] [23] and pesticides. [24] Pantropical/Subtropical. Plants sprayed with 2,4-D may accumulate lethal doses of nitrates. [25] 'The troublesome weed' – hence an excellent source of bioenergy. [21] [1] : 898 
Cr Helianthus annuus SunflowerPhytoextraction and rhizofiltration [1] : 19, 898 
CrA- Hydrilla verticillata HydrillaCd(H), Hg(H), Pb(H) [1] : 898 
Cr Medicago sativa Alfalfa [1] : 891  [26]
Cr Pistia stratiotes Water lettuceCd(T), Hg(H), Cr(H), Cu(T) [1] : 891, 898  [27]
Cr Salix spp. Osier spp.Ag, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbures, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products; [1] : 19  Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalix); [7] Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.) [8] Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes) [1] : 19 
Cr Salvinia molesta Kariba weeds or water fernsCr(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(A) [1] : 891, 898  [28]
Cr Spirodela polyrhiza Giant Duckweed Cd(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(A)Native to North America. [1] : 891, 898  [28]
Cr 100 Jamesbrittenia fodina Hilliard
Sutera fodina Wild		 [1] : 891  [29] [30]
Cr A- Thlaspi caerulescens Alpine Pennycress, Alpine PennygrassCd(H), Co(H), Cu(H), Mo, Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(H)Phytoextraction. T. caerulescens may acidify its rhizosphere, which would affect metal uptake by increasing available metals [31] [1] : 19, 891, 898  [32] [33] [34]
Cu9000 Aeollanthus biformifolius [35]
Cu Athyrium yokoscense (Japanese false spleenwort?)Cd(A), Pb(H), Zn(H)Origin Japan. [1] : 898 
CuA- Azolla filiculoides Pacific mosquitofernNi(A), Pb(A), Mn(A)Origin Africa. Floating plant. [1] : 898 
CuH- Bacopa monnieri Smooth Water Hyssop, Water hyssop, Brahmi, Thyme-leafed gratiolaCd(H), Cr(H), Hg(A), Pb(A)Origin India. Aquatic emergent species. [1] : 898  [19]
Cu Brassica juncea L. Indian mustard Cd(A), Cr(A), Cu(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Pb(P), U(A), Zn(H)cultivated [1] : 19, 898  [20]
CuH- Vallisneria americana Tape GrassCd(H), Cr(A), Pb(H)Native to Europe and North Africa. Widely cultivated in the aquarium trade. [1] : 898 
Cu Eichhornia crassipes Water Hyacinth Cd(H), Cr(A), Hg(H), Pb(H), Zn(A), Also Cs, Sr, U, [23] and pesticides. [24] Pantropical/Subtropical, 'the troublesome weed'. [1] : 898 
Cu1000 Haumaniastrum robertii
( Lamiaceae )		Copper flower27 records of plants. Origin Africa. This species' phanerogam has the highest cobalt content. Its distribution could be governed by cobalt rather than copper. [36] [1] : 891  [33]
Cu Helianthus annuus Sunflower Phytoextraction with rhizofiltration [1] : 898  [33]
Cu1000 Larrea tridentata Creosote Bush67 records of plants. Origin U.S. [1] : 891  [33]
CuH- Lemna minor Duckweed Pb(H), Cd(H), Zn(A)Native to North America and widespread worldwide. [1] : 898 
Cu Ocimum centraliafricanum Copper plantCu(T), Ni(T)Origin Southern Africa [37]
CuT- Pistia stratiotes Water LettuceCd(T), Hg(H), Cr(H)Pantropical. Origin South U.S.A. Aquatic herb. [1] : 898 
Cu Thlaspi caerulescens Alpine pennycress, Alpine Pennycress, Alpine PennygrassCd(H), Cr(A), Co(H), Mo, Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(H)Phytoextraction. Cu noticeably limits its growth. [34] [1] : 19, 891, 898  [31] [32] [33] [34]
MnA- Agrostis castellanaHighland Bent GrassAl(A), As(A), Pb(A), Zn(A)Origin Portugal. [1] : 898 
Mn Azolla filiculoides Pacific mosquitofernCu(A), Ni(A), Pb(A)Origin Africa. Floating plant. [1] : 898 
Mn Brassica juncea L. Indian mustard [1] : 19  [20]
Mn23,000 (maximum) 11,000 (average) leaf Chengiopanax sciadophylloides (Franch. & Sav.) C.B.Shang & J.Y.Huang koshiabura Origin Japan. Forest tree. [38]
Mn Helianthus annuus Sunflower Phytoextraction and rhizofiltration [1] : 19 
Mn1000 Macadamia neurophylla
(now Virotia neurophylla (Guillaumin) P. H. Weston & A. R. Mast)		28 records of plants [1] : 891  [39]
Mn200 [1] : 891 
HgA- Bacopa monnieri Smooth Water Hyssop, Water hyssop, Brahmi, Thyme-leafed gratiolaCd(H), Cr(H), Cu(H), Hg(A), Pb(A)Origin India. Aquatic emergent species. [1] : 898  [19]
Hg Brassica napus Rapeseed plantAg, Cr, Pb, Se, ZnPhytoextraction [1] : 19  [6]
Hg Eichhornia crassipes Water Hyacinth Cd(H), Cr(A), Cu(A), Pb(H), Zn(A). Also Cs, Sr, U, [23] and pesticides. [24] Pantropical/Subtropical, 'the troublesome weed'. [1] : 898 
HgH- Hydrilla verticillata HydrillaCd(H), Cr(A), Pb(H) [1] : 898 
Hg1000 Pistia stratiotes Water lettuceCd(T), Cr(H), Cu(T)35 records of plants [1] : 891, 898  [33] [40] [ full citation needed ]
Hg Salix spp. Osier spp.Ag, Cr, Se, petroleum hydrocarbures, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products; [1] : 19  Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalix); [7] Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.) [8] Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes) [1] : 19 
Mo1500 Thlaspi caerulescens ( Brassicaceae )Alpine pennycressCd(H), Cr(A), Co(H), Cu(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(H)phytoextraction [1] : 19, 891, 898  [31] [32] [33] [34]
Naphthalene Festuca arundinacea Tall FescueIncreases catabolic genes and the mineralization of naphthalene. [41]
Naphthalene Trifolium hirtum Pink clover, rose cloverDecreases catabolic genes and the mineralization of naphthalene. [41]
PbA- Agrostis castellana'Highland Bent Grass Al(A), As(H), Mn(A), Zn(A)Origin Portugal. [1] : 898 
Pb Ambrosia artemisiifolia Ragweed [6]
Pb Armeria maritima Seapink Thrift [6]
Pb Athyrium yokoscense (Japanese false spleenwort?)Cd(A), Cu(H), Zn(H)Origin Japan. [1] : 898 
PbA- Azolla filiculoides Pacific mosquitofernCu(A), Ni(A), Mn(A)Origin Africa. Floating plant. [1] : 898 
PbA- Bacopa monnieri Smooth Water Hyssop, Water hyssop, Brahmi, Thyme-leafed gratiolaCd(H), Cr(H), Cu(H), Hg(A)Origin India. Aquatic emergent species. [1] : 898  [19]
PbH- Brassica juncea Indian mustard Cd(A), Cr(A), Cu(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Pb(P), U(A), Zn(H)79 recorded plants. Phytoextraction [1] : 19, 891, 898  [6] [20] [31] [33] [34] [42]
Pb Brassica napus Rapeseed plantAg, Cr, Hg, Se, ZnPhytoextraction [1] : 19  [6]
Pb Brassica oleracea Ornemental Kale and Cabbage, Broccoli [6]
PbH- Vallisneria americana Tape GrassCd(H), Cr(A), Cu(H)Native to Europe and North Africa. Widely cultivated in the aquarium trade. [1] : 898 
Pb Eichhornia crassipes Water Hyacinth Cd(H), Cr(A), Cu(A), Hg(H), Zn(A). Also Cs, Sr, U, [23] and pesticides. [24] Pantropical/Subtropical, 'the troublesome weed'. [1] : 898 
Pb Festuca ovina Blue Sheep Fescue [6]
Pb Ipomoea trifida Morning glory Phytoextraction and rhizofiltration [1] : 19, 898  [6] [7] [42]
PbH- Hydrilla verticillata HydrillaCd(H), Cr(A), Hg(H) [1] : 898 
PbH- Lemna minor Duckweed Cd(H), Cu(H), Zn(H)Native to North America and widespread worldwide. [1] : 898 
Pb Salix viminalis Common Osier Cd, U, Zn, [7] Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbures, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products (S. spp.); [1] : 19  Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.) [8] Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes) [7]
PbH- Salvinia molesta Kariba weeds or water fernsCr(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(A)Origin India. [1] : 898 
Pb Spirodela polyrhiza Giant Duckweed Cd(H), Cr(H), Ni(H), Zn(A)Native to North America. [1] : 891, 898  [28]
Pb Thlaspi caerulescens ( Brassicaceae )Alpine pennycress, Alpine pennygrassCd(H), Cr(A), Co(H), Cu(H), Mo(H), Ni(H), Zn(H)Phytoextraction. [1] : 19, 891, 898  [31] [32] [33] [34]
Pb Thlaspi rotundifoliumRound-leaved Pennycress [6]
Pb Triticum aestivum Common Wheat [6]
Se.012-20 Amanita muscaria Fly agaric Cap contains higher concentrations than stalks [43]
Se Brassica juncea Indian mustard Rhizosphere bacteria enhance accumulation. [44] [1] : 19 
Se Brassica napus Rapeseed plantAg, Cr, Hg, Pb, ZnPhytoextraction. [1] : 19  [6]
SeLow rates of selenium volatilization from selenate-supplied Muskgrass (10-fold less than from selenite) may be due to a major rate limitation in the reduction of selenate to organic forms of selenium in Muskgrass. Chara canescens Desv. & LoisMuskgrassMuskgrass treated with selenite contains 91% of the total Se in organic forms (selenoethers and diselenides), compared with 47% in Muskgrass treated with selenate. [45] 1.9% of the total Se input is accumulated in its tissues; 0.5% is removed via biological volatilization. [46] [47]
Se Bassia scoparia
(a.k.a. Kochia scoparia )		burningbush, ragweed, summer cypress, fireball, belvedere and Mexican firebrush, Mexican fireweedU, [7] Cr, Pb, Hg, Ag, Zn Perchlorate (wetland halophytes). Phytoextraction. [1] : 19, 898 
Se Salix spp. Osier spp.Ag, Cr, Hg, petroleum hydrocarbures, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products; [1] : 19  Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalis); [7] Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.) [8] Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes). [1] : 19 
ZnA- Agrostis castellanaHighland Bent GrassAl(A), As(H), Mn(A), Pb(A)Origin Portugal. [1] : 898 
Zn Athyrium yokoscense (Japanese false spleenwort?)Cd(A), Cu(H), Pb(H)Origin Japan. [1] : 898 
Zn Brassicaceae Mustards, mustard flowers, crucifers or cabbage familyCd(H), Cs(H), Ni(H), Sr(H)Phytoextraction [1] : 19 
Zn Brassica juncea L. Indian mustard Cd(A), Cr(A), Cu(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Pb(P), U(A).Larvae of Pieris brassicae do not even sample its high-Zn leaves. (Pollard and Baker, 1997) [1] : 19, 898  [20]
Zn Brassica napus Rapeseed plantAg, Cr, Hg, Pb, SePhytoextraction [1] : 19  [6]
Zn Helianthus annuus Sunflower Phytoextraction and rhizofiltration [1] : 19  [7]
Zn Eichhornia crassipes Water Hyacinth Cd(H), Cr(A), Cu(A), Hg(H), Pb(H). Also Cs, Sr, U, [23] and pesticides. [24] Pantropical/Subtropical, 'the troublesome weed'. [1] : 898 
Zn Salix viminalis Common Osier Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbons, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products; [1] : 19  Cd, Pb, U (S. viminalis); [7] Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.) [8] Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes). [7]
ZnA- Salvinia molesta Kariba weeds or water fernsCr(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(A)Origin India. [1] : 898 
Zn1400 Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke ( Caryophyllaceae ) Bladder campion Ernst et al. (1990)
Zn Spirodela polyrhiza Giant Duckweed Cd(H), Cr(H), Ni(H), Pb(H)Native to North America. [1] : 891, 898  [28]
ZnH-10,000 Thlaspi caerulescens ( Brassicaceae )Alpine pennycressCd(H), Cr(A), Co(H), Cu(H), Mo, Ni(H), Pb(H)48 records of plants. May acidify its own rhizosphere, which would facilitate absorption by solubilization of the metal [31] [1] : 19, 891, 898  [32] [33] [34] [42]
Zn Trifolium pratense Red CloverNonmetal accumulator.Its rhizosphere is denser in bacteria than that of Thlaspi caerulescens , but T. caerulescens has relatively more metal-resistant bacteria. [31]

Cs-137 activity was much smaller in leaves of larch and sycamore maple than of spruce: spruce > larch > sycamore maple.

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A toxic heavy metal is any relatively dense metal or metalloid that is noted for its potential toxicity, especially in environmental contexts. The term has particular application to cadmium, mercury and lead, all of which appear in the World Health Organization's list of 10 chemicals of major public concern. Other examples include manganese, chromium, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, silver, antimony and thallium.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bioremediation</span> Process used to treat contaminated media such as water and soil

Bioremediation broadly refers to any process wherein a biological system, living or dead, is employed for removing environmental pollutants from air, water, soil, flue gasses, industrial effluents etc., in natural or artificial settings. The natural ability of organisms to adsorb, accumulate, and degrade common and emerging pollutants has attracted the use of biological resources in treatment of contaminated environment. In comparison to conventional physicochemical treatment methods bioremediation may offer considerable advantages as it aims to be sustainable, eco-friendly, cheap, and scalable.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phytoremediation</span> Decontamination technique using living plants

Phytoremediation technologies use living plants to clean up soil, air and water contaminated with hazardous contaminants. It is defined as "the use of green plants and the associated microorganisms, along with proper soil amendments and agronomic techniques to either contain, remove or render toxic environmental contaminants harmless". The term is an amalgam of the Greek phyto (plant) and Latin remedium. Although attractive for its cost, phytoremediation has not been demonstrated to redress any significant environmental challenge to the extent that contaminated space has been reclaimed.

<i>Salix viminalis</i> Species of willow

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The selenate ion is SeO2−
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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hyperaccumulator</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Environmental effects of mining</span> Environmental problems from uncontrolled mining

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<i>Spirodela polyrhiza</i> Species of flowering plant in the family Araceae

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<i>Azolla pinnata</i> Species of aquatic plant

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Athyrium yokoscense, commonly known as Asian common ladyfern in English and as Hebino-negoza in Japanese, is a species of fern in the family Athyriaceae. These tough plants live primarily in and around mine sites and thrive in soils contaminated with high concentrations of heavy metals, such as zinc, cadmium, lead, and copper. A. yokoscense is indigenous to Japan, Korea, eastern Siberia and northeastern China and has been known for centuries to tolerate phytotoxic mining sites. The predominance and concentration of this fern species at a particular region was used to identify potential mining sites. The primary potential of A. yokoscense is in its phytoremediative ability to accumulate toxic metals from soils contaminated with heavy metals, so it may have some long-term commercial importance. No medicinal or culinary values of this fern species have been studied or confirmed.

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<i>Alyssum serpyllifolium</i> Species of plant in the family Brassicaceae

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References

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  4. ↑ Shoellhorn, Rick; Richardson, Alexis A. (2005). "Warm Climate Production Guidelines for Japanese Hydrangeas". EDIS. Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. 2005 (4). doi: 10.32473/edis-ep177-2005 . ENH910/EP177.
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