Agrostis

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Bentgrass
Gewoon struisgras Agrostis tenuis.jpg
Agrostis capillaris
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Subfamily: Pooideae
Supertribe: Poodae
Tribe: Poeae
Subtribe: Agrostidinae
Genus: Agrostis
L.
Type species
Agrostis canina
Synonyms [3]
  • AgraulusP.Beauv.
  • AgrestisBubani
  • AnomalotisSteud.
  • BromidiumNees & Meyen
  • CandolleaSteud.
  • DecandoliaT.Bastard
  • DidymochaetaSteud.
  • LinkagrostisRomero García, Blanca & C.Morales
  • NeoschischkiniaTzvelev
  • NotonemaRaf.
  • Podagrostis(Griseb.) Scribn. & Merr.
  • PentatherumNábelek
  • SenisetumHonda
  • TrichodiumMichx.
  • VilfaAdans.

Agrostis (bent or bentgrass) is a large and very nearly cosmopolitan genus of plants in the grass family, found in nearly all the countries in the world. [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] It has been bred as a GMO creeping bent grass. [10]

Contents

Species

Hundreds of species formerly listed in the genus Agrostis have been moved to other genera, including Achnatherum , Aira , Alloteropsis , Apera , Arundinella , Calamagrostis , Chaetopogon , Chionochloa , Chloris , Cinna , Colpodium , Crypsis , Cynodon , Deschampsia , Dichelachne , Digitaria , Eremochloa , Eriochloa , Eustachys , Gastridium , Graphephorum , Gymnopogon , Lachnagrostis , Leptochloa , Muhlenbergia , Pentameris , Phippsia , Piptatherum , Poa , Polypogon , Puccinellia , Reimarochloa , Relchela , Schismus , Sporobolus and Zingeria . [3]

Uses

Some species of bents are commonly used for lawn grass. This is a desirable grass for golf course teeing areas, fairways, and greens.

Bentgrass is used in turf applications for its numerous advantages: it can be mowed to a very short length without damage, it can handle a great amount of foot traffic, it has a shallow root system that is thick and dense allowing it to be seeded and grow rather easily, and it has a pleasing, deep green appearance. The name "bent" refers to the shallow roots, which bend just below the surface of the soil to propagate laterally.[ citation needed ]

Creeping bent

Agrostis stolonifera is the most commonly used species of Agrostis. Historically, it was often called Orcheston long grass, after a village on Salisbury Plain, England. It is cultivated almost exclusively on golf courses, especially on putting greens. Creeping bent aggressively produces horizontal stems, called stolons, that run along the soil's surface. These allow creeping bent to form dense stands under conducive conditions and outcompete bunch-type grass and broadleaf weeds. As such, if infested in a home lawn, it can become a troublesome weed problem. The leaves of the bentgrass are long and slender.[ citation needed ] It can quickly take over a home lawn if it is not controlled and has very shallow roots. [11]

The Scotts Miracle-Gro Company and Monsanto genetically engineered creeping bent to be glyphosate-tolerant under Monsanto's Roundup Ready trademark, [12] as "one of the first wind-pollinated, perennial, and highly outcrossing transgenic crops". In 2003, Scotts planted it as part of a large (about 160 ha) field trial in central Oregon near Madras. In 2004, its pollen was found to have reached wild growing bentgrass populations up to 14 kilometres away. Cross-pollinating Agrostis gigantea was even found at a distance of 21 kilometres. [10] Scotts could not remove all genetically engineered plants and in 2007, the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service fined them $500,000 for non-compliance with Plant Protection Act regulations. [13]

Common bent

Agrostis capillaris , or colonial bent, was brought to America from Europe. This was the type of grass that was used on the lawns of most estates. It is the tallest of the bents with very fine texture and like most bent grasses grows very densely. Although this species has been used on golf courses and sporting fields it is better suited for lawns. Colonial bent is fairly easy to grow from seeds and fertilization of the lawn is not as intense. This grass also takes longer to establish than creeping bent. However it does not require the intense maintenance.[ citation needed ]

Velvet bent

Agrostis canina gets its name for the velvet appearance that this grass produces. It has the finest texture of all the bent grasses. This grass was used in Europe for estate lawns and golf courses because it could be cut so short. Velvet bent grass requires similar upkeep and maintenance to creeping bent. Velvet bent has recently had a resurgence in the UK due to the high demands on greens from inclement weather and speed expectations. This species also has a lighter color than the two previous species. [14]

Butterfly food plant

Butterflies whose caterpillars feed on Agrostis include:

See also

Related Research Articles

<i>Eragrostis</i> Genus of grasses

Eragrostis is a large and widespread genus of plants in the grass family, found in many countries on all inhabited continents and many islands.

Fusarium patch Plant fungal disease

Fusarium patch is a disease in turf grass settings also called pink snow mold or Microdochium patch. Microdochium nivale is the pathogen that causes this disease in many cool season turf grass species in North America. The white-pink mycelium on infected leaf blades is a distinguishing characteristic of the Microdochium nivale pathogen. Fusarium patch is considered economically important in the turf grass industry because of its tendency to cause significant injury to golf greens, thereby decreasing putting surface quality. Dissimilar from other snow molds, such as gray snow mold, Microdochium nivale does not need snow cover to cause widespread infection.

Forage Plant material eaten by grazing livestock

Forage is a plant material eaten by grazing livestock. Historically, the term forage has meant only plants eaten by the animals directly as pasture, crop residue, or immature cereal crops, but it is also used more loosely to include similar plants cut for fodder and carried to the animals, especially as hay or silage.

<i>Poa</i> genus of flowering plants in the grass family Poaceae

Poa is a genus of about 500 species of grasses, native to the temperate regions of both hemispheres. Common names include meadow-grass, bluegrass, tussock, and speargrass. Poa (πόα) is Greek for "fodder". Poa are members of the subfamily Pooideae of the family Poaceae.

<i>Agrostis stolonifera</i> Species of grass

Agrostis stolonifera is a perennial grass species in the family Poaceae.

<i>Poa annua</i> Species of plant

Poa annua, or annual meadow grass, is a widespread low-growing turfgrass in temperate climates. Notwithstanding the reference to annual plant in its name, perennial bio-types do exist. This grass may have originated as a hybrid between Poa supina and Poa infirma.

British NVC community MG13 is one of the mesotrophic grassland communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of three types of mesotrophic grassland classified as grass-dominated inundation communities.

The Scotts Miracle-Gro Company is an American multinational corporation headquartered in Marysville, Ohio, where O.M. Scott began selling lawn seed in 1868. The company manufactures and sells consumer lawn, garden and pest control products. In the U.S., the company manufactures Scotts, Miracle-Gro and Ortho brands. The company also markets consumer Roundup.

<i>Agrostis capillaris</i> Species of grass

Agrostis capillaris, the common bent, colonial bent, or browntop, is a rhizomatous and stoloniferous perennial in the grass family (Poaceae). It is native to Eurasia and has been widely introduced in many parts of the world. Colonial bent grows in moist grasslands and open meadows, and can also be found in agricultural areas, roadsides, and invading disturbed areas.

<i>Agrostis exarata</i> Species of grass

Agrostis exarata is a species of grass known by the common names spike bentgrass, spike bent, Pacific bentgrass, and spike redtop. It is native to western North America from Texas to the Aleutian Islands.

<i>Apera</i> Genus of grasses

Apera is a small genus of annual grasses, known commonly as silkybent grass or windgrass. They are native to Europe, North Africa and parts of Asia but have been introduced and naturalized in much of North and South America.

<i>Agrostis gigantea</i> Species of grass

Agrostis gigantea, known by its common names black bent and redtop, is a perennial grass of the Agrostis genus.

<i>Agrostis pallens</i> Species of flowering plant

Agrostis pallens is a species of grass known by the common name seashore bentgrass.

<i>Agrostis perennans</i> Species of grass

Agrostis perennans, the upland bentgrass, upland bent, or autumn bent, is a species of flowering plant in the grass family, Poaceae.

<i>Agrostis canina</i> Species of grass

Agrostis canina, commonly known as velvety bentgrass, brown bent or velvet bent, is a species of grass.

<i>Agrostis vinealis</i> Species of grass

Agrostis vinealis is a species of grass known by the common names brown bentgrass and brown bent, which can be found from Russia to Mongolia, China, Pakistan, India and Alaska. It was introduced to Greenland and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.

<i>Agrostis humilis</i> Species of grass

Agrostis humilis is a species of grass known by the common names of mountain bent grass and alpine bentgrass, which can be found in Western United States and Canada.

Bacterial wilt of turfgrass is the only known bacterial disease of turf. The causal agent is the Gram negative bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. graminis. The first case of bacterial wilt of turf was reported in a cultivar of creeping bentgrass known as Toronto or C-15, which is found throughout the midwestern United States. Until the causal agent was identified in 1984, the disease was referred to simply as C-15 decline. This disease is almost exclusively found on putting greens at golf courses where extensive mowing creates wounds in the grass which the pathogen uses in order to enter the host and cause disease.

References

  1. lectotype designated by Philipson, J. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 51 (1937)
  2. "Agrostis". Tropicos . Missouri Botanical Garden.
  3. 1 2 3 "Agrostis". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  4. Linnaeus, Carl (1753). Species Plantarum. 1. pp.  61-63.
  5. Watson, L.; Dallwitz, M.J. (2008). "Agrostis L." The Grass Genera of the World. Archived from the original on 2008-07-24. Retrieved 2021-04-19.
  6. Lu, Sheng-lian; Phillips, Sylvia M. "Agrostis". Flora of China. 22 via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  7. "Agrostis". Flora of Pakistan via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  8. "Genere Agrostis". Altervista Flora Italiana. Includes photos and distribution maps of several species.
  9. "Agrostis". Ausgrass, Grasses of Australia.
  10. 1 2 Watrud, L.S.; Lee, E.H.; Fairbrother, A.; Burdick, C.; Reichman, J.R.; Bollman, M.; Storm, M.; King; G.J.; Van de Water, P.K. (2004). "Evidence for landscape-level, pollen-mediated gene flow from genetically modified creeping bentgrass with CP4 EPSPS as a marker". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 101 (4): 14533–14538. doi:10.1073/pnas.0405154101. PMC   521937 . PMID   15448206.
  11. Johnson, Tim (7 June 2016). "Bentgrass will take over unless you act. Here's what to do". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
  12. "Future Product: Roundup Ready® Creeping Bentgrass". Scotts Seed Solutions. 2003. Archived from the original on 2004-02-17. Retrieved 2021-04-19.
  13. "USDA Concludes Genetically Engineered Creeping Bentgrass Investigation". USDA . 27 November 2007. Archived from the original on 2015-12-08. Retrieved 2021-04-19.
  14. Espevig, Tatsiana; Kvalbein, Agnar; Aamlid, Trygve S.; Tronsmo, Arne (2011). Potential for velvet bentgrass on Nordic golf greens (PDF) (Report). Scandinavian Turfgrass and Environment Research Foundation. p. 4. Retrieved 2021-04-19.