List of hyperaccumulators

Last updated

This article covers known hyperaccumulators, accumulators or species tolerant to the following: Aluminium (Al), Silver (Ag), Arsenic (As), Beryllium (Be), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Mercury (Hg), Molybdenum (Mo), Naphthalene, Lead (Pb), Selenium (Se) and Zinc (Zn).

See also:

Hyperaccumulators table – 1

hyperaccumulators and contaminants : Al, Ag, As, Be, Cr, Cu, Mn, Hg, Mo, naphthalene, Pb, Se, Zn – accumulation rates
ContaminantAccumulation rates (in mg/kg dry weight)Binomial nameEnglish nameH-Hyperaccumulator or A-Accumulator P-Precipitator T-TolerantNotesSources
Al A- Agrostis castellana highland bentgrassAs(A), Mn(A), Pb(A), Zn(A)Origin: Portugal. [1] : 898 
Al 1000 Hordeum vulgare Barley 25 records of plants. [1] : 891  [2]
Al Hydrangea spp. Hydrangea (a.k.a. Hortensia)
Al Aluminium concentrations in young leaves, mature leaves, old leaves, and roots were found to be 8.0, 9.2, 14.4, and 10.1 mg g1, respectively. [3] Melastoma malabathricum L.Blue Tongue, or Native Lassiandra P competes with Al and reduces uptake. [4]
Al Solidago hispida (Solidago canadensis L.)Hairy GoldenrodOrigin Canada. [1] : 891  [2]
Al 100 Vicia faba Horse Bean [1] : 891  [2]
Ag 10-1200 Salix miyabeana WillowAg(T)Seemed able to adapt to high AgNO3 concentrations on a long timeline [5]
Ag Brassica napus Rapeseed plantCr, Hg, Pb, Se, ZnPhytoextraction [1] : 19  [6]
Ag Salix spp. Osier spp.Cr, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbures, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products; [1] : 19  Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalix); [7] Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.) [8] Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes) [1] : 19 
Ag Amanita strobiliformis European Pine Cone LepidellaAg(H)Macrofungi, Basidiomycete. Known from Europe, prefers calcareous areas [9]
Ag 10-1200 Brassica juncea Indian MustardAg(H)Can form alloys of silver-gold-copper [10]
As 100 Agrostis capillaris L.Common Bent Grass, Browntop. (= A. tenuris)Al(A), Mn(A), Pb(A), Zn(A) [1] : 891 
As H- Agrostis castellanaHighland Bent GrassAl(A), Mn(A), Pb(A), Zn(A)Origin Portugal. [1] : 898 
As 1000Agrostis tenerrima Trin.Colonial bentgrass4 records of plants [1] : 891  [11]
As 2-1300 Cyanoboletus pulverulentus Ink Stain Boletecontains dimethylarsinic acidEurope [12]
As 27,000 (fronds) [13] Pteris vittata L.Ladder brake fern or Chinese brake fern26% of As in the soil removed after 20 weeks' plantation, about 90% As accumulated in fronds. [14] Root extracts reduce arsenate to arsenite. [15]
As 100-7000 Sarcosphaera coronaria pink crown, violet crown-cup, or violet star cupAs(H) Ectomycorrhizal ascomycete, known from Europe [16] [17]
Be No reports found for accumulation [1] : 891 
Cr Azolla spp.mosquito fern, duckweed fern, fairy moss, water fern [1] : 891  [18]
CrH- Bacopa monnieri Smooth Water Hyssop, Water hyssop, Brahmi, Thyme-leafed gratiolaCd(H), Cu(H), Hg(A), Pb(A)Origin India. Aquatic emergent species. [1] : 898  [19]
Cr Brassica juncea L. Indian mustard Cd(A), Cr(A), Cu(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Pb(P), U(A), Zn(H)Cultivated in agriculture. [1] : 19, 898  [20]
Cr Brassica napus Rapeseed plantAg, Hg, Pb, Se, ZnPhytoextraction [6] [1] : 19 
CrA- Vallisneria americana Tape GrassCd(H), Pb(H)Native to Europe and North Africa. Widely cultivated in the aquarium trade. [1] : 898 
Cr1000 Dicoma niccolifera35 records of plants [1] : 891 
Cr roots naturally absorb pollutants, some organic compounds believed to be carcinogenic, [21] in concentrations 10,000 times that in the surrounding water. [22] Eichhornia crassipes Water Hyacinth Cd(H), Cu(A), Hg(H), [21] Pb(H), [21] Zn(A). Also Cs, Sr, U, [21] [23] and pesticides. [24] Pantropical/Subtropical. Plants sprayed with 2,4-D may accumulate lethal doses of nitrates. [25] 'The troublesome weed' – hence an excellent source of bioenergy. [21] [1] : 898 
Cr Helianthus annuus SunflowerPhytoextraction and rhizofiltration [1] : 19, 898 
CrA- Hydrilla verticillata HydrillaCd(H), Hg(H), Pb(H) [1] : 898 
Cr Medicago sativa Alfalfa [1] : 891  [26]
Cr Pistia stratiotes Water lettuceCd(T), Hg(H), Cr(H), Cu(T) [1] : 891, 898  [27]
Cr Salix spp. Osier spp.Ag, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbures, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products; [1] : 19  Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalix); [7] Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.) [8] Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes) [1] : 19 
Cr Salvinia molesta Kariba weeds or water fernsCr(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(A) [1] : 891, 898  [28]
Cr Spirodela polyrhiza Giant Duckweed Cd(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(A)Native to North America. [1] : 891, 898  [28]
Cr 100 Jamesbrittenia fodina Hilliard
Sutera fodina Wild		 [1] : 891  [29] [30]
Cr A- Thlaspi caerulescens Alpine Pennycress, Alpine PennygrassCd(H), Co(H), Cu(H), Mo, Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(H)Phytoextraction. T. caerulescens may acidify its rhizosphere, which would affect metal uptake by increasing available metals [31] [1] : 19, 891, 898  [32] [33] [34]
Cu9000 Aeollanthus biformifolius [35]
Cu Athyrium yokoscense (Japanese false spleenwort?)Cd(A), Pb(H), Zn(H)Origin Japan. [1] : 898 
CuA- Azolla filiculoides Pacific mosquitofernNi(A), Pb(A), Mn(A)Origin Africa. Floating plant. [1] : 898 
CuH- Bacopa monnieri Smooth Water Hyssop, Water hyssop, Brahmi, Thyme-leafed gratiolaCd(H), Cr(H), Hg(A), Pb(A)Origin India. Aquatic emergent species. [1] : 898  [19]
Cu Brassica juncea L. Indian mustard Cd(A), Cr(A), Cu(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Pb(P), U(A), Zn(H)cultivated [1] : 19, 898  [20]
CuH- Vallisneria americana Tape GrassCd(H), Cr(A), Pb(H)Native to Europe and North Africa. Widely cultivated in the aquarium trade. [1] : 898 
Cu Eichhornia crassipes Water Hyacinth Cd(H), Cr(A), Hg(H), Pb(H), Zn(A), Also Cs, Sr, U, [23] and pesticides. [24] Pantropical/Subtropical, 'the troublesome weed'. [1] : 898 
Cu1000 Haumaniastrum robertii
( Lamiaceae )		Copper flower27 records of plants. Origin Africa. This species' phanerogam has the highest cobalt content. Its distribution could be governed by cobalt rather than copper. [36] [1] : 891  [33]
Cu Helianthus annuus Sunflower Phytoextraction with rhizofiltration [1] : 898  [33]
Cu1000 Larrea tridentata Creosote Bush67 records of plants. Origin U.S. [1] : 891  [33]
CuH- Lemna minor Duckweed Pb(H), Cd(H), Zn(A)Native to North America and widespread worldwide. [1] : 898 
Cu Ocimum centraliafricanum Copper plantCu(T), Ni(T)Origin Southern Africa [37]
CuT- Pistia stratiotes Water LettuceCd(T), Hg(H), Cr(H)Pantropical. Origin South U.S.A. Aquatic herb. [1] : 898 
Cu Thlaspi caerulescens Alpine pennycress, Alpine Pennycress, Alpine PennygrassCd(H), Cr(A), Co(H), Mo, Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(H)Phytoextraction. Cu noticeably limits its growth. [34] [1] : 19, 891, 898  [31] [32] [33] [34]
MnA- Agrostis castellanaHighland Bent GrassAl(A), As(A), Pb(A), Zn(A)Origin Portugal. [1] : 898 
Mn Azolla filiculoides Pacific mosquitofernCu(A), Ni(A), Pb(A)Origin Africa. Floating plant. [1] : 898 
Mn Brassica juncea L. Indian mustard [1] : 19  [20]
Mn23,000 (maximum) 11,000 (average) leaf Chengiopanax sciadophylloides (Franch. & Sav.) C.B.Shang & J.Y.Huang koshiabura Origin Japan. Forest tree. [38]
Mn Helianthus annuus Sunflower Phytoextraction and rhizofiltration [1] : 19 
Mn1000 Macadamia neurophylla
(now Virotia neurophylla (Guillaumin) P. H. Weston & A. R. Mast)		28 records of plants [1] : 891  [39]
Mn200 [1] : 891 
HgA- Bacopa monnieri Smooth Water Hyssop, Water hyssop, Brahmi, Thyme-leafed gratiolaCd(H), Cr(H), Cu(H), Hg(A), Pb(A)Origin India. Aquatic emergent species. [1] : 898  [19]
Hg Brassica napus Rapeseed plantAg, Cr, Pb, Se, ZnPhytoextraction [1] : 19  [6]
Hg Eichhornia crassipes Water Hyacinth Cd(H), Cr(A), Cu(A), Pb(H), Zn(A). Also Cs, Sr, U, [23] and pesticides. [24] Pantropical/Subtropical, 'the troublesome weed'. [1] : 898 
HgH- Hydrilla verticillata HydrillaCd(H), Cr(A), Pb(H) [1] : 898 
Hg1000 Pistia stratiotes Water lettuceCd(T), Cr(H), Cu(T)35 records of plants [1] : 891, 898  [33] [40] [ full citation needed ]
Hg Salix spp. Osier spp.Ag, Cr, Se, petroleum hydrocarbures, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products; [1] : 19  Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalix); [7] Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.) [8] Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes) [1] : 19 
Mo1500 Thlaspi caerulescens ( Brassicaceae )Alpine pennycressCd(H), Cr(A), Co(H), Cu(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(H)phytoextraction [1] : 19, 891, 898  [31] [32] [33] [34]
Naphthalene Festuca arundinacea Tall FescueIncreases catabolic genes and the mineralization of naphthalene. [41]
Naphthalene Trifolium hirtum Pink clover, rose cloverDecreases catabolic genes and the mineralization of naphthalene. [41]
PbA- Agrostis castellana'Highland Bent Grass Al(A), As(H), Mn(A), Zn(A)Origin Portugal. [1] : 898 
Pb Ambrosia artemisiifolia Ragweed [6]
Pb Armeria maritima Seapink Thrift [6]
Pb Athyrium yokoscense (Japanese false spleenwort?)Cd(A), Cu(H), Zn(H)Origin Japan. [1] : 898 
PbA- Azolla filiculoides Pacific mosquitofernCu(A), Ni(A), Mn(A)Origin Africa. Floating plant. [1] : 898 
PbA- Bacopa monnieri Smooth Water Hyssop, Water hyssop, Brahmi, Thyme-leafed gratiolaCd(H), Cr(H), Cu(H), Hg(A)Origin India. Aquatic emergent species. [1] : 898  [19]
PbH- Brassica juncea Indian mustard Cd(A), Cr(A), Cu(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Pb(P), U(A), Zn(H)79 recorded plants. Phytoextraction [1] : 19, 891, 898  [6] [20] [31] [33] [34] [42]
Pb Brassica napus Rapeseed plantAg, Cr, Hg, Se, ZnPhytoextraction [1] : 19  [6]
Pb Brassica oleracea Ornamental Kale and Cabbage, Broccoli [6]
PbH- Vallisneria americana Tape GrassCd(H), Cr(A), Cu(H)Native to Europe and North Africa. Widely cultivated in the aquarium trade. [1] : 898 
Pb Eichhornia crassipes Water Hyacinth Cd(H), Cr(A), Cu(A), Hg(H), Zn(A). Also Cs, Sr, U, [23] and pesticides. [24] Pantropical/Subtropical, 'the troublesome weed'. [1] : 898 
Pb Festuca ovina Blue Sheep Fescue [6]
Pb Ipomoea trifida Morning glory Phytoextraction and rhizofiltration [1] : 19, 898  [6] [7] [42]
PbH- Hydrilla verticillata HydrillaCd(H), Cr(A), Hg(H) [1] : 898 
PbH- Lemna minor Duckweed Cd(H), Cu(H), Zn(H)Native to North America and widespread worldwide. [1] : 898 
Pb Salix viminalis Common Osier Cd, U, Zn, [7] Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbures, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products (S. spp.); [1] : 19  Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.) [8] Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes) [7]
PbH- Salvinia molesta Kariba weeds or water fernsCr(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(A)Origin India. [1] : 898 
Pb Spirodela polyrhiza Giant Duckweed Cd(H), Cr(H), Ni(H), Zn(A)Native to North America. [1] : 891, 898  [28]
Pb Thlaspi caerulescens ( Brassicaceae )Alpine pennycress, Alpine pennygrassCd(H), Cr(A), Co(H), Cu(H), Mo(H), Ni(H), Zn(H)Phytoextraction. [1] : 19, 891, 898  [31] [32] [33] [34]
Pb Thlaspi rotundifoliumRound-leaved Pennycress [6]
Pb Triticum aestivum Common Wheat [6]
Se.012-20 Amanita muscaria Fly agaric Cap contains higher concentrations than stalks [43]
Se Brassica juncea Indian mustard Rhizosphere bacteria enhance accumulation. [44] [1] : 19 
Se Brassica napus Rapeseed plantAg, Cr, Hg, Pb, ZnPhytoextraction. [1] : 19  [6]
SeLow rates of selenium volatilization from selenate-supplied Muskgrass (10-fold less than from selenite) may be due to a major rate limitation in the reduction of selenate to organic forms of selenium in Muskgrass. Chara canescens Desv. & LoisMuskgrassMuskgrass treated with selenite contains 91% of the total Se in organic forms (selenoethers and diselenides), compared with 47% in Muskgrass treated with selenate. [45] 1.9% of the total Se input is accumulated in its tissues; 0.5% is removed via biological volatilization. [46] [47]
Se Bassia scoparia
(a.k.a. Kochia scoparia )		burningbush, ragweed, summer cypress, fireball, belvedere and Mexican firebrush, Mexican fireweedU, [7] Cr, Pb, Hg, Ag, Zn Perchlorate (wetland halophytes). Phytoextraction. [1] : 19, 898 
Se Salix spp. Osier spp.Ag, Cr, Hg, petroleum hydrocarbures, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products; [1] : 19  Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalis); [7] Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.) [8] Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes). [1] : 19 
ZnA- Agrostis castellanaHighland Bent GrassAl(A), As(H), Mn(A), Pb(A)Origin Portugal. [1] : 898 
Zn Athyrium yokoscense (Japanese false spleenwort?)Cd(A), Cu(H), Pb(H)Origin Japan. [1] : 898 
Zn Brassicaceae Mustards, mustard flowers, crucifers or cabbage familyCd(H), Cs(H), Ni(H), Sr(H)Phytoextraction [1] : 19 
Zn Brassica juncea L. Indian mustard Cd(A), Cr(A), Cu(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Pb(P), U(A).Larvae of Pieris brassicae do not even sample its high-Zn leaves. (Pollard and Baker, 1997) [1] : 19, 898  [20]
Zn Brassica napus Rapeseed plantAg, Cr, Hg, Pb, SePhytoextraction [1] : 19  [6]
Zn Helianthus annuus Sunflower Phytoextraction and rhizofiltration [1] : 19  [7]
Zn Eichhornia crassipes Water Hyacinth Cd(H), Cr(A), Cu(A), Hg(H), Pb(H). Also Cs, Sr, U, [23] and pesticides. [24] Pantropical/Subtropical, 'the troublesome weed'. [1] : 898 
Zn Salix viminalis Common Osier Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbons, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products; [1] : 19  Cd, Pb, U (S. viminalis); [7] Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.) [8] Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes). [7]
ZnA- Salvinia molesta Kariba weeds or water fernsCr(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(A)Origin India. [1] : 898 
Zn1400 Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke ( Caryophyllaceae ) Bladder campion Ernst et al. (1990)
Zn Spirodela polyrhiza Giant Duckweed Cd(H), Cr(H), Ni(H), Pb(H)Native to North America. [1] : 891, 898  [28]
ZnH-10,000 Thlaspi caerulescens ( Brassicaceae )Alpine pennycressCd(H), Cr(A), Co(H), Cu(H), Mo, Ni(H), Pb(H)48 records of plants. May acidify its own rhizosphere, which would facilitate absorption by solubilization of the metal [31] [1] : 19, 891, 898  [32] [33] [34] [42]
Zn Trifolium pratense Red CloverNonmetal accumulator.Its rhizosphere is denser in bacteria than that of Thlaspi caerulescens , but T. caerulescens has relatively more metal-resistant bacteria. [31]

Cs-137 activity was much smaller in leaves of larch and sycamore maple than of spruce: spruce > larch > sycamore maple.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arsenic</span> Chemical element, symbol As and atomic number 33

Arsenic is a chemical element; it has symbol As and atomic number 33. It is a metalloid and one of the pnictogens, and therefore shares many properties with its group 15 neighbors phosphorus and antimony. Arsenic is a notoriously toxic heavy metal. It occurs naturally in many minerals, usually in combination with sulfur and metals, but also as a pure elemental crystal. It has various allotropes, but only the grey form, which has a metallic appearance, is important to industry.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Toxic heavy metal</span> Category of substances

A toxic heavy metal is any relatively dense metal or metalloid that is noted for its potential toxicity, especially in environmental contexts. The term has particular application to cadmium, mercury and lead, all of which appear in the World Health Organization's list of 10 chemicals of major public concern. Other examples include manganese, chromium, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, silver, antimony and thallium.

Bioaccumulation is the gradual accumulation of substances, such as pesticides or other chemicals, in an organism. Bioaccumulation occurs when an organism absorbs a substance faster than it can be lost or eliminated by catabolism and excretion. Thus, the longer the biological half-life of a toxic substance, the greater the risk of chronic poisoning, even if environmental levels of the toxin are not very high. Bioaccumulation, for example in fish, can be predicted by models. Hypothesis for molecular size cutoff criteria for use as bioaccumulation potential indicators are not supported by data. Biotransformation can strongly modify bioaccumulation of chemicals in an organism.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bioremediation</span> Process used to treat contaminated media such as water and soil

Bioremediation broadly refers to any process wherein a biological system, living or dead, is employed for removing environmental pollutants from air, water, soil, flue gasses, industrial effluents etc., in natural or artificial settings. The natural ability of organisms to adsorb, accumulate, and degrade common and emerging pollutants has attracted the use of biological resources in treatment of contaminated environment. In comparison to conventional physicochemical treatment methods bioremediation may offer advantages as it aims to be sustainable, eco-friendly, cheap, and scalable.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phytoremediation</span> Decontamination technique using living plants

Phytoremediation technologies use living plants to clean up soil, air and water contaminated with hazardous contaminants. It is defined as "the use of green plants and the associated microorganisms, along with proper soil amendments and agronomic techniques to either contain, remove or render toxic environmental contaminants harmless". The term is an amalgam of the Greek phyto (plant) and Latin remedium. Although attractive for its cost, phytoremediation has not been demonstrated to redress any significant environmental challenge to the extent that contaminated space has been reclaimed.

<i>Salix viminalis</i> Species of willow

Salix viminalis, the basket willow, common osier or osier, is a species of willow native to Europe, Western Asia, and the Himalayas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Serpentine soil</span> Soil type

Serpentine soil is an uncommon soil type produced by weathered ultramafic rock such as peridotite and its metamorphic derivatives such as serpentinite. More precisely, serpentine soil contains minerals of the serpentine subgroup, especially antigorite, lizardite, and chrysotile or white asbestos, all of which are commonly found in ultramafic rocks. The term "serpentine" is commonly used to refer to both the soil type and the mineral group which forms its parent materials.

The selenate ion is SeO2−
4.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mycoremediation</span> Process of using fungi to degrade or sequester contaminants in the environment

Mycoremediation is a form of bioremediation in which fungi-based remediation methods are used to decontaminate the environment. Fungi have been proven to be a cheap, effective and environmentally sound way for removing a wide array of contaminants from damaged environments or wastewater. These contaminants include heavy metals, organic pollutants, textile dyes, leather tanning chemicals and wastewater, petroleum fuels, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, pesticides and herbicides in land, fresh water, and marine environments.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hyperaccumulator</span>

A hyperaccumulator is a plant capable of growing in soil or water with high concentrations of metals, absorbing these metals through their roots, and concentrating extremely high levels of metals in their tissues. The metals are concentrated at levels that are toxic to closely related species not adapted to growing on the metalliferous soils. Compared to non-hyperaccumulating species, hyperaccumulator roots extract the metal from the soil at a higher rate, transfer it more quickly to their shoots, and store large amounts in leaves and roots. The ability to hyperaccumulate toxic metals compared to related species has been shown to be due to differential gene expression and regulation of the same genes in both plants.

This list covers known nickel hyperaccumulators, accumulators or plant species tolerant to nickel.

This list covers hyperaccumulators, plant species which accumulate, or are tolerant of radionuclides, hydrocarbons and organic solvents, and inorganic solvents.

<i>Pteris vittata</i> Species of fern

Pteris vittata, the Chinese brake, Chinese ladder brake, or simply ladder brake, is a fern species in the Pteridoideae subfamily of the Pteridaceae. It is indigenous to Asia, southern Europe, tropical Africa, and Australia. The type specimen was collected in China by Pehr Osbeck.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rhizofiltration</span>

Rhizofiltration is a form of phytoremediation that involves filtering contaminated groundwater, surface water and wastewater through a mass of roots to remove toxic substances or excess nutrients.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Environmental effects of mining</span> Environmental problems from uncontrolled mining

Environmental effects of mining can occur at local, regional, and global scales through direct and indirect mining practices. Mining can cause erosion, sinkholes, loss of biodiversity, or the contamination of soil, groundwater, and surface water by chemicals emitted from mining processes. These processes also affect the atmosphere through carbon emissions which contributes to climate change.

<i>Spirodela polyrhiza</i> Species of flowering plant in the family Araceae

Spirodela polyrhiza is a species of duckweed known by the common names common duckmeat, greater duckweed, great duckmeat, common duckweed, and duckmeat. It can be found nearly worldwide in many types of freshwater habitat.

<i>Azolla pinnata</i> Species of aquatic plant

Azolla pinnata is a species of fern known by several common names, including mosquitofern, feathered mosquitofern and water velvet. It is native to much of Africa, Asia and parts of Australia. It is an aquatic plant, it is found floating upon the surface of the water. It grows in quiet and slow-moving water bodies because swift currents and waves break up the plant. At maximum growth rate, it can double its biomass in 1.9 days, with most strains attaining such growth within a week under optimal conditions.

Phytoextraction is a subprocess of phytoremediation in which plants remove dangerous elements or compounds from soil or water, most usually heavy metals, metals that have a high density and may be toxic to organisms even at relatively low concentrations. The heavy metals that plants extract are toxic to the plants as well, and the plants used for phytoextraction are known hyperaccumulators that sequester extremely large amounts of heavy metals in their tissues. Phytoextraction can also be performed by plants that uptake lower levels of pollutants, but due to their high growth rate and biomass production, may remove a considerable amount of contaminants from the soil.

Mycorrhizal amelioration of heavy metals or pollutants is a process by which mycorrhizal fungi in a mutualistic relationship with plants can sequester toxic compounds from the environment, as a form of bioremediation.

<i>Alyssum serpyllifolium</i> Species of plant in the family Brassicaceae

Alyssum serpyllifolium, the thyme-leaved alison, is a species of flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae, native to the western Mediterranean region. It is adapted to serpentine soils. The Royal Horticultural Society recommends it for rock gardens.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 McCutcheon, Steven C.; Schnoor, Jerald L. (2003). Phytoremediation: Transformation and Control of Contaminants. Environmental Science and Technology. Wiley. ISBN   978-0-471-39435-8.
  2. 1 2 3 Grauer, U. E.; Horst, W. J. (September 1990). "Effect of pH and nitrogen source on aluminium tolerance of rye (Secale cereale L.) and yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus L.)". Plant and Soil. 127 (1). Springer: 13–21. Bibcode:1990PlSoi.127...13G. doi:10.1007/BF00010832. JSTOR   42938620. S2CID   31201518.
  3. ↑ Toshihiro Watanabe; Mitsuru Osaki; Teruhiko Yoshihara; Toshiaki Tadano (April 1998). "Distribution and chemical speciation of aluminum in the Al accumulator plant, Melastoma malabathricum L.". Plant and Soil. 201 (2): 165–173. doi:10.1023/A:1004341415878. S2CID   8649008.
  4. ↑ Shoellhorn, Rick; Richardson, Alexis A. (2005). "Warm Climate Production Guidelines for Japanese Hydrangeas". EDIS. 2005 (4). Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. doi: 10.32473/edis-ep177-2005 . ENH910/EP177.
  5. ↑ Nissim, Werther G.; Frederic E., Pitre; Kadri, Hafssa; Desjardins, Dominic; Labrecque, Michel (2014). "Early Response Of Willow To Increasing Silver Concentration Exposure". International Journal of Phytoremediation. 16 (4): 660–670. Bibcode:2014IJPhy..16..660G. doi:10.1080/15226514.2013.856840. PMID   24933876. S2CID   1000307.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Fiegl, Joseph L.; McDonnell, Bryan P.; Kostel, Jill A.; Finster, Mary E.; Gray, Kimberly A. "A Resource Guide: The Phytoremediation of Lead to Urban, Residential Soils". Civil and Environmental Engineering. Evanston, IL: McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University. Archived from the original on 24 February 2011.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Schmidt, Ulrich (2003). "Enhancing Phytoextraction: The Effect of Chemical Soil Manipulation on Mobility, Plant Accumulation, and Leaching of Heavy Metals". Plant and Soil Interaction. Journal of Environmental Quality. 32 (6): 1939–54. doi:10.2134/jeq2003.1939. PMID   14674516.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Yu, Xiao-Zhang; Zhou, Pu-Hua; Yang, Yong-Miao (July 2006). "The potential for phytoremediation of iron cyanide complex by willows". Ecotoxicology. 15 (5): 461–7. Bibcode:2006Ecotx..15..461Y. doi:10.1007/s10646-006-0081-5. PMID   16703454. S2CID   5930089.
  9. ↑ Borovička, Jan; Řanda, Zdeněk; Jelínek, Emil; Kotrba, Pavel; Dunn, Colin E. (November 2007). "Hyperaccumulation of silver by Amanita strobiliformis and related species of the section Lepidella". Mycological Research. 111 (11): 1339–1344. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.08.015. PMID   18023163.
  10. ↑ Haverkamp, Richard G.; Marshall, Aaron T.; van Agterveld, Dimitri (2007). "Pick your carats: nanoparticles of gold–silver–copper alloy produced in vivo". Journal of Nanoparticle Research. 9 (4): 697–700. Bibcode:2007JNR.....9..697H. doi:10.1007/s11051-006-9198-y. S2CID   56368453.
  11. ↑ Porter, E. K.; Peterson, P. J. (November 1975). "Arsenic accumulation by plants on mine waste (United Kingdom)". Science of the Total Environment. 4 (4). Elsevier: 365–371. Bibcode:1975ScTEn...4..365P. doi:10.1016/0048-9697(75)90028-5.
  12. ↑ Braeuer, Simone; Goessler, Walter; Kameník, Jan; Konvalinková, Tereza; Žigová, Anna; Borovička, Jan (2018). "Arsenic hyperaccumulation and speciation in the edible ink stain bolete (Cyanoboletus pulverulentus)". Food Chemistry. 242: 225–231. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.09.038. PMC   6118325 . PMID   29037683.
  13. ↑ Junru Wang; Fang-Jie Zhao; Andrew A. Meharg; Andrea Raab; Joerg Feldmann; Steve P. McGrath (November 2002). "Mechanisms of Arsenic Hyperaccumulation in Pteris vittata. Uptake Kinetics, Interactions with Phosphate, and Arsenic Speciation". Plant Physiol. 130 (3): 1552–61. doi: 10.1104/pp.008185 . PMC   166674 . PMID   12428020.
  14. ↑ Tu, Cong; Ma, Lena Q.; Bondada, Bhaskhar (2002). "Arsenic Accumulation in the Hyperaccumulator Chinese Brake and Its Utilization Potential for Phytoremediation". Journal of Environmental Quality. 31 (5): 1671–5. Bibcode:2002JEnvQ..31.1671T. doi:10.2134/jeq2002.1671. PMID   12371185.
  15. ↑ Duan, Gui-Lan; Zhu, Yong-Guan; Tong, Yi-Ping; Cai, Chao; Kneer, Ralf (2005). "Characterization of Arsenate Reductase in the Extract of Roots and Fronds of Chinese Brake Fern, an Arsenic Hyperaccumulator". Plant Physiology. 138 (1): 461–9. doi: 10.1104/pp.104.057422 . PMC   1104199 . PMID   15834011.
  16. ↑ Stijve, Tjakko; Vellinga, Else C.; Herrmann, André (1990). "Arsenic accumulation in some higher fungi". Persoonia - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi. 14 (2): 161–166.
  17. ↑ Borovička, Jan (2004). "Nová lokalita baňky velkokališné" [New location for Sarcosphaera coronaria]. Mykologický sborník (in Czech). 81 (3). Prague: Czech Mycological Society: 97–99.
  18. ↑ Priel, A. "Purification of industrial wastewater with the Azolla fern". World Water and Environmental Engineering. 18.
  19. 1 2 3 4 Gupta, Manisha; Sinha, Sarita; Chandra, Prakash (1994). "Uptake and toxicity of metals in Scirpus lacustris L. and Bacopa monnieri l.". Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part A: Environmental Science and Engineering and Toxicology. 29 (10). Taylor & Francis: 2185–2202. Bibcode:1994JESHA..29.2185G. doi:10.1080/10934529409376173.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 Bennett, Lindsay E.; Burkhead, Jason L.; Hale, Kerry L.; Terry, Norman; Pilon, Marinus; Pilon-Smits, Elizabeth A. H. (March 2003). "Analysis of Transgenic Indian Mustard Plants for Phytoremediation of Metal-Contaminated Mine Tailings". Journal of Environmental Quality. 32 (2): 432–440. Bibcode:2003JEnvQ..32..432B. doi:10.2134/jeq2003.4320. PMID   12708665.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 Duke, James A. (1983). "Handbook of Energy Crops". NewCROP. West Lafayette, IN: Center for New Crops and Plant Products, Purdue University. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  22. ↑ "Biology Briefs". BioScience. 26 (3): 223–224. 1976. doi:10.2307/1297259. JSTOR   1297259.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 "Phytoremediation of Radionuclides". Colorado State University. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 Lan, Jun-Kang (March 2004). "Recent developments of phytoremediation". Journal of Geological. Hazards and Environmental Preservation. 15 (1): 46–51. Archived from the original on 20 May 2011.
  25. ↑ Göhl, Bo; International Foundation for Science (1981). Tropical feeds. Feeds information summaries and nutritive values. FAO Animal Production and Health. Vol. 12. Stockholm: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
  26. ↑ Kirk J., Tiemann; Gardea-Torresdey, Jorge L.; Gamez, Gerardo; Dokken, Kenneth M. (May 1998). "Interference studies for multi-metal binding by Medicago sativa (alfalfa)" (PDF). Proceedings of the 1998 Conference on Hazardous Waste Research. Metals. Conference on Hazardous Waste Research. Snowbird, UT. pp. 63–75.
  27. ↑ Sen, A. K.; Mondal, N. G.; Mandal, S. (1 January 1987). "Studies of Uptake and Toxic Effects of Cr(VI) on Pistia stratiotes". Water Science and Technology. 19 (1–2). International Water Association: 119–127. doi:10.2166/wst.1987.0194.
  28. 1 2 3 4 Srivastav, R. K.; Gupta, S. K.; Nigam, K. D. P.; Vasudevan, P. (July 1994). "Treatment of chromium and nickel in wastewater by using aquatic plants". Water Research. 28 (7): 1631–1638. Bibcode:1994WatRe..28.1631S. doi:10.1016/0043-1354(94)90231-3.
  29. ↑ Wild, Hiram (1974). "Indigenous plants and chromium in Rhodesia". Kirkia. 9 (2). Zimbabwe's National Herbarium and Botanic Garden: 233–241. JSTOR   23502019.
  30. ↑ Brooks, Robert R.; Yang, Xing-hua (August 1984). "Elemental Levels and Relationships in the Endemic Serpentine Flora of the Great Dyke, Zimbabwe and Their Significance as Controlling Factors for the Flora". Taxon. 33 (3). Wiley: 392. doi:10.2307/1220976. JSTOR   1220976.
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Delorme, Thierry A.; Gagliardi, Joel V.; Angle, J. Scott; Chaney, Rufus L. (2001). "Influence of the zinc hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens J. & C. Presl. and the nonmetal accumulator Trifolium pratense L. on soil microbial populations". Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 47 (8). Canadian Science Publishing: 773–776. doi:10.1139/w01-067. PMID   11575505.
  32. 1 2 3 4 5 Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad (2005). "Nickelophilous plants and their significance in phytotechnologies". Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology. 17 (1): 113–128. doi: 10.1590/s1677-04202005000100010 .
  33. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Baker, Alan J. M.; Brooks, Robert R. (1989). "Terrestrial higher plants which hyperaccumulate metallic elements: A review of their distribution, ecology and phytochemistry". Biorecovery. 1: 81–126. ISSN   0269-7572.
  34. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Lombi, Enzo; Zhao, Fang-Jie; Dunham, Sarah J.; McGrath, Steve P. (2001). "Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal, Contaminated Soils, Natural Hyperaccumulation versus Chemically Enhanced Phytoextraction". Journal of Environmental Quality. 30 (6): 1919–1926. Bibcode:2001JEnvQ..30.1919L. doi:10.2134/jeq2001.1919. PMID   11789997.
  35. ↑ Morrison, Richard S.; Brooks, Robert R.; Reeves, Roger D.; Malaisse, François (1979). "Copper and cobalt uptake by metallophytes from Zaïre" (PDF). Plant and Soil. 53 (4). Kluwer: 535–539. Bibcode:1979PlSoi..53..535M. doi:10.1007/bf02140724. hdl:2268/266081. S2CID   42737843.
  36. ↑ Brooks, Robert R. (1977). "Copper and cobalt uptake by Haumaniustrum species". Plant and Soil. 48 (2): 541–544. Bibcode:1977PlSoi..48..541B. doi:10.1007/BF02187261. S2CID   12181174.
  37. ↑ Howard-Williams, Clive (1970). "The ecology of Becium homblei in Central Africa with special reference to metalliferous soils". Journal of Ecology. 58 (3): 745–763. Bibcode:1970JEcol..58..745H. doi:10.2307/2258533. JSTOR   2258533.
  38. ↑ Mizuno, Takafumi; Emori, Kanae; Ito, Shin-ichiro (2013). "Manganese hyperaccumulation from non-contaminated soil in Chengiopanax sciadophylloides Franch. and Sav. and its correlation with calcium accumulation". Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. 59 (4): 591–602. Bibcode:2013SSPN...59..591M. doi: 10.1080/00380768.2013.807213 . S2CID   97458219.
  39. ↑ Baker, Alan J. M.; Walker, Philip L. (1990). "Ecophysiology of Metal Uptake by Tolerant Plants". In Shaw, A. Jonathan (ed.). Heavy metal tolerance in plants: evolutionary aspects. Boca Raton, FL.: CRC Press. pp. 155–177. ISBN   0-8493-6852-9.
  40. ↑ Atri 1983
  41. 1 2 Siciliano, Steven D.; Germida, James J.; Banks, Kathy; Greer, Charles W. (January 2003). "Changes in Microbial Community Composition and Function during a Polyaromatic Hydrocarbon Phytoremediation Field Trial". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 69 (1): 483–9. Bibcode:2003ApEnM..69..483S. doi:10.1128/AEM.69.1.483-489.2003. PMC   152433 . PMID   12514031.
  42. 1 2 3 Phytotechnology Technical and Regulatory Guidance and Decision Trees, Revised (PDF) (Technical report). Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council. 2009. PHYTO-3.
  43. ↑ Stijve, Tjakko (September 1977). "Selenium content of mushrooms". Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung A. 164 (3): 201–3. doi:10.1007/BF01263031. PMID   562040. S2CID   31058569.
  44. ↑ de Souza, Mark P.; Chu, Dara; Zhao, May; Zayed, Adel M.; Ruzin, Steven E.; Schichnes, Denise; Terry, Norman (1999). "Rhizosphere Bacteria Enhance Selenium Accumulation and Volatilization by Indian mustard". Plant Physiology. 119 (2): 565–574. doi:10.1104/pp.119.2.565. PMC   32133 . PMID   9952452.
  45. ↑ X-ray absorption spectroscopy speciation analysis.
  46. ↑ Average Se concentration of 22 μg/L supplied over a 24-d experimental period.
  47. ↑ Z.-Q. Lin; M.P. de Souza; I. J. Pickering; N. Terry (2002). "Evaluation of the Macroalga, Muskgrass, for the Phytoremediation of Selenium-Contaminated Agricultural Drainage Water by Microcosms". Journal of Environmental Quality. 31 (6): 2104–10. Bibcode:2002JEnvQ..31.2104L. doi:10.2134/jeq2002.2104. PMID   12469862.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.